Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics PDF

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, Asexual - Incapable of being attracted to any sex. SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Pansexual/Polysexual - Attracted to 1st Semester | 1st Quarter Reviewer...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, Asexual - Incapable of being attracted to any sex. SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Pansexual/Polysexual - Attracted to 1st Semester | 1st Quarter Reviewer multiple types of gender identity. Made by: Ezekiel Klein Ramos GENDER IDENTITY LESSON 1: THE HUMAN MOSAIC Transexual - Sexual orientation is not Diversity - Diversity is not about how related to their genitalia. (Sexual we differ. Diversity is about reassignment) embracing one another’s uniqueness. - Ola Joseph SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS Evolutionary Differences - Interplay of Determinants are income, value of biology, environment, and adaptation assets and savings, cultural interest and through time. hobbies, education, peers, and relatives. Cultural Variation - The rich diversity in Political Identity - Refers to the set of social practices that different cultures attitudes and practices that an individual exhibit around the world. adheres to in relation to the political systems and actors within his or her Social Differences - Gender, society. Socioeconomic status, political identity, and religion. VARIATIONS WITHIN CULTURE Gender - Refers to the socially Subculture - A segment of society that constructed behaviors, activities, and shares distinctive patterns of mores, attributes that given society folkways and values which differ from considers appropriate for men and the pattern of larger society. A culture women.” (WHO, 2013) within a culture. Sex - Refers to the biological Pop and High Culture characteristic of humans such as male and female while gender Anthropology - Deals with humans and categories are more varied. culture study of social change, human behavior, language, and tradition. SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND PREFERENCE Sociology - Deals with society study of social institutions, organizations, Heterosexual - Sexually attracted to a structures, and processes person of the opposite sex. Political Science - Deals with politics Homosexual - Sexually attracted to a study of the behavior of political actors, person of the same sex. administration, opposition, and government processes. Bisexual - Attracted to both sexes. LESSON 2: CHANGES IN CULTURE AND SOCIETY Culture - Is a composite or multifarious Post-Industrial Society - Characterized area that comprises beliefs, practices, by mass production of all essential values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, products, such that the subsistence symbols, knowledge, and everything level of food production is now a thing of that a person learns and shares as a the past. member of society. “Way of Life” CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE Society - a group of people interacting Culture - Culture is “that complex whole with each other and having a common which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, culture; sharing common geographical morals, laws, customs, and any other or territorial domain and having capabilities and habits acquired by man relatively common aspirations. as a member of society.” TYPES OF SOCIETIES Culture is Learned - Different habits, Hunting and Gathering - In these skills, values, and knowledge are societies, the main method of food acquired or learned in the course of a production is the collection of wild plants person’s life. and the hunting of wild animals on a Culture is Transmitted - Culture within daily basis. Humans gather and hunt a social group is transmitted to around for food as nomads. succeeding generations through Pastoral Society - The prevailing imitation, instruction, and example. method of food production during this Attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral period is through pastoralism, which is scripts are passed on and taught to more efficient than the subsistence individuals and groups. method. Culture is Adaptive - All culture Horticultural Society - These societies changes. Changes in the environment have learned how to raise fruits and are caused by inventions and vegetables grown in garden plots that discoveries. Man is capable of adjusting provide their main source of food. to his environment. Adaptation is the process of change in response to a new Agrarian Society - Societies that apply environment. agricultural technological advances to cultivate crops over a large area. Culture is Gratifying - Culture provides satisfaction for man’s biological and Feudal Society - As an offshoot of an sociocultural needs, such as food, increased food chain, several groups clothing, and shelter, as well as for become wealthy and able to acquire various relationships with other lands, declaring them as their own individuals and groups. domain. It is based on the ownership of land. Culture is Symbolic - Through culture, man can communicate with other people Industrial Society - The production of using language. Symbols must be foreign metals, silk, and spices in the understood by all to be an effective tool market stimulated greater commercial of communication, allowing people to activity in European societies. This era develop complex thoughts and is characterized by free markets and exchange those thoughts with others. private property. MAIN TYPES OF CULTURE Material/Tangible Culture - It deals culture has its distinct features and with the physical culture, including characteristics. contemporary technology, artifacts, relics, fossils, and other tangible Cultural Relativism - The principle that remains of past cultural development. an individual person’s beliefs and activities should be understood by Non-Material/Intangible Culture - It others in terms of that individual’s own deals with intangibles, including values, culture. Cultural relativism refers to not norms, beliefs, traditions, and customs judging a culture by our own standards that collectively hold a society together of what is right or wrong, strange or and shape individuals as they interact normal. Instead, we should try to within society. understand the cultural practices of other groups in their own cultural ELEMENTS OF INTANGIBLE context. CULTURE Ethnocentrism - It is a perception that Beliefs/Paniniwala - Man’s perception arises from the fact that cultures differ, about the reality of things, shared ideas and each culture defines reality about how the world and his differently. Judging another culture environment operate. solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture. Ethnocentrism is the Values - The broad preferences of a belief that one’s native culture is person regarding the appropriate course superior to or the most natural among of action or decisions he has to take. other cultures. Values reflect a person’s sense of right and wrong. Culture Shock - The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people Norms/Pamantayan - Society’s experience when they witness cultural standards of morality, conduct, propriety, practices different from their own. ethics, and legality. Folkways are fairly weak forms of norms, whose violation is Xenocentrism - The belief that one's generally not considered serious within own culture is inferior to another. a particular culture. They are habits, customs, and repetitive patterns of Acculturation - The process of cultural behavior. change resulting from contact between different cultures, affecting artifacts, Ideas - Man’s concepts of his physical, customs, and beliefs. social, and cultural world as manifested in people’s beliefs and values. Assimilation - Adoption of a foreign culture without diminishing loyalty or Knowledge - The body of facts and nationalism toward one’s home country. beliefs that people accumulate over time. Amalgamation - The blending of cultures, seen as a more balanced form of cultural interaction LESSON 3: CULTURAL DIVERSITY Cultural Diversity - Every society in the world is unique from one another. LESSON 4: HUMAN BIOCULTURAL Everyone has their own cultural AND SOCIOPOLITICAL EVOLUTION practices, values, and interests. Each Socialization - The process through that shape attitudes, behaviors, and which people understand social norms, social skills. accept beliefs, and become aware of values (Pakikisalamuha). It is a School - A formal institution where sociological process that occurs through individuals learn academic knowledge, interaction with others. social norms, discipline, and the Hidden Curriculum (values, beliefs, and TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION expectations). Primary Socialization - Occurs in early Workplace - A setting where individuals childhood. learn professional skills, roles, and social norms related to work and career 1. Gender Socialization - Learning development. psychological and social traits based on sex. Religion - Provides individuals with 2. Race Socialization - Learning moral values, ethical guidelines, and a behaviors, values, and attitudes sense of belonging to a community. tied to racial groups. 3. Class Socialization - Developing Mass Media - Channels like television, norms, values, and traits based internet, and social media that influence on social class. beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors through exposure to information, culture, and Secondary Socialization - Takes place trends. through peer groups, primarily in school, where individuals learn social conduct and the Hidden Curriculum (norms, values, beliefs). Adult Socialization - Involves learning roles and responsibilities like work, raising a family, and being a parent or spouse. Anticipatory Socialization - Learning the culture of a group with the expectation of joining it. Resocialization - Shedding old behaviors and adopting new ones due to life changes, usually to improve one's lifestyle. SIX AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION Family - The primary and most influential agent of socialization, where individuals first learn values, norms, and behaviors from parents and relatives. Peer Groups - Social groups made up of people of similar age and interests