Child Development week 2
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Child Development week 2

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Questions and Answers

How much do infants grow in height during their first year?

  • 20-25 cm
  • 30-35 cm
  • 25-30 cm (correct)
  • 15-20 cm

    • What is synaptogenesis?

  • The brain's ability to reorganize neural pathways
  • The increase in motor activity
  • The process of myelin covering axons
  • The creation of synapses (correct)

    • At what age do primitive reflexes typically disappear?

  • By 12 months
  • By 6 months (correct)
  • By 3 months
  • By 9 months

    • What happens during myelinization?

    <p>Covering of axons with myelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Between the ages of 2 to adolescence, what is the typical annual growth in height?

    <p>5-8 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is characterized by an infant arching their back and throwing out their arms in response to a loss of support?

    <p>Moro reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children aged 2 to 5 are considered overweight or obese?

    <p>22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does higher motor activity levels in children affect their behavioral control?

    <p>They are better able to control or inhibit behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age can infants begin to coordinate secondary schemes and demonstrate intentional means-end behavior?

    <p>8-12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive skill is primarily developed during the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?

    <p>Using sensory and motor actions to learn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first significant vocalization infants make around 2-3 months?

    <p>Cooing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what age do infants typically develop an expressive vocabulary of 100-200 words and use two-word sentences?

    <p>18-20 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ability to distinguish sound contrasts across languages change from 6 months to 1 year?

    <p>It fades and becomes limited to their native language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do infants primarily scan for visually at around 1 month old?

    <p>Dark/light contrasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following skills is infants' best-developed sense at birth?

    <p>Touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are holophrases in infant language development?

    <p>Combination of a word with a gesture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average sleep duration for babies by 6 months of age?

    <p>14 hours a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does the anger cry exhibit in infants?

    <p>Louder and more intense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motor skill is typically achieved by infants at 10-12 months?

    <p>Walking alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for exclusive breastfeeding according to health guidelines?

    <p>4-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental characteristic is more common in male infants compared to female infants?

    <p>Greater likelihood of developmental delays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of breastfeeding mentioned in the content?

    <p>It stimulates better immune functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically begin to show some signs of hand preference?

    <p>10-12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain is associated with breastfeeding during the first two weeks?

    <p>Typically subsiding pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might public health officials hesitate to inform women about breastfeeding-related pain?

    <p>They wish to promote breastfeeding as easy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common gross motor skill for children aged 2-3 years?

    <p>Climbing on furniture unaided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental stage involves tertiary circular reactions, characterized by experimentation with object manipulation?

    <p>12-18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attachment style is characterized by the infant avoiding contact with the parent and showing no preference for the parent over others?

    <p>Avoidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is commonly associated with secure attachment in infants?

    <p>Sensitivity to infants' needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental change is defined as the use of objects to represent something entirely different, such as using a broom as a horse?

    <p>Substitute pretend play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following outcomes is typically associated with secure attachment in children?

    <p>Less clinging and dependent behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is physical aggression observed to peak among children?

    <p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play occurs when children play alongside but do not interact directly with each other, often seen in ages 14-18 months?

    <p>Parallel play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental concept indicates that infants form connections with caregivers as a genetic characteristic?

    <p>Attachment theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Empathy, which is critical for prosocial behavior, typically becomes evident between what ages?

    <p>2-3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is associated with increased levels of aggression in children?

    <p>Harsh, punitive parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does the understanding of symbols as separate from objects begin to develop in children?

    <p>12-18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior is typically described as intended to help another person and emerges around ages 2-3 years?

    <p>Prosocial behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of play is characterized by cooperative interaction among children, typically occurring around ages 3-4 years?

    <p>Cooperative play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of stories, pictures, and play in learning is primarily associated with which type of learning?

    <p>Short term learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In their first year of life, infants typically grow 25-30 cm and triple their body ______.

    <p>weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of synaptic ______ helps to create new connections in the brain.

    <p>synaptogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelinization improves the ______ of nerve impulses by covering axons.

