Unit 3 Study Guide PDF

Unit 3 Study Guide Chapter 42 (Heart & Lungs) -open vs closed circulatory system: Open No distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid, Fluid called hemolymph. The heart keeps the hemolymph moving but the wing muscles receive oxygen directly from the tracheae (air tube...

Unit 3 Study Guide Chapter 42 (Heart & Lungs) -open vs closed circulatory system: Open No distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid, Fluid called hemolymph. The heart keeps the hemolymph moving but the wing muscles receive oxygen directly from the tracheae (air tubes). Closed Distinct circulatory fluid enclosed in blood vessels and transported away from and back to the heart. The heart pumps blood into arteries. Arteries take blood away from the heart to capillaries where the gas exchange takes place. Veins return blood to heart Oxygen and carbon dioxide -Gas exchange (5 major steps) 1. Ventilation- the movement of air or water through a specialized gas exchange organ, such as a lung or gil 2. Diffusion at the respiratory surface- O2 moves from air or water into blood. CO2 moves from blood into air or water. 3. Circulation- transport dissolved O2 and CO2 throughout the body via the circulatory system. 4. Diffusion at the tissue- where O2 moves from the blood into tissue and CO2 moves from tissues into the blood. 5. Cellular respiration- cells use of O2 and production of CO2. Bronchi vs bronchioles: Bronchi- narrow tubes that the trachea carry inhaled air to Bronchioles- bronchi branch off into even narrower tubes called bronchioles Alveoli- increases the surface area for gas exchange. mammal lungs are divided into tiny sacs called alveoli. -Inhalation and exhalation Inhalation- diaphragm moves down & the pressure in the chest cavity is lowered, causing the lungs to expand and air to move in Exhalation- the diaphragm relaxes, the chest cavity decreases (ribs relax) and air is exhaled Types of blood vessels Arteries- tough thick walled vessels that take the blood away from the heart under high pressure. Capillaries- vessels whose walls are just one cell thick, allows gas exchange between blood and tissues in capillary beds. Veins- thin walled vessels that return blood to heart. Chapter 43 (Nervous System) Anatomy of neuron: Dendrite- convert chemical signals to electrical signals Axon- conducts electrical signals Cell Body- integrates incoming electrical signals Action potential (Na+ ions transport outside of the axon, K+ ions transport inside) Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic Nervous System- Parasympathetic- promotes rest and digest functions that conserve or restore energy Sympathetic- prepares organs for stressful situations (flight or fight) Human brain (slide 30) -Drug abuse Chapter 44 (Sensory System) -Function of inner, middle and outer ear ( each separated by a membrane) Inner- transforms vibrations, hearing and balance Middle- transmit sound waves from the external environment to the inner ear. Outer- collects pressure waves and funnels them into the air canal where they strike the tympanic membrane. label eye parts slide 21 & 22 Cornea- transparent sheet of connective tissue Iris- inside cornea is a pigmented round muscle called iris Pupil- hole in center of iris Lens- enters eye through cornea, passes through pupil and curved, clear lens Retina- back of the eye, cornea and lens focus incoming light onto the retina. Lateral line system- series of canals running along the head and body. Water enters the canals through pores and bend kinocilia on hair cells, activating sensory neurons. Types of sensory receptors slide 6- Mechanoreceptors: responds to distortion caused by pressure Photoreceptors: responds to particular wavelengths of light Chemoreceptors: detect specific molecules Thermoreceptors: detect changes in temperature Nociceptors: sense harmful stimuli such as tissue injury Electroreceptors: detect electrical fields Magnetoreceptors: defect magnet fields Chapter 45 (Movement) Sarcomere (Protein types) Actin- composes thin filaments Myosin- composes thick filaments 3 types of muscles (smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles) Smooth- intestines and arteries, move food, help regulate blood pressure Cardiac - heart, pump blood Skeletal- attached to skeleton, moves skeleton 3 types if skeletal systems (slide 26 & 27)- Hydrostatic skeletons- the hydrostatic pressure of enclosed body fluids or soft tissues to support the body Endoskeleton- have rigid structures inside the body Exoskeleton- have rigid structures on the outside of the body