UCSP PDF

ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCE Natural Science - deals with the natural world Social Science - deals with human behavior Anthropology - Latin word “anthropologia” (study of humanity) - Greek word “anthropos” (human beings), “logos” (study) - Franz Boaz (father of modern anthropology)...

ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCE Natural Science - deals with the natural world Social Science - deals with human behavior Anthropology - Latin word “anthropologia” (study of humanity) - Greek word “anthropos” (human beings), “logos” (study) - Franz Boaz (father of modern anthropology) - study of human beings Fields of Anthropology * Cultural Anthropology - studies of living people their religion, social system, language, clothing, food, beliefs and traditions * Biological/Physical Anthropology - studies human origins such as genetics, race, evolution, fossils and primates * Linguistic Anthropology - studies language, its evolution, and its connection to other languages and other societies * Archaeology - studies of the material remains of past human life and activities such as religion, social systems, language, clothing, food, beliefs and traditions Sociology - french word “socius” (companion) - greek word “logos” (the study of) - study of society Political Science - systematic study of government, politics and political power - Politics (started by the ancient Greeks) Anthropology & Sociology - Cultural practices Anthropology & Political Science - Power relations Sociology & Political Science - Social forces Anthropology & Sociology & Political Science - Society Perspective of Anthropology * Holism - Anthropologists are keen all in all of mankind - one can’t completely see the value in being human * Cultural Relativism - try to comprehend someone else’s convictions and practices according to their viewpoint of their way of life as opposed to our own - Anthropologists don’t pass judgement on different societies - Ethnocentrism (opposite of this) * Comparison - we compare ideas, morals, practices, and systems within or between cultures Political Science as Discipline - study of the nature, causes and consequences of collective decisions and actions taken by groups of people - social science discipline that deals with systems of governance and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, associated constitutions and political behavior Nature of Political Science - mere institution of governance - mechanism for achieving societal goals - theory and practice of politics - description and analysis of political systems and political behavior - portion and move of power in making decisions, the jobs and frameworks of administration CULTURE Concept of Culture - patterned way of life of people - “culture” (Latin expression “clique or cultus” - significance plowing or developing or refining and love) Characteristics of Culture 1. Culture is learned and acquired 2. Culture is shares by a group of people 3. Culture is cumulative 4. Culture changes 5. Culture is dynamic 6. Culture gives us a scope of passable standards of conduct 7. Culture is diverse 8. Culture is ideational Forms of Culture * Material - visible parts and tangible objects - can be touch - ex. buildings, artifacts, vehicles * Non-material - non-physical objects - cannot be touch or visible - ex. values, religion, beliefs Aspects of Culture 1. Beliefs - ideas that people have a strong feeling or convictions of certainty of something 2. Values - shared perception that defines standard of doing what is desirable and not 3 elements that constitute the Filipino value system: * Halaga - how we give importance to someone. 3 principles of Halaga: 1. Pagkatao or self worth 2. Pakikipagkapwa-tao or noble action in relationship with others 3. Pagkamaka-tao or compassion * Asal - manifestation of one’s action or manners of treating others. 3 principles of Asal: 1. Kapwa or relational 2. Damdamin or emotional 3. Dangal or honor * Diwa - denotes to the inner self resonates the intertwined emotion and reasoning of a person 3. Norms - regarded as accepted standard behavior that is considered tolerable action in the society Types Of Norms * Folkways - apply routine matters like eating, sleeping, appearance, posture, use of appliances and relations - ex. “mano po”, helping elderly * Mores - norms and behavior widely observed by a particular members - ex. expected to wear facemask in public * Taboo - a culture really forbids them, prohibited for public display - ex. Jewish and Muslims are prohibited to eat pork * Laws - formal body of rules ratified by the government system - ex. 1987 Constitution 4. Symbols - may represent a word, object, color, sound, feeling, movement, taste with meaning - ex. cross represents Christianity SOCIETY Concept of Society - complex network or people that are interconnected - organize group of people that shares common interest or goals (culture) - Latin root socius (buddy or being with others) Sociologists have characterized society with two points: 1. In conceptual terms, as an organization of connections between individuals or between gatherings 2. In substantial terms, as an assortment of individuals or an association of people Sociologist Philosophical Perspectives * Auguste Comte (1789-1857) - founder of Sociology * Karl Marx (1818-1883) - developed a complex theory of history and society - Social theories contribution (1. The Organic Totality of Society, 2. The Relative Importance of the Economic Sector, 3. The Historical Process) * George Simmel (1858-1916) - society was the patterned interactions among members of a group Characteristics of Society 1. Society is Abstract - if society is viewed as web of social relationships, it