    <p>conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Between the ages of two and adolescence, children gain about 5-8 cm in ______ each year.

    <p>height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ reflex involves an infant turning their head toward a soft touch on the cheek.

    <p>rooting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children are typically able to control their behaviors better if they have higher ______ activity levels.

    <p>motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptive reflexes, such as sucking, help newborns ______.

    <p>survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelin gradually covers individual axons during the process of ______.

    <p>myelinization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neonates sleep approximately ______ of the time.

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 6 months, babies are typically sleeping about ______ hours a day.

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic cry of an infant is a rhythmic pattern that signals ______.

    <p>hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 10-12 months, infants often pull themselves up and walk while ______ furniture.

    <p>grasping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breastfeeding is recommended exclusively for the first - months.

    <p>4-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The narrative around breastfeeding is often considered ______, although it can sometimes cause pain.

    <p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ infants are generally less likely to suffer from common illnesses.

    <p>Breastfed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 2-3 years, children can easily run and ______ on furniture unaided.

    <p>climb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Girls are typically ahead in ______ skills during infancy.

    <p>motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pain during breastfeeding usually subsides after the first ______ weeks.

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Newborns hear nearly as well as ______ at birth.

    <p>adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sense of ______ is the best developed of all the senses in newborns.

    <p>touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 1 month, infants can discriminate between single ______.

    <p>syllables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At 12 months, infants start to use ______ language that emerges as they begin to say single words.

    <p>expressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive skill changes in infants are consistent across different ______.

    <p>environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 6 months, infants begin to babble and utter ______ of all languages.

    <p>phonemes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At 18-20 months, infants can use ______-word sentences, demonstrating early language skills.

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes the ______ stage as the time when infants learn through their senses and motor actions.

    <p>sensorimotor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Between 12-18 months, infants begin to try new ways of playing with or manipulating ______.

    <p>objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability and need to form an ______ relationship early in life is a genetic characteristic of all humans.

    <p>attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In secure attachment, mothers are sensitive to infants' needs, resulting in infants who are less fussy and enjoy ______ contact.

    <p>physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prosocial behavior, which is intended to help another person, becomes evident between ______ years.

    <p>2-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory that a toddler's new mobility encourages the desire for ______ is part of Erikson's stages.

    <p>autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By age 2, children start to use objects to build or ______ things.

    <p>construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children begin to engage in ______ play around the ages of 18 months, where they start associating with peers.

    <p>associative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ parenting is linked with increased aggression in children.

    <p>Harsh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the sensorimotor stage, children develop an understanding that the ______ is separate from the object.

    <p>symbol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degree of intensity and duration of a stressor is related to the intensity of the ______.

    <p>response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical aggression typically peaks at ______ years.

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children start to use objects to stand for something altogether ______ between the ages of 2 and 3 years.

    <p>different</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ratio of male to female physical aggression is consistent at ______ between 17 and 29 months.

    <p>5:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neuroplasticity and why is it important for infants?

    <p>Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to reorganize neural pathways and connections. It is crucial for infants as it supports their learning and adaptation to new experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do motor activity levels influence behavioral control in children?

    <p>Higher motor activity levels enable children to better control and inhibit their behaviors. This improved control leads to more successful task achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during synaptic pruning in the nervous system?

    <p>During synaptic pruning, excess synapses are eliminated to increase the efficiency of neural connections. This process refines the brain's neural networks based on experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do two-year-olds have proportionally larger heads?

    <p>Two-year-olds have larger heads to accommodate their nearly full-sized brain. This is crucial for supporting cognitive development during early growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adaptive reflexes in newborns?

    <p>Adaptive reflexes, such as sucking, help newborns survive by enabling feeding and self-soothing. These reflexes are essential for initial survival and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants typically respond to a sudden loss of support?

    <p>Infants typically exhibit the Moro reflex, which involves arching their back and throwing out their arms. This reflex helps them react to perceived threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is myelinization and its role in brain development?

