Anatomy Lecture 1 Summary (Introduction) PDF

# Lecture 1: Anatomy ## Anatomical Positions * **Erect:** Standing position * The face is looking forward, eyes are looking forward and the palm is forward too. * The lower legs are close together. * Describing position. * **Supine:** Person lyes on his back. * Used while examining...

# Lecture 1: Anatomy ## Anatomical Positions * **Erect:** Standing position * The face is looking forward, eyes are looking forward and the palm is forward too. * The lower legs are close together. * Describing position. * **Supine:** Person lyes on his back. * Used while examining or while doing an operation as _Appendectomy_ (استئصال الزايدة). * **Prone:** Person lyes on the front with face downwards. * Used while doing an operation as in. * _Vertebral Column_ as _Vertebral/Spinal fixation_. * **Lithotomy:** Can be used during delivery, operation, or _Haemorrhoidectomy_ (عملية البواسير) ## Anatomical Planes * **Transverse (Horizontal) Plane:** Divides the human body into _Superior_ and _Inferior_ (upper and lower). * It doesn't necessarily have to be from the _Stomach_, it can be anywhere horizontally. * **Median Sagittal Plane:** Divides the human body into 2 parts, right and left by passing through the midline of the body (equal). * _Left Part_ = _Right Part_. * **Para median/Para Sagittal Plane:** Divides the body into 2 unequal parts, right and left by passing parallel to the midline (unequal) * _Left Para median plane_ * Right part > left part * _Right Para median plane_ * Right part < left part * **Coronal Plane:** Divides the body into anterior & posterior parts ## Anatomical Terms of Relations * **Median:** At the midline of human body * **Medial:** Near to the midline. * **Lateral:** Away from the midline. * **Anterior (Ventral):** At the front. * **Posterior (Dorsal):** At the back. * **Superior:** Upper. * **Inferior:** Lower. * **Proximal:** Near to the trunk. * Only for the limbs * **Distal:** Away from the trunk. * Only for the limbs * **Palmer:** Anything at the palm. * **Planters:** Anything at the plan sole. * **Superficial & Surgical term:** On the surface. * **Deep & Surgical term:** In depth. * **Ipsilateral:** At the same side. * **Contralateral:** At the opposite side ## Anatomical Terms of Movement * **Flexion:** Bending a joint. * **Extension:** Straightening the joint. * **Adduction:** Towards the median plane. * **Abduction:** Movement away from the median plane. * **Note:** Adduction and Abduction of fingers or toes is not related to the median plane, but to the longest finger (middle) or longest toe (2nd). * **Medial Rotation:** Rotation of limb towards the median plane. * **Lateral Rotation:** Rotation of a limb away from the median plane. * **Supination:** Rotation in the forearm so the palm faces forward. * **Pronation:** Rotation in the forearm so the palm faces backward. * **Note:** Rotation in the forearm is done by the movement of the radius bone. * **In Supination:** Radius is parallel to the ulna beside it. * **In Pronation:** Radius is on the ulna, and it makes the shape of X. * **Inversion:** Rotation of foot so, the sole faces inwards. * **Eversion:** Rotation of foot so, the sole faces outwards. * **Protraction:** To move the jaw forward. * **Retraction:** To move the jaw backward. * **Dorsiflexion:** Occurs to the ankle joint where the dorsum of the foot is brought closer to the back of the tibia. * **Plantar Flexion:** Occurs to the ankle joint where the sole of the foot is brought closer to the back of the leg. * **Opposition of the Thumb:** Movement of the thumb to touch other fingers (comprises abduction & medial rotation).