EMS 80 Study Guide with Answers PDF

EMS 80 Study Guide with Answers Integumentary System: ​ Know the layers of skin and what makes each layer different. ○​ Epidermis: Outermost layer; provides a protective barrier, contains keratin and melanocytes. ○​ Dermis: Middle layer; contains blood vessels, ner...

EMS 80 Study Guide with Answers Integumentary System: ​ Know the layers of skin and what makes each layer different. ○​ Epidermis: Outermost layer; provides a protective barrier, contains keratin and melanocytes. ○​ Dermis: Middle layer; contains blood vessels, nerve endings, and hair follicles. ○​ Hypodermis (Subcutaneous tissue): Deepest layer; made of fat and connective tissue, provides insulation and cushioning. ​ Understand the functions of the integumentary system. ○​ Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D synthesis, and excretion. ​ Learn how the body regulates temperature, including mechanisms for heat loss and heat gain. ○​ Heat Loss: Sweating, vasodilation. ○​ Heat Gain: Shivering, vasoconstriction, piloerection (goosebumps). Respiratory System: ​ Know how and where gas exchange occurs. ○​ Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled. ​ Understand the gross anatomy of the lungs. ○​ Right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes; lungs are surrounded by the pleura. ​ Learn the anatomy of the upper and lower airways. ○​ Upper Airway: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx. ○​ Lower Airway: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. ​ Define surfactant and its role in the respiratory system. ○​ A lipoprotein that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse. ​ Understand internal and external respiration and their locations. ○​ External Respiration: Gas exchange between alveoli and blood. ○​ Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and tissues. ​ Differentiate between oxygenation and ventilation. ○​ Oxygenation: The process of oxygen binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells. ○​ Ventilation: The physical movement of air in and out of the lungs. ​ Know the functions of the respiratory system, including the roles of the upper and lower airways. ○​ Upper Airway: Warms, filters, and humidifies air. ○​ Lower Airway: Conducts air to the lungs and facilitates gas exchange. Musculoskeletal System: ​ Know the gross anatomy of bones.  ○​ Composed of compact and spongy bone, with key structures including the periosteum, marrow, and growth plates. ​ Learn about different types of muscle, their locations, and whether they are voluntary or involuntary. ○​ Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones; voluntary. ○​ Smooth Muscle: Found in internal organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels); involuntary. ○​ Cardiac Muscle: Found in the heart; involuntary. ​ Understand the differences between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues. ○​ Skeletal: Striated, voluntary, multinucleated. ○​ Smooth: Non-striated, involuntary, single nucleus. ○​ Cardiac: Striated, involuntary, intercalated discs for synchronized contractions. Cardiac System: ​ Understand how blood pressure is controlled. ○​ Controlled by cardiac output, blood volume, and vascular resistance (regulated by baroreceptors and hormones like ADH and epinephrine). ​ Trace the pathway of blood through the heart from beginning to end. ○​ Superior & Inferior Vena Cava → 2. Right Atrium → 3. Tricuspid Valve → 4. Right Ventricle → ○​ Pulmonary Valve → 6. Pulmonary Arteries → 7. Lungs (oxygenation) → 8. Pulmonary Veins → ○​ Left Atrium → 10. Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve → 11. Left Ventricle → 12. Aortic Valve → 13. Aorta → Body. ​ Know the anatomy of the heart and the events occurring during heart contractions. ○​ The heart has four chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles). Systole = contraction, Diastole = relaxation. ​ Identify the different parts of an ECG and their relation to heart activity. ○​ P wave: Atrial depolarization. ○​ QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization. ○​ T wave: Ventricular repolarization. ​ Understand how electrical impulses travel through the heart. ○​ SA Node → AV Node → Bundle of His → Purkinje Fibers (causing contraction). ​ Define cardiac output and the factors that affect it. ○​ Cardiac Output (CO) = Heart Rate (HR) × Stroke Volume (SV). ○​ Affected by preload, afterload, and contractility. ​ Know the components of blood. ○​ Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma. ​ Understand the clotting cascade. ○​ Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways lead to fibrin clot formation via thrombin activation. Nervous System: ​ Understand the functions of the nervous system. ○​ Controls bodily functions, processes sensory input, and initiates motor responses. ​ Identify factors that speed up the movement of an action potential across a neuron. ○​ Myelination and increased axon diameter enhance conduction speed. ​ Differentiate between sensory (input) and motor (output) systems and the types of nerves carried by spinal nerves. ○​ Sensory (Afferent): Carries signals from body to brain. ○​ Motor (Efferent): Carries signals from brain to muscles/glands. ○​ Spinal nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers. ​ Learn the layers of the Central Nervous System and their functions. ○​ Dura Mater: Tough outer layer. ○​ Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer with CSF circulation. ○​ Pia Mater: Inner layer, closely adheres to the brain and spinal cord. ​ Understand the autonomic nervous system, including its components and differences. ○​ Sympathetic (fight-or-flight): Increases heart rate, dilates pupils. ○​ Parasympathetic (rest-and-digest): Lowers heart rate, increases digestion. ​ Know the functions and purpose of the Vagus nerve and the hypothalamus. ○​ Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X): Controls parasympathetic functions (heart rate, digestion). ○​ Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis, hormone release, body temperature, and emotions.