    <p>Myelinization is the process where myelin covers axons, insulating them for improved electrical conductivity. It enhances the speed and efficiency of neural communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens physically to children between the ages of 2 to 3 years?

    <p>Between 2 to 3 years, children show impressive but less dramatic physical changes compared to their first year. They continue to grow in height and weight, laying the groundwork for further development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur in an infant's ability to distinguish sounds from 6 months to 1 year?

    <p>Infants can distinguish sound contrasts in any language at 6 months, but this ability fades by 1 year, becoming limited to their native language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically start using two-word sentences, and what is this form of speech called?

    <p>Infants typically start using two-word sentences around 18-20 months, referred to as telegraphic speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the progression of vocalization from cooing to babbling in infants.

    <p>Around 2-3 months, infants begin cooing; by 6 months, they start babbling, producing phonemes from all languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sensory experience in the cognitive skill development of infants according to Piaget?

    <p>According to Piaget, infants use sensory experiences and motor actions to learn about the world during the sensorimotor stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants react to different tastes at birth?

    <p>Newborns react differently to each basic taste, indicating their ability to perceive and differentiate flavors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of an infant's ability to locate the direction of sounds at birth?

    <p>Infants can locate sound direction at birth, which is essential for early social interactions and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental milestone occurs in infants around 8-12 months regarding secondary schemes?

    <p>By 8-12 months, infants display coordination of secondary schemes, engaging in intentional means-end behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the ability of infants to imitate sounds fade after 6 months?

    <p>The ability to imitate sounds fades after 6 months as infants start to focus on phonemes specific to their native language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical sleep pattern for neonates?

    <p>Neonates sleep approximately 80% of the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does prompt attention to crying in the first three months affect later crying behaviors?

    <p>Prompt attention leads to less crying later.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically begin to show signs of hand preference?

    <p>Infants show signs of hand preference around 10-12 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the recommendations regarding exclusive breastfeeding according to health guidelines?

    <p>Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 4-6 months, and continued breastfeeding until 2 years of age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common gross motor skills for children aged 2-3 years?

    <p>Common gross motor skills include running easily and climbing on furniture unaided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of the anger cry in infants?

    <p>The anger cry is louder and more intense than the basic cry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do motor skills differ between infant girls and boys?

    <p>Girls tend to be ahead in motor skills, especially manipulative skills, while boys typically have more developmental delays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common non-locomotor skill observed in infants at 4-6 months?

    <p>A common non-locomotor skill is holding the head erect while in a sitting position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the non-locomotor skill 'jumps with both feet off ground' indicate in toddlers?

    <p>It indicates increasing physical coordination and strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of breastfeeding on infants' risk for common illnesses?

    <p>Breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from common illnesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of attachment theory in early childhood?

    <p>The ability and need to form attachment relationships is a genetic characteristic of all humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does early attachment affect a child's behavior towards peers later in life?

    <p>Children with secure attachments tend to be more sociable, positive in behavior, and emotionally mature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically begin to engage in first pretend play?

    <p>Children typically begin to engage in first pretend play between 15 and 21 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of play is characterized by children playing alongside each other without direct interaction?

    <p>This type of play is referred to as parallel play.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining behavior of an ambivalent attachment style in infants?

    <p>Infants with ambivalent attachment show little exploratory behavior and are greatly upset when separated from the parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive change is evident when children use objects to build or construct things by age 2?

    <p>This behavior is known as constructive play.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of empathy in prosocial behavior among children?

    <p>Empathy is critical for prosocial behavior, as it helps children understand and respond to the needs of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental phase involves children using a broom to pretend it is a horse?

    <p>This phase is known as substitute pretend play.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are commonly associated with secure attachment in children?

    <p>Emotional responsiveness, marital status, and mental health of parents are associated with secure attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'disorganized/disoriented attachment' refer to in infants?

    <p>It refers to an infant who exhibits contradictory behaviors, like approaching the caregiver while looking away.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does reinforcement play in the aggression observed among children?

