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THE FIRST TWO YEARS INFANT/TODDLER TODAY'S DISCUSSION Physical Sensory Perceptual Cognitive Sensorimotor Language Social Personality  Physical Changes in the first year, infants grow 25-30cm and triple their body weight PHYSICAL two year olds have proportionally larger...

THE FIRST TWO YEARS INFANT/TODDLER TODAY'S DISCUSSION Physical Sensory Perceptual Cognitive Sensorimotor Language Social Personality  Physical Changes in the first year, infants grow 25-30cm and triple their body weight PHYSICAL two year olds have proportionally larger heads- as they need hold their nearly full-sized brain THE BRAIN synaptogenesis (creation of synapses) - is followed by a period of synaptic pruning to make the nervous system more efficient neuroplasticity- the brain's ability to reorganize neural pathways and connections myelinization- myelin gradually covers individual axons and electrically insulates them from one another- improving conductivity  Physical Changes between 2-3 there are less dramatic physical changes than the first year of life but still impressive Each year from 2 to adolescence, children gain about 5-8 cm in height and 2.7 kg in weight  GROWTH Motor Linear Obesity kids with higher motor children's motor activity most kids eat sufficient activity levels are better levels increase linearly quantities of food but not able to control or inhibit with age and peak at regular meals- 22% of their behaviors allowing between 7-9 years children aged 2 to 5 are for successful task overweight or obese acheivement REFLEXES Adaptive sucking - helps newborns survive some adaptive reflexes persist throughout life Primitive reflexes controlled by primitive parts of the brain these reflexes disappear by about 6 months of age  REFLEXES Moro Rooting Babinski sudden noise or loss of a soft touch on the cheek stroking the sole of the support causes the infant will cause an infant to turn foot causes the infants to arch the back and toward the touch and toes to fan out and up - throw the arms and legs open the mouth - disappears by about 12 out and then bring them disappears by about 3 months back in - disappears after months 4-5 months Why the Moro reflex?  Behavioural States consciousness patterns of sleep/wakefulness stabilize with age neonates sleep 80% of the time by 8 weeks, babies will begin to sleep through the night by 6 months, babies are sleeping about 14 hours a day CRIES basic cry signals hunger - rhythmic pattern anger cry - louder and more intense pain cry - very abrupt onset prompt attention to crying in the first three months leads to less crying later  Motor Development 1 Month 2-3 Months locomotor - stepping reflex locomotor - non-locomotor - lifts head slightly and follows objects with non-locomotor- lifts head up to 90 degrees when lying on eyes stomach manipulative - holds object if place in hand manipulative - begins to swipe at objects in sight 4-6 Months 7-9 Months locomotor - rolls over, sits with support, moves on hands locomotor- sits without support, crawls and knees (creeps) non-locomotor - non-locomotor - holds head erect while in sitting position manipulative - transfer objects from one hand to the other manipulative - reaches for and grasps objects  Motor Development 10-12 Months 13-18 Months locomotor - pulls self up and walks grasping furniture- locomotor - walks backwards, sideways and runs (14-20 then walks alone mos) non-locomotor- squats and stoops, plays patty cake non-locomotor - Rolls ball, claps manipulative - shows some signs of hand preference, manipulative skills - stacks two blocks and puts objects grasps a spoon but has poor aim when moving to mouth into small container and dumps them out 19-24 Months Universal locomotor - walks up and down stairs (two feet per step) virtually all children follow the same sequence of motor non-locomotor - jumps with both feet off ground development- developmentally delayed children just follow manipulative - uses spoon to feed self, stacks 4-10 blocks at a slower pace MOTOR Gross Motor (2-3 years) DEVELOPMENT runs easily climbs on furniture unaided hauls and shoves big toys around obstacles Fine Motor (2-3 years) picks up small objects throws small ball while standing  FEMALE MALE girls ahead in motor skills in infancy and have more developmental delays specifically manipulative typically more active BREAST IS BEST breastmilk is the best form of infant nutrition; exclusive breastfeeding should be done for the first 4-6 months with the WHO recommending breastfeeding until the 2 years of age breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from common illnesses as it stimulates better immune functioning mother-infant social interactions appear to be identical if formula-fed babies are given the same maternal attention  NATURAL PAIN the narrative around breastfeeding is that it the reality - which researchers are trying to is natural and it does not hurt encourage health care professionals to acknowledge- is that it can be painful- typically for the first two weeks with the pain then subsiding SO WHY DOESN'T PUBLIC HEALTH WANT TO TELL WOMEN ABOUT BREASTFEEDING-RELATED PAIN?  