BSC 2085 Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2022 PDF

# Study Guide for Final Exam BSC 2085 Final Exam is 80 questions multiple choice. Be able to define, explain, or recognize the following: ## Human Body - List and recognize examples of "levels of organization" - Directional terms—be able to use. Describe the different planes and sections. Review t...

# Study Guide for Final Exam BSC 2085 Final Exam is 80 questions multiple choice. Be able to define, explain, or recognize the following: ## Human Body - List and recognize examples of "levels of organization" - Directional terms—be able to use. Describe the different planes and sections. Review the anatomical terms for body parts and regions. - List the body cavities and the four quadrants. What organs are found in each cavity and quadrant? Name serous membranes surrounding lungs, heart, and abdominal viscera. - Define homeostasis. What is a negative feedback loop? What is a positive feedback loop? Recognize examples of negative feedback and positive feedback. What is the effect on the controlled variable? What are the major body systems involved in maintaining homeostasis? ## Chemical Level - What is an ion? What are the major intracellular and extracellular cations and anions in the human body? - Describe the 4 types of bonds. Provide a biologically significant example of each one. - What characteristics does water possess that makes it a good solvent? - With respect to proteins and nucleic acids: compare/contrast general molecular structure and provide specific examples of where they are found in the body. - What is a phospholipid? What is its structure? Where do you find phospholipids in the body? - What is ATP? Explain the role of ATP in the cell. What organelle is responsible for aerobic production of ATP? What is cellular respiration? - Define the role of buffers in the blood. ## Cell - What are the functions of the plasma membrane? What are the functions of various organelles within a cell (mitochondrion, ER, ribosome, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, centriole, nucleus, and nucleolus)? - Explain differences: simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion, active transport. Which of these describes gas exchange in lung, Na+/K+ pump, glucose entry into the cell, etc? ## Cell Genetics and Division - In which organelles would one find DNA, RNA? How are they the similar and different? - Describe the basics of protein synthesis in terms of transcription and translation. - Referring to a generalized cell cycle, including interphase and the stages of mitosis, describe the events that take place in each stage. ## Tissues - What are the four major tissue types? Contrast the general features of the four major types. - How is epithelial tissue classified (number of layers, cell shape)? Where do you find each type? What are the functions of each type? Correlate the structure with the function. - Where do you find serous/mucus membranes? Where do you find goblet cells? What special function do goblet cells perform? - What are the general characteristics of connective tissue (CT)? Name the 6 types of CT proper and give an example of where you would find each type in the body. What are the other types of CT? Where are these found? What are their functions? List & describe the 3 types of cartilage and where each is found in the body. - Describe the structure, characteristics, location in the body, and function of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. ## Integumentary - List the different layers of the epidermis. Describe the function of keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells. What is the function of Meisner's Corpuscles and Pacinian Corpuscles? - List the three layers of skin. What structures are located in dermis and what is their function? Which structure is responsible for fingerprints? Compare and contrast structures in thick and thin skin. ## Fundamentals of the Nervous System - Classify the organs of the nervous system into central and peripheral divisions. ## Central Nervous System: The Brain and Spinal Cord - What are the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord and brain? Identify the meninges and describe their function. Describe the epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. - Describe the location of sensory, autonomic and motor neurons in the spinal cord. List all structures an impulse would pass through on the way from the peripheral receptor to the effector. Where are cell bodies of sensory and motor neurons located? - What is CSF? What is its function? Specifically where is it found in the CNS? - List the four principle parts of the brain. Compare the structure and functions of the each area (brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum.) - In which area of the brain is the limbic system located and what is its function? - List the three parts of the brain stem. State the functions of each component of the brain stem. - Name the lobes of the brain. What are the functional areas of the adult brain? Where is the location of motor and sensory cortexes? What is Broca's Area? Wernicke's Area? - List the structures in the diencephalon? What is the function of each? ## Peripheral Nervous System: Cranial and Spinal Nerves - Know all twelve pairs of cranial nerves and a major function of each. ## Autonomic Nervous System - Describe the anatomy of the ANS. How is it different from the somatic nervous system? Discuss the two divisions of the ANS. Describe the major parasympathetic and/ or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs (e.g., Gl tract, heart, blood vessels, respiratory system, etc.). ## Special Senses - List the anatomical features of the eye from superficial to deep and then from the point of light entering the eye to the optic nerve. Give the function and characteristics of each structure you listed. - Describe the receptors of the retina. Which ones have better acuity in bright light? Dim light? Why? Compare/ contrast the function of rods and cones. - Ear: Anatomy of outer, middle, and inner ear. - List the structures sound waves would be conducted by from the external environment to the vestibulocochlear nerve. Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear function in hearing. - What are the functions of utricle and saccule, semicircular canals and organ of Corti. ## Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System - Name, describe, and give an example of the types of bones by shape (long, short, etc.). - Identify the various parts of a typical long bone (epiphysis, diaphysis, etc.) - Distinguish between osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast, and chondrocyte. - Describe the (microscopic) functional parts of compact bone (canaliculi, osteon, etc.) - Distinguish between compact bone and spongy bone. - Where is red bone marrow located? - Explain the process of calcium storage in bone and its release into the blood stream. Distinguish between the roles of calcitonin and parathyroid hormones. - What is bone remodeling? What is the importance of bone remodeling and what are the factors that affect this process? - Distinguish between axial and appendicular skeletal components (locations, major components of each division, individual bones). - Describe the bony markings that differentiate bones. ## Articulations - List and describe the three major classes of joints. Know the degree of movement and types of movements allowed at each joint. Briefly describe the 6 types of synovial joints. Where in the body can you find each of these? ## Muscular System and Tissues - Describe the (microscopic) functional parts of skeletal muscle cell (myosin, actin, etc.). Include describing a sarcomere and its associated structures (Z disc, etc.). - Know the Sliding Filament Theory and neurological events leading up to contraction. (i.e. from the impulse to relaxation). Can you outline how an electrical signal is transmitted from the neuron to the muscle? What is meant by the term “excitation-contraction coupling?" - Define and describe a motor unit. - Know the major muscles of the body and their main action (Ex. biceps brachii- flexes the elbow)