    <p>Reinforcement and modeling significantly influence aggressive behaviors, often stemming from harsh parenting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does emotional development tie into parent-infant relationships?

    <p>Emotional development is closely linked to the quality of attachments formed during infancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic outcome of secure attachment in children’s interactions at school?

    <p>Children with secure attachments are less aggressive and more empathetic in their interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior does physical aggression peak at around age 2 years indicate?

    <p>It indicates typical developmental frustration and the challenge of emotional regulation in toddlers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key factor associated with resilience in response to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)?

    <p>Resilience is characterized by the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the first year of life, infants typically grow 15-25 cm and double their body weight.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Moro reflex disappears around 12 months of age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From ages 2 to adolescence, children gain roughly 5-7 cm in height annually.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelinization enhances the insulation of nerve fibers, improving their conductivity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primitive reflexes are fully developed at birth and remain throughout life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 8 weeks, babies typically sleep through the night.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breastfeeding for 6 months can significantly reduce common illnesses in infants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Girls typically show more developmental delays in motor skills during infancy compared to boys.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 2-3 years, children can perform gross motor skills such as climbing on furniture unaided.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breastfeeding is always painless for mothers according to common narratives.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physical Development

    • Infants grow rapidly in the first year, gaining 25-30cm in height and tripling their body weight.
    • Two-year-olds have proportionally larger heads due to their growing brains.
    • Synaptogenesis is the creation of synapses, followed by synaptic pruning to increase efficiency.
    • Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to reorganize neural pathways.
    • Myelinization insulates axons to improve conductivity.
    • Between 2-3 years, physical growth continues, but at a slower pace.
    • From 2 to adolescence, children gain about 5-8cm in height and 2.7kg in weight annually.
    • Children with high motor activity levels have better behavioral control.
    • Obesity rates are high among children aged 2-5 with 22% being overweight or obese.

    Reflexes

    • Adaptive reflexes contribute to survival, while primitive reflexes disappear around 6 months of age.
    • The Moro reflex, triggered by sudden noises or loss of support, disappears after 4-5 months.
    • Sucking is an adaptive reflex that persists throughout life.

    Sleep and Crying

    • Neonates sleep about 80% of the time.
    • By 8 weeks, babies start sleeping through the night.
    • Basic cries signal hunger, while anger cries are louder and more intense.
    • Prompt attention to crying in the first three months leads to less crying later.

    Motor Development

    • Motor development follows predictable stages, with variations in pace but not in sequence.
    • Gross motor development includes running, climbing, and moving toys around obstacles.
    • Fine motor development includes picking up small objects and throwing a ball.
    • Girls generally develop advanced manipulative skills in infancy, while boys are typically more active.

    Nutrition

    • Breastmilk is the optimal infant nutrition, recommended for the first 4-6 months and up to two years.
    • Breastfed babies have better immune function and are less prone to illnesses.
    • Mother-infant interaction is similar in formula-fed babies with adequate maternal attention.
    • Breastfeeding can be painful for the first two weeks, a fact often overlooked in public health messaging.

    Sensory Development

    • Vision develops rapidly but is initially poor.
    • Newborns hear nearly as well as adults and can perceive the direction of some sounds at birth.
    • Touch and motion are the best-developed senses at birth.
    • Smell has nearly unlimited variations.
    • Newborns can distinguish basic tastes at birth.

    Perceptual Development

    • Infants initially scan for dark/light contrasts, finding faces no more interesting than other stimuli.
    • By 1 month, they can distinguish single syllables, followed by two-syllable words at 6 months.
    • At 3 months, they recognize sounds regardless of the speaker.
    • At 6 months, infants can discern sound contrasts in any language. This ability fades by the first year, becoming specific to their native language.

    Language Development

    • From 2-3 months, babies coo and respond to verbal communication.
    • By 4-5 months, they produce vowel and consonant sounds.
    • At 6 months, they babble and produce phonemes of all languages.
    • Between 8-9 months, infants focus on phonemes, rhythm, and intonation, developing a receptive vocabulary of 20-30 words.
    • At 12 months, expressive language emerges with single words.
    • 12-18 months see the use of word-gesture combinations with variations in intonation, known as holophrases.
    • 18-20 months mark the emergence of two-word sentences (telegraphic speech), and their expressive vocabulary expands to 100-200 words.

