TMT1003 LU3 - 2 PDF

39 Parameters Explanations of the 39 parameters appearing in the Contradiction Matrix  “A heuristic program is necessary for effective solutions to the requirements of inventing at a higher level that replaces the continuously new selection of variants with a goal- ori...

39 Parameters Explanations of the 39 parameters appearing in the Contradiction Matrix  “A heuristic program is necessary for effective solutions to the requirements of inventing at a higher level that replaces the continuously new selection of variants with a goal- oriented movement into the area of the solution” Altshuler  What is parameter? Parameter is defined as any Yes, I’m from Egypt factor that defines a system and … how did you guess? determines (or limits) its performance Parameter typically describes the characteristics of a system A parameter is a “property or attribute” given to describe a function of a system – it takes the point of view of the function rather than the components  39 System Parameters 1. Weight of Moving Object 21. Power 2. Weight of Stationary Object 22. Loss of Energy 3. Length (or Angle) of Moving Object 23. Loss of Substance 4. Length (or Angle) of Stationary Object 24. Loss of Information 5. Area of Moving Object 25. Loss of Time 6. Area of Stationary Object 26. Quantity of Substance 7. Volume of Moving Object 27. Reliability (Robustness) 8. Volume of Stationary Object 28. Measurement Accuracy 9. Speed 29. Manufacturing Precision (Consistency) 10. Force (a.ka. Torque) 30. Object Affected Harmful Factors 11. Pressure or Stress 31. Object Generated Harmful Factors 12. Shape 32. Ease of Manufacture (Manufacturability) 13. Stability of the Object’s Composition 33. Ease of Operation 14. Strength 34. Ease of Repair (Repairability) 15. Duration of Action of Moving Object 35. Adaptability or Versatility 16. Duration of Action of Stationary Object 36. Device Complexity 17. Temperature 37. Difficulty of Detecting and Measuring 18. Illumination Intensity 38. Extent of Automation 19. Use of Energy by Moving Object 39. Productivity 20. Use of Energy by Stationary Object  Parameter #1: Weight of Moving Object The mass of or gravitational force exerted by a moving object Moving includes any situations where there is any degree of relative motion between two or more components related to the problem The movement may be linear or rotational from a few microns or a considerable distance Equivalent meanings: burden, bulk, load, lightness  Parameter #2: Weight of Stationary Object The mass of or gravitational force exerted by a stationary object Stationary includes any situations where there is no form of relative motion between two or more components related to the problem Equivalent meanings: burden, bulk, load, lightness  Parameter #3: Length (or Angle) of Moving Object Any linear or angular dimension relating to a moving object Moving includes any situations where there is any degree of relative motion between two or more components related to the problem The movement may be linear or rotational from a few microns or a considerable distance Equivalent meanings: width, height, depth, distance, range, span Parameter #4: Length (or Angle) of Stationary Object Any linear or angular dimension relating to a stationary object Stationary includes any situations where there is no form of relative motion between two or more components related to the problem Equivalent meanings: width, height, depth, distance, range, span  Parameter #5: Area of Moving Object Any dimension related to surface or surface area It may be internal or external surface area and may include contact area as well as actual surface area Moving includes any situations where there is any degree of relative motion between two or more components related to the problem The movement may be linear or rotational from a few microns or a considerable amounts Equivalent meanings: region, space, zone, point of contact  Parameter #6: Area of Stationary Object Any dimension related to surface or surface area It may be internal or external surface area and may include contact area as well as actual surface area Stationary includes any situations where there is no form of relative motion between two or more components related to the problem Equivalent meanings: region, space, zone, point of contact  Parameter #7: Volume of Moving Object Any dimension related to the cubic measure of space occupied by an object or the space around it Moving includes any situations where there is any degree of relative motion between two or more components related to the problem The relative motion may be a few microns or a considerable distance Waterfall Oil spill Equivalent meanings: capacity, space, room, size, bulk, compactness  Parameter #8: Volume of Stationary Object Any dimension related to the cubic measure of space occupied by an object or the space around it Stationary includes any situations where there is no form of relative motion between two or more components related to the problem Equivalent meanings: capacity, space, room, size, bulk, compactness  Parameter #9: Speed The velocity of an object or the rate of any kind of process or action The speed may be relative or absolute It may be linear or rotational Equivalent meanings: pace, haste, race, rush, rapidity, acceleration, slowness, tardiness  Parameter #10: Force (a.k.a. Torque) Any interaction that is intended to change an object’s condition It may be linear or rotational The term applies equally well to torque (a force that rotate an object about an axis) Equivalent meanings: action, reaction, push, pull, twist, load, inertia, acceleration, momentum, change of momentum, intensity, lift, drag, thrust, moment, friction  Parameter #11: Pressure/Stress Force exercised on a unit area Stress is the effect of forces on an object Stress can be tensile or compressive, static or dynamic Parameter also includes strain Equivalent meanings: compression, tension, creep, fatigue, elasticity, plasticity, stiffness, vacuum  