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Lesson 1: Anthropology Etic - this is to understand a culture “Understanding of humans and in all from the point of view of a aspects, including its origin.” non-member of the culture...

Lesson 1: Anthropology Etic - this is to understand a culture “Understanding of humans and in all from the point of view of a aspects, including its origin.” non-member of the culture Emic 4 subfields - understanding a culture thru 1. Physical Anthropology/Biological immersion Perspective - How humans adapt and Lesson 2: Sociology continuously evolve. SOCIETY - Evolutionary origins of humans. - group of people living together 2. Archaeology with shared customs, laws, - Thru materials/artifacts from and organizations in a specific the past. location 3. Anthropological Linguistics SOCIOLOGY - Shapes the way people think - the study of human social - Transmission of culture interactions, groups, 4. Cultural Anthropology relationships, social - Patterns of societies, beliefs development, organization, and practices. processes, and institutions Fieldwork of Anthropology Law of three stages in understanding - Gathering primary data in society studying people 1. THEOLOGICAL STAGE - divine, supernatural powers, Ethnography and whims of gods - Process of record and 2. METAPHYSICAL STAGE analyzing - divinely-ordained natural order of things Multiculturalism 3. POSITIVIST STAGE - Acceptance or promotion of - study nature and dynamics of multiple culture tradition society through observable data Ethnocentrism Sociological Imagination - Negative behavior (Judging) - study nature and dynamics of based on our own society through observable data Cultural Relativism - no international or universal standard of culture Classical Sociological Theories Political Science 1. STRUCTURAL - The systematic study of FUNCTIONALISM governance and policies, - parts must work together to political culture, power bring stability to the system relations, and ideologies 2. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM - how human interactions Easton’s Political System exhibit continuous 1. The political system interpretation, assignment of (governance) and the political meaning, and responding to actors are surrounded by a signal in the social physical or social environment environment 2. Changes in the physical/social 3. CONFLICT THEORY environment prompts demands - different groups in the society addressed to the government compete because of scarce 3. As the gatekeepers of the resources political system, the government is responsible for Lesson 3: Political Science filtering the numerous demands it receives Politics as Politeia 4. Support may come in the form - Good should be worked out in of the citizens’ tax payments, society obedience to laws, and - flourishing is not possible participation to without social stability and government-led activities structures that promote beauty, 5. Once the demands go thru the goodness, and virtue political system, decisions are made into policies for Politics can be viewed in four ways: enforcement and feedback by - politics as the art of the public government - politics as public affairs and BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT private affairs 1. Executive Branch - politics as compromise and - implements or enforce the laws consensus 2. Legislative Branch - politics as power which refers - formulates, amends, or repeals to the exercise of will laws 3. Judicial Branch - formulates, amends, or repeals laws  Approaches to Political a. Colonial Mentality Analysis - internalized attitude of 1. Behavioralism colonial inferiority due to colonization - Analysis of political topics thru b. Cultural Universalism - Societies share the observable behaviors using same elements of scientific methods cultures, but the (quantitative/statistical) details vary across 2. Rational Choice the globe. - This approach is applied when c. Culture Shock examining public policies and - A confusing and international relations disorienting situation 3. Critical Theory in an environment - Critique of social and political 3. Culture is SHARED dynamics to challenge power - Members of a society structures partake with the customs of their community. 4. Feminist Theory - factors that surround gender and power relations Lesson 4: Culture 1. Culture 4. Culture is SYMBOLIC - set of beliefs, values, practices, and - The hallmark of the society is objects the capacity to symbolize. - people have in common and that People use symbols to defines them as a group represent their culture. - Culture is a glue that holds people 5. Culture is ADAPTIVE together for a collective identity - To extend life, cultures help humans to adapt to the CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE changes in the environment 6. Culture is MALADAPTIVE 1. Culture is LEARNED - Advancement caused by - through participating and interacting culture has harmful effects to within a cultural environment. humans and the environment - learning process that everyone 7. Cultures CHANGE undergoes - Innovations are the ultimate a. Enculturation source of change - the whole process of learning a culture COMPONENTS OF CULTURE 2. Culture is RELATIVE 1. Material Object - No aspects of culture appear to be - Material culture is a tangible aspect the same. of culture that members create and - They vary across the world. use  2. Non-material objects Biological adaptation - the intangible aspect of culture - The survival of species involves discernible in cultural practices biological adaptations. 3. Formal Norms - In adapting to environmental - established, written codes enforced conditions biologically, humans must in the society respond physiologically and 4. Informal Norms - the unwritten codes but widely anatomically. accepted among the members of a society Physiological adaptations - These are short-term changes in the Lesson 5: Biology & Culture body as a response to the rapid environmental changes Human Evolution and stressors. - this is the long process that facilitated the emergence of anatomically modern Anatomical adaptations humans. - These are long-term genetic changes in genotype because of selective Microevolution pressures. - This is the change in the genetic - Humans adapt thru the alteration of makeup (gene frequency) of an basic body structure when exposed to organism. environmental conditions for a very long time. Speciation - This is the creation of new and distinct Cultural adaptation species during the evolutionary process. - This is the capacity of human beings and societies to overcome changes in