    Cognitive Development

    • Cognitive development progresses consistently across environments.
    • Piaget's Sensorimotor stage emphasizes learning through sensory input and motor actions.
    • By 18-24 months, infants exhibit the beginnings of mental representation.

    Sensorimotor Stages

    • Stage 1 (0-1 month): Reflexes; accommodation of schemes through practice.
    • Stage 2 (1-4 months): Primary circular reactions; baby becomes aware of events outside their own body and may imitate.
    • Stage 3 (4-8 months): Secondary circular reactions; understanding of object permanence emerges.
    • Stage 4 (8-12 months): Coordination of secondary schemes; intentional means-end behavior develops.
    • Stage 5 (12-18 months): Tertiary circular reactions; experimentation and exploring new ways to manipulate objects.
    • Stage 6 (18-24 months): Beginnings of mental representation; using symbols to represent objects and events.

    Attachment

    • Attachment theory posits that the ability and need for an attachment relationship early in life is innate.

    Attachment Styles

    • Secure: Sensitive mothers create less fussy infants who enjoy physical contact.
    • Avoidant: Infants avoid contact with the parent and show no preference for the parent over others.
    • Ambivalent: Infants show little exploratory behavior and are highly distressed by separation, not comforted by the parent's return.
    • Disorganized/Disoriented: Infants show confused or contradictory behavior, such as moving toward the parent while looking away.

    Factors Influencing Attachment

    • Emotional responsiveness of the parent.
    • Marital status and socio-economic status of the family.
    • Mental health of the parent.

    Consequences of Attachment

    • Secure attachments lead to more sociable, positive, and empathetic individuals.
    • Securely attached children are less aggressive and less dependent on others in school settings.

    Cognitive Changes

    • Constructive play emerges by age two with children using objects to build or create.
    • First pretend play begins between 15 and 21 months, becoming more common by two years.
    • Substitute pretend play involves using objects symbolically, representing something entirely different.

    Social Development

    • Social play progresses from solitary to cooperative:
      • Solitary play: All ages.
      • Parallel play: 14-18 months.
      • Associative play: 18 months.
      • Cooperative play: 3-4 years.

    Learning

    • Learning is facilitated through:
      • Short-term memory: stories, pictures, and play.
      • Long-term memory: rituals, imitation, repetition, reinforcement, games, and role models.

    Aggression

    • Physical aggression peaks at age 2 years.
    • Aggressive behavior tends to be familial.
    • Harsh parenting is linked to aggression.
    • Reinforcement and modeling play significant roles in aggression.
    • The ratio of male to female physical aggression is consistent (5:1) between 17-29 months.

    Prosocial Behavior

    • Prosocial behavior involves helping another person.
    • It emerges between 2-3 years.
    • Empathy is crucial for developing prosocial behavior.

    Social/Personality Development

    • Freud: Oral stage.
    • Erikson:
      • Trust vs. Mistrust: First year of life.
      • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: Toddlerhood, fostering independence.

    Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)

    • ACES exposure is common:

      • Intimate partner violence: 34% nationally.
      • Physical abuse: 20%.
      • Emotional maltreatment: 9%.
      • Sexual abuse: 3%

    • The severity and duration of stressors are related to the intensity of response.

    • Resilience is the capacity to quickly recover from difficulties.

    Physical Changes

    • Infants grow 25-30 cm and triple their body weight in the first year.
    • Two-year-olds have proportionally larger heads due to their brain's growth.
    • Synaptogenesis, followed by synaptic pruning, makes the nervous system more efficient.
    • Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize neural pathways and connections.
    • Myelination improves conductivity by covering axons and electrically insulating them.
    • Between 2-3 years, physical changes are less dramatic than in the first year but still impressive.

