Human Anatomy and Physiology I: Biology of Cells Study Guide

Human Anatomy and Physiology I **Study Guide: Chapter 4** **Biology of Cells** **[Learning Objectives:]** 1\. Define cell. 2\. List the three major regions of a generalized cell and indicate the general functional role(s) of each region. 3\. Describe the chemical composition of the plasma memb...

Human Anatomy and Physiology I **Study Guide: Chapter 4** **Biology of Cells** **[Learning Objectives:]** 1\. Define cell. 2\. List the three major regions of a generalized cell and indicate the general functional role(s) of each region. 3\. Describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane. 4\. Compare the structure and function of tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions, and microvilli. 5\. Relate plasma membrane structure to active and passive transport mechanisms. Differentiate clearly between these transport processes relative to energy source, substances transported, direction and mechanism. 6\. Define membrane potential and explain how the resting membrane potential is maintained. 7\. Evaluate the importance of cell adhesion molecules and membrane receptors in the role of cell-environment interactions. 8\. Discuss the structure and function of mitochondria. 9\. Discuss the structure and function of ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus; note functional interrelationships among these organelles (endomembrane system). 10\. Compare the functions of lysosomes and peroxisomes. 11\. Describe the cytoskeleton, its components, and their functions. 12\. Compare the structure and function of centrioles and flagella. 13\. Discuss the structure and function of the nucleus. 14\. List the phases of the cell cycle, describe the events of each phase. 15\. Name the two phases of protein synthesis and describe each process. 16\. Explain the effects of aging on the cell **[Key Words and Concepts:]** Cell theory CELL ANATOMY cell membrane; phospholipids, proteins cytoplasm, cytosol, organelles tight and gap junctions desmosomes, microvilli cytoskeleton; (protein components) centrioles; centrosome cilia, flagella mitochondria; cristae, matrix, ATP aerobic respiration nucleus; nuclear membrane, nucleolus ribosomes; fixed, free endoplasmic reticulum; rough, smooth Golgi apparatus cellular vesicles: lysosomes, peroxisomes CELL PHYSIOLOGY Passive Membrane Processes selectively permeable membrane diffusion; factors affecting particle movement osmosis (hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic) filtration, facilitated diffusion Active Membrane Processes active transport pump (Na-K) Vesicular (bulk) transport: exocytosis endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis) \* receptor-mediated Membrane Potential Cell-environment Interactions cell adhesion molecules (CAM) cell receptors, G-proteins CELL DIVISION cell cycle, stages of mitosis meiosis Protein Synthesis Transcription Translation, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, codon, anticodon Apoptosis