Parameter #12: Shape The internal and external contour of profile of a system or component as required for ergonomic and function Equivalent meanings: pattern, profile, silhouette, form, outline, geometry, curvature, line Parameter #13: Stability of the Object’s Composition The integrity of a system as referring to the relationship of a system’s components It can be applied at system (component level) and subsystem level (atomic level) Decomposition, dissociation and increasing entropy should all be interpreted as issues concerning “stability” Equivalent meanings: inertness, deformation, droop, tipping, distortion, oxidation, rusting, homogeneity, consistency, delamination  Parameter #14: Strength The extent to which an object is able to resist changing in response to force Resistance in breaking – can be elastic limit, plastic limit, or the object’s ultimate strength The parameter can be tensile or compressive, linear or rotational and includes toughness and hardness Equivalent meanings: fatigue, creep, bond, join, muscle, droop, distortion, stillness, rigidity  Parameter #15: Duration of Action of Moving Object The time taken by an object or system to perform an action The duration may take a few milliseconds or over several years This is different from reliability which is the duration to failure of a system This parameter is specific to only the duration of an action Moving includes any situations where there is any degree of relative motion between two or more components related to the problem The movement may be linear or rotational from a few microns or a considerable distance Equivalent meanings: rate, period, frequency, mode, interval, phase, count, time span, delay Parameter #16: Duration of Action of Stationary Object The time taken by an object or system to perform an action The duration may take a few milliseconds or over several years This is different from reliability which is the duration to failure of a system This parameter is specific to only the duration of an action Stationary includes any situations where there is no form of relative motion between two or more components related to the problem Equivalent meanings: rate, period, frequency, mode, interval, phase, count, time span, delay  Parameter #17: Temperature This parameter is the measured thermal condition of an object or system It includes parameter such as heat capacity, conductivity, radiation and convection Equivalent meanings: conduction, convection, radiation, insulation, freezing, melting point, boiling point, heating, warmth, cooling, overheating  Parameter #18: Illumination Intensity This parameter is the measure of light flux per unit area It is related to characteristics of a system such as color, brightness, light quality, etc The parameter applies to both the brightness of a light source and illumination of an object Equivalent meanings: color, visibility, emissivity, camouflage, transmission, absorption, reflection, reflectivity, frequency, shade, tone, luster, matt, shiny, surface finish  Parameter #19: Use of Energy by Moving Object This parameter is the measure of an object’s capacity for doing work It focuses on the actual amount of energy Moving includes any situations where there is any degree of relative motion between two or more components related to the problem The movement may be linear or rotational from a few microns or a considerable amount Kinetic & potential energy Solar & heat energy Making fire Equivalent meanings: fuel burn, consumption, heat-input, heating, cooling, calories, current  Parameter #20: Use of Energy by Stationary Object This parameter is the measure of an object’s capacity for doing work It focuses on the actual amount of energy Stationary includes any situations where there is no form of relative motion between two or more components related to the problem Energy used while sleeping Potential Energy High calorie-energy food Equivalent meanings: fuel burn, consumption, heat-input, heating, cooling, calories, current  Parameter #21: Power This parameter is the measure of rate of which work is performed. It is the rate of use of energy or the rate of energy output Equivalent meanings: wattage, current, impulse, peak, steady, horse- power, action intensify  Parameter #22: Loss of Energy This parameter is the measure of loss or wastage of energy that does not contribute to any of the useful information being performed Inefficiency that can be partial or complete, or permanent or temporary Energy loss in the home Electric energy loss Pendulum slows down Equivalent meanings: Friction, stiction, dissipation, turbulence, wake, interference, damping  Parameter #23: Loss of Substance This parameter is the measure of loss or wastage of a system or its surroundings such as substances, materials, subsystems, products, fields, etc. It can be partial or complete, or permanent or temporary Water leakage Shoes wear and tear Worn out tire Equivalent meanings: leak, wear, waste, abrasion, seal, absorption, desorption, deposition  Parameter #24: Loss of Information This parameter is the measure of loss or waste of data associated with any of the 5 senses – sight/visual, hearing/auditory, touch/kinesthetic, smell/olfactory or taste/gustofactory It can be partial or complete, or permanent or temporary It can also mean the amount of quantity or number of a system’s resources Hard disk crash Television interruption Phone network failure Equivalent meanings: misunderstanding, interference, distortion, filter, corruption, knowledge, data, memory, properties, message, capacity  Parameter #25: Loss of Time This parameter is the measure of time inefficiencies for example waiting periods, slack time, etc It can be partial or complete, or permanent or temporary Tortoise and Hare race Being unproductive Footballer delaying time Equivalent meanings: delay, duplication of effort, time lost on redundant, unnecessary activities  Parameter #26: Quantity of Substance