    Motor Development

    • Motor activity levels increase linearly with age, peaking between 7-9 years old.
    • Motor skills development follows a universal sequence, with delayed children simply progressing at a slower pace.
    • Reflexes, such as sucking, rooting, babinski, and moro, are crucial for survival and disappear with age.

    Growth

    • Children gain 5-8 cm in height and 2.7 kg in weight annually from ages 2 to adolescence.
    • Overweight and obese children are prevalent, with 22% of 2-5 year olds falling into these categories.

    Sleep

    • Newborns sleep 80% of the time, and sleep patterns stabilize with age.
    • By 8 weeks, babies start sleeping through the night.
    • By 6 months, babies sleep around 14 hours daily.

    Crying

    • Different cries signal different needs: hunger, anger, and pain.
    • Prompt attention to crying in the first three months reduces crying later.

    Sensory Development

    • Vision and hearing improve rapidly in infants.
    • Touch and motion are the most developed senses at birth.
    • Smell and taste allow for nearly unlimited variations, with infants reacting differently to basic tastes at birth.

    Perceptual Skills

    • Infants scan for dark/light contrasts, showing no preference for faces initially, but favoring their mothers' faces.
    • Listening skills develop rapidly, allowing infants to discriminate between single syllables at 1 month, two-syllable words at 6 months, and recognize sounds regardless of speaker at 3 months.
    • At 6 months, infants can distinguish sound contrasts in any language, but this ability weakens by age 1, limiting it to their native language.

    Language Development

    • By 2-3 months, infants coo and respond with smiles or cooing when spoken to.
    • At 4-5 months, they produce a variety of vowel and consonant sounds.
    • By 6 months, they babble and utter phonemes from all languages, focusing on phonemes, rhythm, and intonation by 8-9 months.
    • At 12 months, expressive language emerges with single-word utterance.
    • Between 12-18 months, word-gesture combinations are used along with variations in intonation ("holophrases").
    • From 18-20 months, two-word sentences ("telegraphic speech") are used with a vocabulary of 100-200 words.

    Cognitive Development

    • Piaget's Sensorimotor stage: infants use information from senses and motor actions to learn about the world.
    • By 18-24 months, infants develop rudimentary mental representation.

    Sensorimotor Stages

    • Stage 1 (0-1 month): Reflexes and basic scheme accommodation.
    • Stage 2 (1-4 months): Primary circular reactions with increased awareness of events outside the body.
    • Stage 3 (4-8 months): Secondary circular reactions with intentional means-end behavior.
    • Stage 4 (8-12 months): Coordination of secondary schemes with intentional actions to achieve goals.
    • Stage 5 (12-18 months): Tertiary circular reactions with experimentation and exploration.
    • Stage 6 (18-24 months): Beginning of mental representation with the use of symbols to represent objects and events.

    Attachment

    • Attachment theory: forming an attachment relationship is a genetic human characteristic.
    • Secure Attachment: Sensitive mothers lead to less fussy infants who enjoy physical contact.
    • Avoidant Attachment: Infants avoid contact with the parent and show no preference for them over others.
    • Ambivalent Attachment: Infants exhibit limited exploratory behavior, are upset when separated from the parent, and remain unconvinced by the parent's return or comfort efforts.
    • Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment: Infants appear confused and apprehensive, displaying conflicting behaviors like moving towards the parent but looking away.

    Attachment Characteristics

    • Emotional responsiveness, marital status/SES, and mental health all influence attachment.

    Consequences of Attachment

    • Securely attached children are more sociable, positive towards peers and siblings, less clinging and dependent, less aggressive and disruptive, and exhibit greater empathy and emotional maturity in interactions outside the home.

    Cognitive Changes

    • Constructive Play: By age 2, children begin to use objects for building and constructing (e.g., building towers, drawing).
    • First Pretend Play: Children use objects for purposes other than their intended one or pretend with objects (e.g., pretending to drink from a cup), becoming more common after 15-21 months and exploding by age 2.
    • Substitute Pretend Play: Between 2-3 years, children use objects to represent something entirely different (e.g., using a broom as a horse).

