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Questions and Answers
What is the anatomical position where a person is lying on their back?
Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts?
What is the term for movement towards the median plane?
Adduction
What are the two main forms of amino acids in nature?
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The coronal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
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A fixed anatomical position where the face is looking forward is known as _____ position.
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Match the anatomical terms of relations with their meanings:
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Which amino acid is considered the 21st and is found in many proteins?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Position
- Standing position with face, eyes, and palms facing forward, legs together
- Used for describing anatomical locations
Supine Position
- Lying on the back
- Used during examinations and surgeries like appendectomy
Prone Position
- Lying on the front with face downwards
- Used for surgeries like vertebral/spinal fixation
Lithotomy Position
- Legs elevated with hips and knees flexed
- Used during childbirth, surgeries, and haemorrhoidectomy
Anatomical Planes
- Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
- Median Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into equal right and left halves through the midline
-
Para median/Para Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into unequal right and left halves parallel to the midline
- Left para median plane: Right part > left part
- Right para median plane: Right part < left part
- Coronal Plane: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Anatomical Terms of Relations
- Median: At the midline of the human body
- Medial: Closer to the midline
- Lateral: Away from the midline
- Anterior (Ventral): At the front
- Posterior (Dorsal): At the back
- Superior: Upper
- Inferior: Lower
- Proximal: Near the trunk (limbs only)
- Distal: Away from the trunk (limbs only)
- Palmer: Anything on the palm
- Planters: Anything on the sole of the foot
- Superficial & Surgical term: On the surface
- Deep & Surgical term: In depth
- Ipsilateral: On the same side
- Contralateral: On the opposite side
Anatomical Terms of Movement
- Flexion: Bending a joint
- Extension: Straightening a joint
- Adduction: Movement towards the median plane
-
Abduction: Movement away from the median plane
- Note: Adduction and Abduction of fingers or toes are relative to the longest finger (middle) or longest toe (2nd)
- Medial Rotation: Rotation of a limb towards the median plane
- Lateral Rotation: Rotation of a limb away from the median plane
- Supination: Rotation in the forearm so the palm faces forward
-
Pronation: Rotation in the forearm so the palm faces backward
- Note: Forearm rotation is caused by the movement of the radius bone
- Supination: Radius runs parallel to the ulna
- Pronation: Radius crosses over the ulna forming an 'X'
- Inversion: Rotation of the foot so the sole faces inwards
- Eversion: Rotation of the foot so the sole faces outwards
- Protraction: Moving the jaw forward
- Retraction: Moving the jaw backward
- Dorsiflexion: Bending the foot upwards at the ankle joint
- Plantar Flexion: Pointing the toes downwards at the ankle joint
- Opposition of the Thumb: The movement of the thumb to touch other fingers (combines abduction and medial rotation)
Amino Acids
- Fundamental building blocks of proteins
- Over 300 different amino acids exist in nature
- 20 common amino acids are found in mammalian proteins
- Each amino acid is encoded by a specific three-letter codon in DNA
- Selenocysteine is the 21st amino acid found in many proteins, but not encoded by a three-letter codon
D and L forms of amino acids
- D and L forms are stereoisomers (mirror image) called enantiomers
- In humans, amino acids are present in the L-form
The Structure of Amino Acids
- Each amino acid has a central carbon atom attached to four groups
- An amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a side chain (R group)
- The side chain (R group) is what differentiates one amino acid from another
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Description
Test your knowledge on various anatomical positions such as supine, prone, and lithotomy, along with the anatomical planes like transverse and sagittal. This quiz covers essential concepts used in anatomy and medical practices, perfect for students and professionals alike.
