[UCSP 11] 1st Midsem Reviewer by Safi Lava 11E.pdf
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1st Midsemestral Exam Understanding Cultural, Society, and Politics (UCSP) 11 Reviewer By Safi Lava 11E 10 ONGOING TOPICS Introduction to Ethnicity, Nationality, and Language SOGIE: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression...
1st Midsemestral Exam Understanding Cultural, Society, and Politics (UCSP) 11 Reviewer By Safi Lava 11E 10 ONGOING TOPICS Introduction to Ethnicity, Nationality, and Language SOGIE: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression SOGIE: SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY, AND EXPRESSION IDENTITY EVOLUTION LESBIAN (L IN LGBTQ+) Lesbian is the term used for women who are attracted to other women. CONCEPTS EXPLANATION 17th Century 1) SAPPHO OF ○ The oldest use of the term to describe same-gender love. LESBOS ○ Associated with the works of Sappho who wrote poems about same-gender passion. 1890s ○ Modern use emerged in the 1890s ○ USed in an English-language medical dictionary, psychology and sexuality ○ Over time, it grew and popularity and was adopted by women who secretly, then proudly loved other women GAY (G IN LGBTQ+) Gay is the term used for men who are attracted to other men. CONCEPTS EXPLANATION 19th Century ○ Karl was a German lawyer and writer who may identified as gay, 1) KARL HEINRICH was the first to try to label his own community. ULRICHS ○ He coined the term, URNING, a term to refer to men who were attracted to other men. ○ “We Urnings constitute a special class of human gender”, he wrote. “We are our own gender, a third sex” 2) KAROLY MARIA 1800s KERTBENY ○ He coined the terms “homosexuality”, “bisexuality”, and “heterosexual” 1869 ○ The Prussian government contemplated adding language that forbade male same-gender sexual activity to its constitution. ○ “In response, Kertbeny wrote a passionate, anonymous open letter to the Prussian minister of justice and using the word Safi Lava 11E 10 “homosexuality,” which he had previously coined in a private letter to Ulrichs. ○ Kertbeny’s letter emphasized that same-gender attraction was inborn and challenged prevailing notions that it was shameful and harmful. Early gay rights groups and practitioners of the growing field of psychology eventually adopted the terms. Late 1960s 3) RECLAIMING THE ○ activists reclaimed a decades-old slur, “gay.” IDENTITY OF THE GAYS ○ Throughout the 20th century, same-gender attraction and sexual activity was largely outlawed, and this and other slurs that denigrated LGBTQ+ people were common. ○ Though its origins are murky, “gay” was eventually embraced by men who defied the status quo with open expressions of G same-gender love QUEER (Q IN LGBTQ+) Queer refers to the people who are questioning and exploring their gender and sexual identity. CONCEPTS EXPLANATION 1) Q BEING ADDED More recently, Q has been added to the acronym. In use since at least TO THE the 1910s. ACRONYM But “queer” was increasingly used by people within the gay rights movement beginning in the 1990s. Q also used to stand for “questioning,” as a way to acknowledge those who are exploring their gender or sexual identity. GENDERBREAD of Sam Killermann PROSECUTION AGAINST THE LGBTQ+ COMMUNITY Condemnation might be communicated through sensational public trials, exile, medical warnings, and language from the pulpit. These paths of persecution entrenched homophobia for centuries—but also alerted entire populations to the existence of difference. Throughout 150 years of homosexual social movements (roughly from the 1870s to today), leaders and organizers to address the very different concerns and unique issues for struggled each identity. Safi Lava 11E 10 STONEWALL INN RIOT Took place in Stonewall Inn, Greenwich, New York City June 28, 1969 “Pride Day” is celebrated on June 28 on the anniversary of the Stonewall Riots as this marked the start of protests for the rights of the LGBTQ. Being part of the LGBTQ+ was considered illegal and punishable The Stonewall Inn was considered a safe place for the LGBTQ+ community since they were able to express themselves there, without being judged or discriminated. On June 28, 1969, the gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village, was raided by police but instead of responding with the routine compliance the NYPD expected, patrons and a growing crowd decided to fight back. LGBTQIA+ COMMUNITY IN THE PHILIPPINES PRE-COLONIAL -> Babaylan and Asog as spiritual leaders, gender crosses The first account of gender crossing practices has been in existence before the Spanish colonizers came to the country. These were exemplified by the babaylan, a community leader, priestess, and mystical healer during the pre-colonial period. MALE BABAYLANS Luzon - Bayog, Visayas = Asog It was also recounted that some male