    Social Development

    • Peer relationships become increasingly important from 2-6 years old.
    • Solitary play: All ages.
    • Parallel play: 14-18 months.
    • Associative play: 18 months.
    • Cooperative play: 3-4 years.

    Learning

    • Short-term learning methods include stories, pictures, play, and reinforcement.
    • Long-term learning methods include rituals, imitation, repetition, games, and role models.

    Aggression

    • Physical aggression peaks at age 2.
    • Aggression includes behavior intended to harm a person or damage an object.
    • Aggressive behaviors tend to run in families.
    • Harsh parenting is linked to aggression.
    • Reinforcement and modeling play a key role in aggression.
    • Between 17-29 months, the ratio of male to female physical aggression is consistently 5:1.

    Prosocial Behavior

    • Prosocial behavior includes behavior intended to help others.
    • It becomes evident between 2-3 years old.
    • Empathy plays a crucial role.

    Social/Personality Development

    • Freud: Oral stage.
    • Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust stage.
    • Erikson: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage.
    • The drive for autonomy increases alongside toddlers' newfound mobility.

    Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)

    • ACEs include:
      • Intimate Partner Violence (IPV): Nationwide exposure rate of 34%.
      • Physical Abuse: Exposure rate of 20%.
      • Emotional Maltreatment: Exposure rate of 9%.
      • Sexual Abuse: Exposure rate of 3%.

    Exposure Effect and Resilience

    • The intensity and duration of stressors are directly related to the intensity of the response.
    • Resilience is the ability to recover quickly from difficulties.

    Physical Changes in Infancy and Toddlerhood

    • Infants grow rapidly in the first year, gaining 25-30cm in height and tripling their body weight.
    • By two years old, children have proportionally larger heads due to the need to accommodate their nearly full-sized brain.
    • Synaptogenesis (creation of synapses) occurs in the brain, followed by synaptic pruning to increase efficiency.
    • Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize neural pathways and connections.
    • Myelinization improves conductivity, allowing faster and more efficient transmission of signals.

    Motor Development

    • 1 Month: Infants exhibit the stepping reflex, lift their heads slightly, and follow objects with their eyes.
    • 2-3 Months: Infants lift their heads to 90 degrees while lying on their stomachs, begin to swipe at objects within sight.
    • 4-6 Months: Infants can roll over, sit with support, and move on their hands and knees.
    • 7-9 Months: Infants can sit without support, crawl, and transfer objects between hands.
    • 10-12 Months: Infants pull themselves up and walk while grasping furniture, then walk alone.
    • 13-18 Months: Infants walk backwards, sideways, and run. They can also roll balls and clap their hands.
    • 19-24 Months: Infants walk up and down stairs, jump with both feet, and use a spoon to feed themselves.

    Reflexes

    • Adaptive Reflexes: These reflexes, like sucking, help newborns survive and persist throughout life.
    • Primitive Reflexes: These reflexes, controlled by primitive parts of the brain, disappear by about 6 months of age.
    • Moro Reflex: This reflex causes an infant to arch their back, throw their arms and legs out, then bring them back in due to a sudden noise or loss of support.

    Sensory and Perceptual Skills

    • Vision: Infants' vision is poor at first but develops rapidly. They can locate the direction of sounds at birth.
    • Touch and Motion: Touch is the best developed sense at birth.
    • Smell and Taste: Infants react differently to each basic taste at birth.
    • Looking: Infants scan for dark/light contrasts and prefer their mother's faces.
    • Listening: By one month, infants can discriminate between single syllables. By 6 months, they can distinguish two-syllable words.

    Language

    • 2-3 Months: Infants coo and respond with smiles or cooing when spoken to.
    • 4-5 Months: Infants make various vowel and consonant sounds with cooing.
    • 6 Months: Infants babble and produce phonemes from all languages.
    • 8-9 Months: Infants focus on phonemes, rhythm, and intonation, acquiring a receptive vocabulary of 20-30 words.
    • 12 Months: Infants begin to use single words.
    • 12-18 Months: Infants use word-gesture combinations with variations in intonation (holophrases).
    • 18-20 Months: Infants use two-word sentences (telegraphic speech) and gain an expressive vocabulary of 100-200 words.

