Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics - Chapter 2 & 3 PDF

Chapter 2: Defining Culture and Society from the Perspective of Anthropology and Sociology Lesson 1: Basic Concepts Of Culture And Society From The Perspective Of Anthropology And Sociology SOCIE TYterritory and a culture. Is a group of people who share a defined...

Chapter 2: Defining Culture and Society from the Perspective of Anthropology and Sociology Lesson 1: Basic Concepts Of Culture And Society From The Perspective Of Anthropology And Sociology SOCIE TYterritory and a culture. Is a group of people who share a defined It is a social structure and interactions of that group of people – the relationships between the people and the institutions within that group. Composed of a group of people and their culture. Do you want to play? But what is culture? Society can exist without culture? Societies have a culture and culture can only exist where there is society. Distinguish between Society and Culture despite of their close interconnectedness according to sociologist: VALUES LANGUAGE BELIEFS SYMBOLS CULTURE NORMS CULTURE: Socially transmitted ways of thinking, believing, feeling, and acting within a group of people that are passed from one generation to the next; A dominant force that affects the lives of the members of society. It molds and influences peoples view of reality of life.  KINDS OF CULTURE Non-material Culture Material Culture Intangibles Concrete and tangible Includes behaviour, things created and used knowledge, customs, by man. traditions, beliefs, Includes dwelling places, weapon, tools, clothing, laws, lifestyle. relics, fossils, artefacts. The sociological study. Anthropological study.  Five Components of Culture SYMBOLS LANGUAGE Physical or Used for Non-physical communication BELIEFS Verbal or written Fulfil the spiritual needs of a culture. VALUES Help define acceptable NORMS behaviour within the Rules and traditions; society proper conduct  SYMBOLS  A feature or figure used a typical illustration (as in visual image) to portray an object, functions, or process.  May either be physical or non physical.  It presents meanings to things and events.  LANGUAGE  It is used to communicate ideas and feelings. It may be oral or written; verbal or non-verbal. Both have meaning and purpose.  There are instances wherein two words may have different meaning or interpretation depending on the region.  BELIEFS  A conviction or ide an individual or group accepts as real or true, regardless of the lack of verifiable evidence.  Usually refers to religious needs of individual in a society. The belief in a Supreme being and faith in god.  May also be associated with superstitions.  VALUES  Describes acceptable conduct within the society.  A persons principles or standards of behaviour; ones judgement of what is important in life.  Important and enduring beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or otherwise.  NORMS  The rules, customs and traditions within a respective culture.  The written as well as unwritten rules that direct moral standards that identify the manners and conduct suitable to certain conditions or circumtances and even the most routine aspects of life.  NORMS  Informal guideline about what is considered to be normal (what is correct or incorrect) social behaviour in a particular group.  Norms may change as laws and regulations continue to developed overtime. Do you want to play? Answer the following question according to your understanding: 1.Differentiate culture and society. 2.What is material and non-material culture? Give examples for each. 3.How technology change culture? Answer the following question if the statement is true or it is false. 1. Symbols may either be physical or non- physical. 2. Language may be oral or written. 3. Culture can never be shared. 4. Flags are nations symbol. 5. Norms may change as laws and regulations continue to develop over time.  Lesson 2: Society and Culture as a Complex Whole Culture is defined as the complex whole of the society. It embraces all that accords a society its distinctive identity. Culture influence peoples belief and behaviours, culture is a key concept to the sociological perspective. Culture and society together are complex but unified and interconnected phenomena. While society is the collaboration of a group of people, culture complements meanings to relationship. According to Edward Tylor’s definition, Culture is… “..that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” All persons occupy a complex set of roles. A person may be any or all of the following: CHILD SIBLING STUDENT WORSHIPER PERSON EMPLOYEE VOTER FRIEND SPOUSE The total number of roles is influenced by the quantity of networks they are involved in. The Culture Aspect Culture is the human face of any society… Culture includes shared customs, values, beliefs, norms, and behaviour which have established over time and which made the society complete. Learned Culture Cultural learning is also known as Cultural Transmission, considerably guided and shaped by how a culture socializes with its children and young people. Culture: Inherited or Learned? All culture is learned; none is inherited. It is unlike anatomy or genetics. The development of culture exists because culture is transmitted from one generation to the next through education not through the genes. Integrated Culture Cultural integration is a practice of cultural trade, exchange, and/or substitute in which one cluster adopts the beliefs, practices and rituals of another group without necessarily sacrificing the characteristics of its own culture. Shared Culture Because culture can be taught, learned , and integrated, therefore it can also be shared. The single, most important factor is RESPECT.  