Natural Selection the environment thru the modification of - Introduced by Charles Darwin their culture/behavior. - The organism better adapted to the environment tends to survive and Cultural evolution produce more offspring. - This is the concept that human cultures change. Bipedalism - This includes beliefs, knowledge, skills, - A mechanism of locomotion in which costumes, attitudes, etc. an organism moves through its two rear limbs or legs. Lesson #7: How does Socialization Peer Groups affect Self-development? - share similarities in age, interests, and even social Socialization status who regularly interact is the process of shaping an with each other individual’s behavior, belief system, School (academic institution) and mindset to be in accordance with - different types of activities and a group or society’s norms, values, training in facilitating learning and beliefs thru continuous - Contributes to an individual’s interaction with others. behavioral and cognitive development Institutions that affect social order Religion and equilibrium - Provides values formation and spiritual development to its 1. Economic institutions members - help society survive in its Government environment through - Formulates and enforces laws economic production for citizens to follow 2. Political institutions Mass media/social media - facilitate the balance of power, - influenced by what they see programs, and policies that multimedia and social media respond to the needs and platforms demands of the people 3. Legal institutions Theories on Self-development and - aid in the enforcement of rules Socialization and norms on how people should behave in the society Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory 4. Cultural institutions - Human behavior are driven by - ensure that traditions, values, motivations that are primarily and belief systems are passed unconscious and repressed on to the next generation and most likely developed in the early stages of childhood Agents of Socialization The id Family - The part of the self that is - The primary group an primal, biological, and individual is exposed to during instinctive impulses or desires the formative years which eventually become repressed The superego Conformity - The part of the self that wants - The act or practice of being at to comply to social norms to one with a group’s goals and be liked and respected by adhering to the means of other members of the society achieving these goals. The ego TYPES OF CONFORMITY - Strikes a compromise between 1. ACCEPTANCE the demands of the id without - A group’s principles and violating the superego values are participated and upheld inside or outside the Mead’s Theory of the Self group. The “Me” - functional version of oneself that 2. COMPLIANCE is self conscious or being aware - Members only comply with the of oneself because of group’s practices until they introspection achieve their objectives. The “I” - The functional version of Motivations of Conformity oneself that is nonreflective ➔ Believing in the goals and and can only be known upon practices of the the reflection of the “Me” group. ➔ Getting accepted by the group Cooley’s Looking Glass Self members. We try to imagine how others ➔ Achieving personal objectives by see us staying We try to imagine what others with the group. think and feel when they see us Deviance We ask ourselves how we feel - Against the goal or the means about their judgments of the group Lesson 8: Conformity & Deviance Theories of Deviance 1. Functionalist Perspective Norms - To strengthen the positive - Constant set of practices and function of the group. principles that group members 2. Labeling Theory live by - Internalize these labels and adopt the looks and practice. Types of Deviance Primary Groups 1. Innovation - Consist of people with intimate, - Accepts the goal, but does not face-to-face interactions marked by accept means. shared values, culture, and concern 2. Ritualism for one another. - Do not agree with the goals but accept the means. Secondary Groups 3. Retreatism - Groups that consist of a greater - Does not believe on number of members who have goals/means impersonal ties and are presumably 4. Rebellion held together by common goals. - Does not also believe, but they might decide and they will Iron Law of Oligarchy change it. - Inside every large group, particularly goal-oriented groups, there is an inner circle who dominates or leads the direction of the group. - One way the inner circle maintains the power is by passing the leadership position to the members of the inner group. Lesson 9: Structures and Functions In-groups of Social Groups - Refer to groups we identify with and feel strong allegiance to Social Groups - A group is a set of individuals who Out-groups share the same motives, goals, - Refer to groups which an individual norms, and values that guide the does not identify. conduct of its members. - These aspects lead to social Reference Groups cohesion where the members of the - The groups we look up to or we try group feel a deep sense of to emulate because we view them as connection, belongingness and unity the standard for our behavior. with one another. Networking - The act of getting to know more people for career and educational opportunities and advancement. Online Communities - A community whose members interact with each other primarily via the internet. Lesson 10: How are we related to one another? Kinship System - A system of meaning and power relations to determine relationships, rights, responsibilities, and expectations. Consanguinity - Blood relationship between people from some common ancestor. Affinity Cognatic Descent - Relationship between people as a - The bonds are traced on both the consequence of marriage. father and the mother. Unilineal Descent - Refers to tracing the ancestry of a person through only one parent.  Exogamy - A marriage outside a specific social or ethnic group Patrilocal Residence - This pattern relates to living with or near the husband's family. Matrilocal Residency - This pattern relates to living with or near the wife’s family. Ambilocal Residence - The practice where both the bride and groom pick which family to live near or with. Neolocal Residence - The practice where couples establish independent residences. A nuclear family is eventually Marriage developed. - A culturally defined and institutionalized form of relationship. Monogamy - Marriage between a man and a woman Polygamy - A custom of having more than one Polygyny - A man is permitted to marry more than one woman. Endogamy - A marriage within a social group or ethnic group