    Cognitive Development

    • Cognitive skill development in the first two years remains consistent across environments.
    • Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage: Infants use information from their senses and motor actions to learn about the world.
    • By 18-24 months, infants understand the beginnings of mental representation.

    Sensorimotor Stages

    • Stage 1 (0-1 Month): Infants exhibit reflexes.
    • Stage 2 (1-4 Months): Infants develop primary circular reactions, becoming more aware of events outside their bodies.
    • Stage 3 (4-8 Months): Infants develop secondary circular reactions, demonstrating intentional means-end behavior.
    • Stage 4 (8-12 Months): Infants coordinate secondary schemes.
    • Stage 5 (12-18 Months): Infants engage in tertiary circular reactions, experimenting with objects and actions.
    • Stage 6 (18-24 Months): Infants develop mental representation, understanding the use of symbols to represent objects and events.

    Attachment

    • Attachment theory argues that the ability and need to form attachment relationships is a genetic characteristic of all humans.
    • Secure Attachment: Infants are less fussy, enjoy physical contact, and are comforted by their parents.
    • Avoidant Attachment: Infants avoid contact with their parents and show no preference for them over others.
    • Ambivalent Attachment: Infants are upset when separated from their parents, exhibit little exploratory behavior, and are not easily reassured by their parents' comfort efforts.
    • Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment: Infants show confused or contradictory behaviors, such as moving toward their parents while looking away.

    Consequences of Attachment

    • Securely attached children are more sociable, positive in their behavior with peers and siblings, less aggressive and disruptive, and more empathetic and emotionally mature in interactions outside the home.

    Cognitive Changes

    • Constructive Play: By age 2, children begin to use objects to build or construct things, such as towers or drawings.
    • First Pretend Play: Children begin to use objects for other than their intended purpose, such as pretending to drink from a cup.
    • Substitute Pretend Play: Children begin to use objects to represent something altogether different, such as using a broom as a horse.

    Social Development

    • Solitary Play: All ages of children engage in solitary play.
    • Parallel Play: Children aged 14-18 months play alongside each other but without interacting.
    • Associative Play: Children aged 18 months engage in some interaction but without shared goals.
    • Cooperative Play: Children aged 3-4 years play with a specific common goal and interact with each other.

    Aggression

    • Physical aggression peaks at age 2.
    • Aggression is intended to harm another person or damage an object.
    • Aggressive behaviors tend to run in families and are linked to harsh, punitive parenting.
    • Reinforcement and modeling play a key role in aggression.
    • The ratio of male to female physical aggression is consistently 5:1 between 17 and 29 months.

    Prosocial Behavior

    • Prosocial behavior, intended to help another person, becomes evident between 2 and 3 years.
    • Empathy is key to prosocial behavior.

    Social/Personality Stages

    • Freud's Oral Stage: Focuses on the mouth as a source of pleasure.
    • Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust Stage: Infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust based on their early experiences.
    • Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Stage: Toddlers develop a sense of autonomy or shame and doubt based on their success or failure in asserting their independence.

    Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)

    • Exposure to ACES can have lasting impacts on physical and mental health.
    • Physical Abuse: 20% of children experience physical abuse.
    • Emotional Maltreatment: 9% of children experience emotional maltreatment.
    • Sexual Abuse: 3% of children experience sexual abuse.
    • Intimate Partner Violence: 34% of children are exposed to intimate partner violence.

    Resilience

    • Resilience is the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties.
    • The intensity and duration of stressors impact the intensity of a child's response.
    • Children with greater resilience are better able to cope with challenges and adversity.

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    TO POST Infant and Toddler Development PDF

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    Test your knowledge on physical development in children, covering key concepts such as growth patterns, reflexes, and neuroplasticity. This quiz focuses on early childhood stages from infancy to adolescence, evaluating understanding of vital developmental milestones.

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