Biology CH 27 Human Systems Study Guide

Biology CH 27 Human Systems Study Guide 1. Build a table that lists the 12 major human systems, their functions, major organs involved, and an example of another system with which it works. a. Digestive i. Process (chew) ii. Break down (denaturation of meat)...

Biology CH 27 Human Systems Study Guide 1. Build a table that lists the 12 major human systems, their functions, major organs involved, and an example of another system with which it works. a. Digestive i. Process (chew) ii. Break down (denaturation of meat) iii. Absorption (bringing in nutrients to blood) iv. Elimination of undigested material v. Mouth vi. Esophagus vii. Stomach viii. liver ix. Small intestine x. Large intestine xi. Systems it works with 1. Circulatory a. Absorption of nutrients b. Nervous b. Muscular system xii. Skeletal muscles ONLY c. Skeletal xiii. Bones xiv. Cartilage d. Circulatory xv. Heart (cardiac muscle) xvi. Veins xvii. Arteries e. Nervous system works with xviii. Muscles xix. Organs 2. Brain (CNS) 3. Spine (CNS) 4. Peripheral nerves f. Respiratory organs xx. Mouth xxi. Nose xxii. Trachea xxiii. Lungs g. Lymphatic xxiv. Lymph nodes xxv. Lymph vessels h. Endocrine xxvi. Pancreas xxvii. Adrenals xxviii. Pituitary xxix. Testes xxx. Ovaries i. Immune xxxi. Closely related to lymphatic xxxii. Active (Specific and non-specific) and Passive (skin/mucus membranes) immunity j. Excretory xxxiii. Kidneys xxxiv. bladder 2. Which system communicates using neurons? k. Nervous 3. Which system communicates using hormones? l. Endocrine 4. What are Hormones? m. Signaling / communicating molecules that communicate with the whole body 5. What is the function of cartilage? n. Provides flexibility instead of bones; provide smooth surface for joints 6. What is the condition where the bones become porous? o. osteoporosis 7. What is the condition where the bone joints become inflamed? p. arthritis 8. What are the main parts of the skeleton? q. Skull r. Rib cage s. Vertebral column t. Limbs u. pelvis 9. What protects the spinal cord? What are the individual bones called? v. Vertebral column w. vertebrae 10. What is arthritis? x. Inflammation of the joints 11. What is osteoporosis? y. Low density bones that break easily 12. Where do red blood cells form? z. Red bone marrow 13. What molecule supplies the energy for muscle contractions? a. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 14. What is the area called where one bone meets another? b. Joint 15. What action do muscles complete? c. Pull or contraction 16. What connects bone to bone? d. Ligaments 17. What connects bone to muscle? e. Tendons (remember MT) 18. What are the functions of skin? f. Separating the environment from the inside xxxv. Protects from foreign substances 5. Bacteria 6. Dirt g. Helps in homeostasis xxxvi. Regulates heat h. Cushions bones and organs 19. What is the main function of the skull? i. Protect the brain 20. Give examples of hinge joints. j. Elbow k. knee 21. Give examples of pivot joints. l. Base of skull/vertebra 22. Give examples of ball and socket joints. m. Shoulder n. hip 23. What are the thin filaments of a muscle? o. actin 24. What are the thick filaments of a muscle? p. myosin 25. What makes up a sarcomere? q. Actin and myosin 26. What happens during a sarcomere contraction? r. It gets shorter 27. What are the 3 types of muscle? Where are they located? s. Smooth (stomach, esophagus, intestines, uterus) - involuntary t. Skeletal xxxvii. Attached to bone - voluntary u. Cardiac xxxviii. Heart - involuntary 28. What are the two layers of skin? v. Dermis w. epidermis 29. What is the epidermis mostly made of? x. Dead skin cells 30. What is the protein in hair and nails? y. keratin 31. What is the skeleton of a newborn like? z. Mostly cartilage 32. What is the most important function of the skin? a. Separation of inside and out (passive immunity) 33. What proteins are involved in skeletal muscle contraction? b. Actin c. myosin 34. What is the basic component of nervous tissue? d. Neuron (nerve cell) 35. What protein pigment is in skin? e. melanin 36. In which system does meiosis occur? f. Reproductive 37. Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology. g. Anatomy is the parts (study of the structures) h. Physiology is the study of how the parts work (function) 38. What are the levels of organization in the body? i. Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism 39. What is homeostasis? What is an example? j. Internal stability xxxix. Regulating temperature xl. Regulating pH xli. Regulating salt xlii. Regulating water xliii. Regulating sugar 7. Increase of sugar stimulates insulin production 8. Too little sugar in the blood stimulates glucagon production