Activity: Anatomy of my Culture. In column A, identify any of your behaviors as a Filipino teenager. Then in column B, explain how you came to imbibe them. In column C, offer an explanation why its performance (if a behavior) seem to be natural to you or why you believe it (if it is a belief). Lesson 3: Aspects of Culture a. Dynamic, flexible and adaptive b. Shared and contested c. Learned through socialization or enculturation d. Patterned social interactions e. Integrated and times unstable f. Transmitted through Socialization/enculturation g. Requires language and other forms of communication  a. Culture: Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive a.1. Dynamic; Cultures interact and change with the passing of time. Exchange of ideas are very important for growth and development. Change happens all time. Nothing permanent except change. a.2. Flexible; People does not live by himself and interactions with others play a significant role in life, the ability to live and work to others and move across cultural and social boarders is a key component for finding good friends and establishing relationships whether as colleagues, associates, partners, or superiors in any environment.  a.3. Adaptive; Adapting change and giving it a chance to be part of our lives is a positive indicator of ones willingness to submit to the transformation and evolution of life. b. Shared and contested. Because people normally act with others. Sharing of ideas and cultural practices are not far behind. Because of differences in views and convictions, not all practices are accepted with open arms.  c. Learned through Socialization or Enculturation Enculturation - is defined as the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviours appropriate or necessary in that culture. If successful, enculturation results in competence in the language, values, and rituals of the culture. Socialization is refer to the general process of acquiring culture, anthropologist use the term enculturation for the process of being socialized to a particular culture. d. Patterned social interactions Society is a system of social interactions that includes both culture and social organization. It includes social institutions, or established social behaviour, and exist for a recognized purpose. Patterns Of Social Interactions Cooperation Accommodation Competition Patterns on social interactions Conflict Exchange e. Integrated at times Unstable Integration happens when people from one culture embraces the principles of another culture while simultaneously upholding their own culture as well. F. Transmitted Through Socialization / Enculturation One way to learn and adopt cultural norms is through socialization process. It is a way a group of people within a society or culture manage to learn and pass on new information. G. Requires Language And Other Forms Of Communication Communication is not just verbal or written. We can convey in many ways even when we are not speaking. Being silent has a meaning as well. For communication to be effective, it is necessary that one value the art of listening leading to understanding. Performance Task: Poster Making Make an illustrative interpretation of the theme, “ Society and culture as a complex whole”.  Lesson 4: Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism as Orientations in viewing other culture Culture is a force that shapes human behaviour just like biology and family. We have already agreed that differences exist and different cultures have different beliefs and practices. There such a thing as a better or more superior culture? What is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism? Ethnocentrism: The notion that ones own culture is the core criterion or standard by which other cultures may be measured. An ethnocentric uses ones culture as benchmark when comparing other cultures practices and beliefs. Ethnocentrism is: “My culture’s the best in every way”  Cultural relativism: The principle that the culture of other people serves certain specific needs and must be regarded in terms of the world the people live. A cultural relativist chooses to view and consider other cultures in terms of what their practices bring to them. “ there must be a good reason why they do a such thing”. “every culture is equally valid; you have no right to impose your culture’s values to other culture”  Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage Tangible Cultural Heritage  The physical artefacts produced, maintained and transmitted in a society includes: Arts Creations, Built heritage such as: * Building and monuments * Other physical or tangible products of human creativity that are invested with cultural significance in a society. Intangible Cultural Heritage * The practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills-as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and in some cases, individual recognized as part of their cultural heritage. Examples of intangible heritage are: a. Oral traditions b. Performing arts c. Local knowledge d. Traditional Skills Tangible and intangible heritage require different approaches for preservation and safeguarding.  THREATS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE Man-made Natural Includes destruction from Environmental damage due conflict, construction, as well as to climate change speeds up development. Human neglect also contributes destruction. to potential danger to the  survival of important relics and Weathering is a common places. means of loss for Theft is intentionally done for monuments , statues and financial gains through the sale of other structures made of antiques in the black market. stone. Ways to address threats to cultural heritage; 1. Archaeological preservation – the physical excavation and preservation of important historical artefacts. 2. Museum 3. Digital imaging – provide supplementary and more detailed information for the historic documentation. 4. Provisions of legal and protection by law. Some of those Filipino practices and traditions worth preserving: 1. Blessing of the hand of the elders or “pagmamano”. 2. Traditional games 3. Giving the seat to the elderly and women. 4. Harana Group Dynamic: Part A: The class will be grouped into four. Each group will be given a sheet of manila paper and a marker, students will write the tangible and intangible heritage in our culture. Part B: Identify two Philippine cultural heritage under threat-one tangible and one intangible. For both identify the threats and sources, and then come up with a plan of action on how to deal with these threats. Write your output on the table.  Plan of Heritage Threats Action