Vision/Hearing SENSORY poor at first but develops rapidly newborns hear nearly as well as adults- infants can locate the direction of some sounds at birth Touch/Motion best developed of all the senses Smell/Taste smell has nearly unlimited variations newborns react different to each basic taste at birth  PERCEPTUAL SKILLS looking - babies scan for dark/light contrasts (faces are not uniquely interesting to infants- but they prefer their mothers face) listening - by 1 month they can discriminate between single syllables, at 6 months two syllable words, and 3 months they recognize the sound regardless of who says it  Perceptual Skills at 6 months infants can distinguish sound contrasts in any language, by 1 year old, this ability fades and is limited to the sound contrast of their native language  WHY WOULD THE ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH SOUND CONTRASTS IN ALL LANGUAGES FADE? LANGUAGE 2-3 Months - cooing, responds with smiles or cooing when spoken to 4-5 Months - makes various vowel and consonant sounds with cooing 6 Months - babbles, utters phonemes of all languages 8-9 Months - focuses on phonemes, rhythm, and intonation- has receptive vocabulary of 20-30 words LANGUAGE 12 Months - expressive language emerges, says single words 12-18 Months - uses word-gesture combinations combined with variations in intonation (holophrases- word and gesture to form thought) 18-20 Months - uses two-word sentences (telegraphic speech)- has expressive vocabulary of 100-200 words COGNITIVE cognitive skill changes over the first 2 years are highly consistent across environments Piaget - Sensorimotor: infants use information from their sense and motor actions to learn about the world by 18-24 months: infant has the beginnings of mental representation  Sensorimotor 1 2 3 4 0-1 MONTH 1-4 MONTHS 4-8 MONTHS 8-12 MONTHS Reflexes primary circular secondary circular coordination of reactions- reactions- baby becomes secondary schemes- accommodation of basic more aware of events intentional means-end schemes as baby outside his own body- behaviour- baby goes practices them - imitation may occur- after what they are grasping, listening, beginning to understand interested in and may looking - beginning of of object permanence combine two schemes coordination of schemes (i.e. move pillow to reach from different senses- you) baby still has not linked body actions to results outside of this body  Sensorimotor 5 6 12-18 MOS 18-24 MOS tertiary circular beginning of mental reactions- representation- 'experimentation' begins- development of the use 12-18 MONTHS infant tries new ways of playing with or of symbols to represent object or events- the Reflexes manipulating objects child understands the symbol is separate from the object  EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT TIED TO PARENT-INFANT RELATIONSHIP ATTACHMENT theory - view that the ability and need to form an attachment relationship early in life is a genetic characteristic of all humans  Attachment Secure Avoidant mothers are sensitive to infants' needs and infants are less infant avoids contact with the parent and shows no fussy and enjoy physical contact preference for the parent over other people Ambivalent Disorganized/Disoriented little exploratory behaviour, is greatly upset when confused or apprehensive infant who shows contradictory separated from the parent, and is not reassured by the behavior such as moving toward parent while looking away parent's return or comfort efforts  ATTACHMENT CHARACTERISTICS emotional marital status/SES mental health responsiveness  CONSEQUENCES OF ATTACHMENT more sociable, more positive in behaviour towards friends and siblings, less clinging and dependent on teachers, less aggressive and disruptive, more empathetic and emotionally mature in interactions in school and other settings outside the home COGNITIVE CHANGES Constructive Play by age 2 children begin to use objects to build or construct things (building a tower, drawing a picture) First Pretend Play the child uses an object for other than its purpose or pretends with an object (pretending to drink from a cup) at 15 to 21 months and then it becomes more common place from there, exploding at 2 years  SUBSTITUTE PRETEND PLAY Between 2 and 3 years, children begin to use objects to stand for something altogether different (using a broom as a horse) SOCIAL Over the years from 2-6 years, relationships with non- sibling peers become increasingly important solitary play- all ages of children parallel play- 14-18 months associative play- 18 months cooperative play- 3-4 years old  Learning SHORT TERM LONG TERM Ritual Stories Imitation Pictures 12-18 MONTHS Play Repitition Reinforcement Reflexes Games Role models SOCIAL Physical aggression peaks at age 2 years aggression- a behavior intended to harm another person or damage an object aggressive behaviours tends to run in families harsh, punitive parenting is linked with aggression reinforcement and modelling play a key role in aggression between 17 and 29 months of age, the ratio of male to female physical aggression is consistent (5:1) PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR prosocial behaviour- behaviour intended to help another person becomes evident between 2-3 years empathy is key  WHAT WE KNOW...SOCIAL/PERSONALITY Freud- Oral Erikson Trust vs Mistrust  Erikson autonomy vs shame and doubt the toddler's new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACES)  ACES: Abuse Intimate Partner Violence Physical abuse Nation wide a 34% exposure to IPV 20% Emotional maltreatment Sexual abuse 9% 3%  EXPOSURE EFFECT RESILIENCE the degree of intensity and duration of a the capacity to recover quickly from stressor is related to the intensity of the difficulties response