is distinct from physical entity which we can see and perceive through senses 2. Likeness and Differences in Society - if people are all exactly alike, merely alike, their relationships would be limited - there are differences because it’s diverse 3. Cooperation and Conflict in Society - collaboration and struggle are general components in human existence - if there is conflict, society will work together to achieve a common goal 4. Society is a Process not a Product - society exists just as a period arrangement 5. Society is a System of Stratification - society gives an arrangement of definition of situations with classes - distribution of power * Culture and Society are related to each other because they are interconnected. If there will be no society, culture does not exist. * Culture gives society an identity. * Society needs culture because they are connected. * Society will flourish, develop and continue the culture. * Society shares common interest - Culture. * Culture balances society. POLITICS Politics - from Greek word “Polis” (City State) - the art of government - activity of control inside the society Characteristics of Politics 1. Use or Threat of Use of Legal Force - allows legal authority to use force to compel anybody to obey its orders 2. Interactions - political system is that system of interactions to be found in all independent societies 3. Interdependence of Parts - dependent on each other CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL CHANGE Society - group of people who share culture and territory Social Change - denotes to any substantial transformation of behavioral patterns, values and social norms - common changes: 1. Technology 2. Population 3. Environment Political Change - rulers in a nation lose power or the kind of governance in the nation - causes: 1. Internal Political Change 2. External Political Change Coup d’etat - illegal overthrow pd the government that involves country’s military - make minor changes in governance Rebellion - started by individuals with little to no power - want major changes in governance Cultural Change - some internal and external factors influence cultural pattern of societies leading to change - factors: 1. Contact * Cultural Diffusion * Acculturation 2. Technology Evolution 3. Geographical and Ecological Factor Cultural Diffusion - spread of any element of a culture from one group to a group that does not have that element in its culture ex. McDonalds, religion - introduced to another culture through migration and media Acculturation - learning a culture other than one’s own - minority adapts the cultural aspects of the majority without losing its pwn traditions and customs Assimilation - people of a culture learn to adapt to the ways of the majority culture and losing one’s own culture CULTURAL RELATIVISM AND ETHNOCENTRISM Cultural Variation - what is unacceptable and in a group of people may be good and acceptable in another group of people Cultural Universe - traits that are parts of every known culture - include dancing, courtship, education - give rise Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Cultural Relativism - not to judge the practices of others based on your own culture Cultural Relativist - they do not judge other people’s practices and understand that there is no such thing as right or wrong, nor good or bad when it comes to culture 1. Acquisition or Sufficient Knowledge about the Culture in Question - may happen in indirect ways such as reading about the practices and rituals of other cultures 2. Direct Exposure to other Cultures - take place because of travel or immigration Ethnocentrism - opposite of cultural relativism - view that one’s own culture elements such as norms, values, ideology, customs and traditions are dominant and superior to others Ethnocentric - thinking your own culture is better than another culture When do we become Ethnocentric 1. when you judge the behavior and beliefs pf people who are different from you 2. when you believe that some cultures are backward 3. when you believe that there are primitive cultures Ethnocentrism in moderation has the following positive effects: - promotes solidarity and loyalty - develops cultural pride Ethnocentrism in excess has the following negative effects: - discrimination - bullying - racism SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES Symbol - object, word or action that stands for something else Symbolism - when something represents abstract ideas or concepts Types of Symbols 1. Cultural Symbols - manifestation that signifies ideology of a particular culture that has meaning within that culture 2. Social Symbols - relating to human societies and its modes of organization (i.e. social classes, social problems, social issues) - social issues (brands - wearing these symbolize wealth status) - social problems (resistance, injustice) - social issues (gender discrimination) 3. Political Symbols - represents political standpoint seen in banners, flag, motto 4. Economic Symbols - production, distribution and consumption of goods and services like currency, market, labor, demands - economic (market icons) - economic activities (shopping carts) Functions of Symbols and Symbolism * social symbols are used to transfer culture, ideologies or beliefs * symbols are used to preserve traditions or beliefs - ex. Christianity, Islam, Judaism * all symbols contain the “face” and “hidden” values - face (literal), hidden (deeper) * used to create movements, spread ideas and share advocacies - movement (peace sign), spread ideas (reduce, reuse, recycle), share advocacies (pink ribbon - breast cancer awareness) CULTURAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES Cultural Symbols - ex. objects, figures, sounds, colors - facial expressions - word interpretation - gestures (handshakes and hand signals) - victory sign - peace Cultural Practices - manifestation of culture or sub-culture - religious and spiritual - medical treatment - culinary - child-rearing practices Some Common Religious Symbols * Islam * Christianity * Judaism Some Cultural Symbols in the Philippines * Philippine National Anthem - product of revolution (along with Philippine Flag) * Philippine Eagle - bravery, strength * Philippine Flag - independence - blue (peace), red (patriotism), white (equality) - 3 stars (major islands - Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao) - sun (independence, freedom, democracy) - 8 rays of the sun (represent the 8 provinces that defend the freedom of the people against Spain - Manila, Cavite, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija) * Jeepney - proudly Pinoy creation - national pride Pinoy - resilience - innovative - creative - resourcefulness Some Cultural Practices in the Philippines * Traditional Medical Practice - belief in “albularyo”, herbal medicines, alternative medicines, other home remedies - albularyo - folk healers Some Religious Practices in the Philippines * Black Nazarene * Obando Festival in Bulacan * Panaad sa Camiguin Some Culinary Practices in the Philippines * Famous Filipino Foods - Adobo - Sinigang * Snacks - Balut - Street foods * Rice cakes - puto - biko - kutsinta Child-Rearing in the Philippines * Mano * Obedience * No talking back * Family meal time * Ninong/Ninang * use of belt as punishment SOCIAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES - clothing and possessions - societal recognition - material professions Status Symbol - relates to how individuals and groups interact and interpret various cultural symbols Common Social Symbols (Colors) * Black - evil, death * White - purity, peace * Red - blood, war, passion, danger * Purple - royalty * Blue - calm, peaceful - some social symbols are informative - ex. No entry, No smoking, Exit POLITICAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES Political Symbols and Practices * Republika ng Pilipinas (Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa) - national logo Political Symbols - used to embody an ideology, advocacy or a group of people with same principles - common things done within a state or country - related to the practices done in the administration, distribution and attainment of power, bureaucratic composition Malacañang Palace Manila Some Political Symbols (Colors) * Black - anarchism, fascism, Catholicism, Christian democracy * Blue - conservatism, Judaism, men, monarchism, liberalism * Brown - Nazism, fascism * Gold - capitalism, liberalism Common Political Practices in the Philippines * Palakasan system - system of advantage knowing someone powerful - connections * Traditional Politicians (TRAPO) - style, use money - provide favor for resources in exchange political support * Catholic Church Influence - want endorsement - endorse or support candidates that aligns the value - can sway votes - political endorsement * Power Revolts * Political Dynasty - influence - Filipino Clans (money, family clan, clan loyalty, major factor) - Significance of Clans (family ties and loyalty highly value), (political support and alliances ECONOMIC SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES Economic Symbol - represents economic standpoint - seen in Stock Exchange, Money and Currency, Gold and Petroleum, Life Insurance, Banking * Alkansya - savings, before - bamboo * Paluwagan - group savings Significance of Symbols and Symbolism - as rational thinkers, we have been making and giving meaning to symbols for a long time - symbols have been part of our lives and growth as humankind - usage of these have given mankind an avenue to communicate, influence others of ideologies and preserve values (from generation to generation) SOCIALIZATION “No man is an island entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main for man to survive and to develop himself or herself as a human being, there is a need for social interaction “ - humans need each other to survive - humans rely on social interaction for us to grow and try - form relationships - we must acquire and learn social roles Socialization - self is a product of social process - self emerges from social interaction (socialization and enculturation) - society molds the individual to conform to established social norms and rules - a lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary survival skills in a society Types of Socialization 1. Primary Socialization - occurs during early childhood due to have an impact directly from the family and close friends - through fundamental socialization, a baby learns societal norms and customs - ex. Pagmamano as honoring gesture to elders 2. Secondary Socialization - later in life - influence from school - a person learns on appropriate behavior to be displayed within a smaller group - ex, joining a club or org in college,getting employed in new workplace 3. Anticipatory Socialization - adolescence - children start to participate - learn about their group culture and what they expect - preparing you for your future roles - ex. internship 4. Professional or Developmental Socialization - early years - develops skills and attitudes for the future - preparing you for various roles and responsibilities as an adult - ex. new hired teacher - managing classrooms, interact 5. Resocialization - helps you to get used to the new ways of life - when moves to a new group, he has to learn the new values and beliefs Aspects of Socialization 1. Context - environment or setting - ex. home, school 2. Content - ideas, beliefs, behaviors and other info, play with the lines and the actors - ex. skills and knowledge 3. Process - methods of interaction/ people use to socialize 4. Results - outcomes of socialization - evident through behavior, attitude and values Example Context - School Content - How to become responsible adolescents Process - a teacher teaching his/her students Results - students behaving responsibly Context of Socialization 1. Biological Context - Sociobiologist suggest that some human capacities may be “wired into” our biological makeup - some hormones (vasopressin and oxytocin) encourage human to interact and socialize 2. Psychological Context - composed of: 1. emotional states and unconsciousness 2. cognitive theories of development 3. social and historical events 4. social position as part of the context Enculturation - people learn the culture of their own group by living, observing and being taught things by members - learning one’s own culture - influenced by family, friends, community, government, religions - ex. Buwan ng Wika (learn different activities ), Prom, Community Pantry Agents of Socialization * Family - person earns his or her: habits, beliefs, manners, way of thinking - family’s role is intense in making a person’s personality * School - molds the beliefs, values and attitudes of students through academic and activities - equips students with skills that will enable them to fit into a larger society - teaches students to learn the value of self-improvement and hard work through activities that give them opportunities to apply their knowledge and skills * Social Media - plays crucial role in shaping a person’s personality - information we get, interaction, activities we do online influence your personality - through cultural learning, individuals have a chance to communicate and imitate behavior of other * Religion - exerts a great influence on a person’s view, legitimizes social practices - teaches participants how to interact with the religion’s material culture - creates social solidarity in society and source of spiritual growth * Government - ultimate source of authority - participates in socialization through the implementation of the laws of the country - regulates the behavior of its citizens using rewards and sanctions - promotes general welfare of people * Peer Groups - shares interests IDENTITY FORMATION - individual’s identity is formed through interactions with others - one’s socialization with individuals or groups allows to imbibe certain characteristics and interests that contribute to his/her identity - ex. Filipino’s exposure to Chinese culture such as preference for noodle-like cuisine Socialization and Enculturation = Identity Formation STATUSES AND ROLES Status - individual’s position in society which carries with it a set of defined rights and obligation Ascribed (Given) Achieved (Accomplished) Ascribed Status - assigned to the individual from birth such as age, gender, race, birth order, inherited wealth - involve little personal choice like age and sex - ex. being a daughter, female, a Filipino Achieved Status - made possible through special abilities or talents performance or opportunities - achieved by choice, merit or individual effort - ex. honor students, choice in occupation , marital status, joining a religious organization, boxing champ Roles - sets of expectation or expected behavior from people who holds a particular status Role set - number of roles attached to a single status Role strain - role associated with a single status clash Role conflict - conflict among the roles connected to 2 or more statuses HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED Social Institutions * Family * Education * Religion * Government * Economy Social Group - two or more people who identify with and engage with each other - as an individual, you may be a member of a religious group, ethnic group, working colleague group, college class, sports team Importance: Social groups are essential to societal organization as they help structure interactions and behaviors Types of Social Groups * Primary Group - Classification: small, personal, long-lasting - Examples: family, close friends - Characteristics: emotional bonds, personal knowledge * Secondary Groups - Larger, more impersonal, goal-oriented - Examples: corporations, professional association - Characteristics: focus on specific roles rather than personal relationship In-Group vs Out-Group In-Groups - social group which a person identifies as being a member - groups which a person feels loyalty and belonging - Characteristics: shared identity, strong group bonds - Examples: brotherhood or fraternity Out-Groups - a social group which an individual does not identify - Characteristics: often viewed with competition or opposition - Examples: opponents and rivals of their group Reference Group - group used by individuals to compare and shape their attitudes, values and behaviors Types of Reference Group * Positive Reference Group - groups we aspire to be like - examples: mentors, role models * Negative Reference Group - group we avoid emulating * Normative Reference Group - influences your norms, attitudes and values through direct interaction - ex. teacher, siblings, friends * Comparative Reference Group - group of individuals when you compare yourself against and may strive to be like - ex. celebrities, heroes Social Group - social relationships that exist between network parts and individuals In an organization, - network elements can include social groups or teams, organizational units or entire organizations Types of Social Networks * Formal Networks - organizational structures, hierarchies * Informal Networks - friendships, causal interactions