This parameter is the measure of amount, quantity or number of a system’s materials, substances, parts, fields or subsystems Substance is used in its most generic form in the TRIZ context to include any physical or temporal thing Quality of Gold Clean and dirty water Real vs imitation quality Equivalent meanings: body, matter, stuff, density, particle count, flesh  Parameter #27: Reliability This parameter is the measure of a system’s ability to perform its intended functions in predictable ways and conditions It also includes durability and issues related to the performance and degradation in performance of an object or system over prolonged periods Life Jacket Parachute Fire extinguisher Equivalent meanings: life-cycle, life, in-service, mean-time-between-failures, mean-time between overhaul, integrity, maintenance, failure rate, durability  Parameter #28: Measurement accuracy This parameter is the degree of precision or accuracy. The closeness of a measured value to an actual value of a property of a system It can also be measurement error High precision injection – Precision tweeter Using digital microscopy for petrol direct injection system accurate measurement Equivalent meanings: tolerance, error, repeatability, consistency, standard deviation Parameter #29: Manufacturing precision (consistency) This parameter is the degree to which the actual characteristics of a system or object match in specified or required characteristics It is the accuracy of the system Car production Bottle Filling Pattern - repeatability Consistent Delivery, High Reproducibility Equivalent meanings: tolerance, repeatability, standard deviation, sigma level, quality assurance, accuracy  Parameter #30: Object affected harmful factor This parameter is designed as a catch-all for any form of action or phenomenon in or around a system that manifests itself as a harmful effect on something in the system Wall Peeling Equivalent meanings: undesired effect, contamination, adhesion, sticking, weather damage, sun damage, UV damage, warpage, dust ingestion, mold impact  Parameter #31: Object generated harmful factor This parameter is designed as a catch-all for any form of inefficiency internal to or around a system that manifests itself as a harmful effect on something in the system It can also mean any form of pollutant or environmental emission generated by a system or object This is a derivative of the “loss of substance” (principle #23) definition but the focus in this principle is on “harmful emissions” This aspect is on the production of chemicals that were not one of the original substances contained within the system Equivalent meanings: contamination, infection, abrasion, taste, mouth-feel, hand- feel, EMI, RFI, side-effect – CO2, NO2, NO, SO2, O3, CFC, odor)  Parameter #32: Ease of manufacturability This parameter is related to manufacturing, fabrication, assembly issues associated with an object or system It can be a measure of ease of manufacturability Equivalent meanings: design for manufacturability, design for assembly, tool change, convenience of manufacture, machine-setting time, tool-change  Parameter #33: Ease of operation This parameter is the extent to which a user is able to learn how to operate or control a system or object It can relate to the convenience of use Equivalent meanings: training, education, usability, learning-curve, familiarization-time, ease of use, ease of transport, movability  Parameter #34: Ease of repair This parameter is the quality characteristics such as convenience, comfort, simplicity and time to repair faults, failures or defects of a system It includes issues associated with need for special tooling or equipment required to achieve repair Steam vacuum Equivalent meanings: maintenance, accessibility, recoverability, removability, cleanability, replaceability., modularity, interchangability, convenience of repair  Parameter #35: Adaptability/Versatility This parameter is the extent to which a system or object is able to respond to external changes. It relates to a system capable of being used in multiple ways or under a variety of circumstances It can be flexibility of operation, or customizability Equivalent meanings: switching, modulation, variation, compliance, rigidity, tolerance, universality, trainability  Parameter #36: Device Complexity This parameter is the number and diversity of elements and element inter-relationships within and across the boundaries of a system The user of the system may be considered an element if the system increase the complexity It can be number of functions, number of interfaces, or number of connections, or excessive number of components The complexity of the control element of a system whether it is physical components or algorithms that the system contains Rotating building Structural complexity Equivalent meanings: part count, interfaces, device complexity, object complexity, proportion, differential, Parameter #37: Difficulty of Detecting and Measuring This parameter is the difficulty to make measurements on an object or system It can be complex, time consuming and labor consuming inspection or analysis operations It increases the cost of measuring to a satisfactory quality level It includes ease of inspection Equivalent meanings: Accessibility, visibility, location, integrity, ability to find right parameter to measure  Parameter #38: Extend of Automation This parameter is the ability of a system or object to perform its functions without human interface or intervention It can be level or extent of automation Equivalent meanings: robot, man out of the loop, deskilling, repeatability  Parameter #39: Productivity This parameter is the number of useful (value-adding) functions or operations performed by a system per unit time. It can be the time per unit function or operation, useful output per unit of time, cost per unit output, or amount of useful output Output Input Equivalent meanings: output, value, throughput, bottlenecks