babaylans were free to marry and have sexual relations with men. But this practice was put to a halt when the Spaniards arrived in 1521. COLONIAL SPANISH -> Introduction of western gender roles, gender crossers were looked down upon From the indigenous matriarchy, Spanish introduced the patriarchy and the machismo concept which made gender crossing a ridiculed practice. COLONIAL AMERICAN -> Reinforcement of western sexuality and gender roles with formal education The American colonization period further reinforced of Western conceptualizations of gender and sexuality, cementing it in formal education. HOME FOR THE GOLDEN GAYS (1975) Filipino columnist and LGBTQIA+ rights activist Justo Justo founded a non-profit organization called Home for the Golden Gays. Unfortunately, the death of Justo in 2012 led to the closing of the home. LESBIAN COMMUNITY’S FIGHT FOR VISIBILITY (1980s-1990s) The lesbian community has felt invisible and ignored in the past few decades. With lesbian concerns being subsumed under the women’s and feminist studies which was previously heterosexual in nature, and under the gay movement which previously prominently conceptualized lesbian women as female version of homosexual men. Eventually, the underground women’s organization MAKIBAKA released a position paper including sexual orientation issues in the movement. Later in the 1990s the issue of gender and sexuality became a major concern in the women’s movement. THE EMERGENCE OF LGBTQIA+ ORGANIZATIONS (1990s) Safi Lava 11E 10 Can’t Live in the Closet (CLIC) Leap! (Lesbian Activism Project, Inc. Philippines) ProGay (Progressive Organization of Gays in the Philippines) UP Babaylan THE 1994 AND 1996 METRO MANILA PRIDE MARCH In 1994, ProGay, a national democratic organization of queer individuals in the Philippines and MCCP, organized the very first Pride March in the Philippines and in the entire Asia-Pacific It was dubbed Stonewall Manila, in honor of the Stonewall Riots exactly 25 years prior. The 1996 Pride March is considered to be the 1st Pride Parade due to its larger population in comparison to the 1994 Pride March. RELIGION, BELIEF SYSTEM, AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS RELIGION THE NATURE OF RELIGION Latin word religo “to bind/obligate.” Refers to a person’s adherence to a set of beliefs or teachings about the deepest and most elusive of life’s mysteries. Religion may mean different to different people. SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES Emile Durkheim Karl Marx Max Weber Religion is a unified Religion is the opium of Religion is an important system of beliefs and the people. factor in the rise of practices related to capitalism. sacred things, i.e., things set apart and forbidden – beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church. EMILE DURKHEIM CHARACTERISTICS OF RELIGION: Religion has a clear distinction of the profane and the sacred. For Durkheim, the profane refers to the domain of everyday life, while the sacred refers to the domain that are given respect and reverence. Religion considers belief and faith as forms of acceptance of sacred things without any clear evidence or proof. Religion uses rituals and develops organized forms of practices to stimulate the faith of people. These practices include religious festivities, ceremonies, and religious services. Faithful members gather to organize religious communities NOTE: Religion is a vital agent of social control because it requires members of the religious organization to conform to its rules. (Conformity to Rules = Rewarded, Nonconformity = Punished) Safi Lava 11E 10 KARL MARX 1844, German philosopher Karl Marx defined religion as the “opium of the people." Marx argued that religion was used to maintain the unequal social system that provides more benefits to the elites or the upper class while negatively affecting the lower social classes. MAX WEBER Religion can affect a society's behavior and can thereby become a possible agent of social change. BELIEF SYSTEMS VARIETY OF RELIGIOUS PATTERNS SUPER NATURALISM Refers to the society's belief in non-material forces that can influence the physical world. ANIMISM Refers to the belief in nature spirit. It also emphasizes ancestor worship. TOTEMISM Believed that natural elements, plants, or animals can influence one's life and the material world. THEISM Refers to the people's belief in the divinity. POLYTHEISM Refers to the belief of a society to the pantheon of gods. MONOTHEISM Refers to the belief in a single god. RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION AND SOCIAL CORRELATES THE NATURE OF RELIGION A person’s religion may be correlated with... 1. social class 2. political views 3. professional and economic standing 4. education levels 5. social mobility and attitudes toward controversial and social issues Safi Lava 11E 10
