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Questions and Answers
Which layer of skin is the outermost layer and provides a protective barrier, containing keratin and melanocytes?
Which layer of skin is the outermost layer and provides a protective barrier, containing keratin and melanocytes?
Which layer of skin is the deepest layer, made of fat and connective tissue, providing insulation and cushioning?
Which layer of skin is the deepest layer, made of fat and connective tissue, providing insulation and cushioning?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
Gas exchange occurs in the ______ of the lungs.
Gas exchange occurs in the ______ of the lungs.
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How many lobes does the right lung have?
How many lobes does the right lung have?
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Define surfactant and its role in the respiratory system?
Define surfactant and its role in the respiratory system?
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Where does external respiration occur?
Where does external respiration occur?
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What is the process of oxygen binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells called?
What is the process of oxygen binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells called?
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Define ventilation?
Define ventilation?
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Which of the following is a function of the upper airway?
Which of the following is a function of the upper airway?
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Which type of muscle is attached to bones and is voluntary?
Which type of muscle is attached to bones and is voluntary?
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Which type of muscle is found in internal organs and is involuntary?
Which type of muscle is found in internal organs and is involuntary?
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Which type of muscle is found in the heart and is involuntary?
Which type of muscle is found in the heart and is involuntary?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle tissue?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle tissue??
Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle tissue??
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Which of the following is a characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue?
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Cardiac Output (CO) = ?
Cardiac Output (CO) = ?
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Which of the following affects blood pressure?
Which of the following affects blood pressure?
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Superior & Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → ______ Valve → Right Ventricle
Superior & Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → ______ Valve → Right Ventricle
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Which of the following is the correct order of electrical impulses traveling through the heart?
Which of the following is the correct order of electrical impulses traveling through the heart?
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What does the P wave on an ECG represent?
What does the P wave on an ECG represent?
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What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?
What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a component of blood?
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What are the 3 layers of the Central Nervous System?
What are the 3 layers of the Central Nervous System?
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What 2 things speed up the movement of an action potential across a neuron?
What 2 things speed up the movement of an action potential across a neuron?
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Which nerve carries signals from body to the brain?
Which nerve carries signals from body to the brain?
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Which nerve carries signals from brain to muscles/glands?
Which nerve carries signals from brain to muscles/glands?
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Spinal nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers?
Spinal nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers?
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Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate and dilates pupils?
Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate and dilates pupils?
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Which of the autonomic nervous systems lowers heart rate and increases digestion??
Which of the autonomic nervous systems lowers heart rate and increases digestion??
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What is the function of the Vagus nerve?
What is the function of the Vagus nerve?
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What is the function of the hypothalamus?
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
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Flashcards
Epidermis
Epidermis
The outermost layer of skin that provides a protective barrier.
Dermis
Dermis
The middle layer of skin containing blood vessels, nerve endings, and hair follicles.
Hypodermis
Hypodermis
The deepest layer of skin made of fat and connective tissue, providing insulation.
Functions of the Integumentary System
Functions of the Integumentary System
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Heat Loss Mechanisms
Heat Loss Mechanisms
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Gas Exchange Location
Gas Exchange Location
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Lobes of the Lungs
Lobes of the Lungs
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Surfactant
Surfactant
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External Respiration
External Respiration
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Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration
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Oxygenation
Oxygenation
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Ventilation
Ventilation
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output
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Four Chambers of the Heart
Four Chambers of the Heart
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SA Node
SA Node
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P Wave in ECG
P Wave in ECG
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Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
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Smooth Muscle
Smooth Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
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Nervous System Functions
Nervous System Functions
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Myelination
Myelination
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Sensory vs Motor Systems
Sensory vs Motor Systems
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Layers of the CNS
Layers of the CNS
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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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Vagus Nerve
Vagus Nerve
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- Know the layers of skin and their differences
- Epidermis: Outermost, protective layer, containing keratin and melanocytes.
- Dermis: Middle layer, containing blood vessels, nerves, and hair follicles.
- Hypodermis (Subcutaneous tissue): Deepest layer, made of fat and connective tissue, providing insulation and cushioning.
- Understand the functions of the integumentary system
- Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D synthesis, and excretion.
- Learn how the body regulates temperature
- Heat loss: sweating, vasodilation
- Heat gain: shivering, vasoconstriction, piloerection (goosebumps)
Respiratory System
- Know how and where gas exchange occurs
- Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled.
- Understand the gross anatomy of the lungs
- Right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes. Lungs are surrounded by the pleura.
- Learn the anatomy of the upper and lower airways
- Upper Airway: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
- Lower Airway: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
- Define surfactant and its role in the respiratory system
- A lipoprotein that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse.
- Understand internal and external respiration and their locations
- External Respiration: Gas exchange between alveoli and blood.
- Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and tissues.
- Differentiate between oxygenation and ventilation
- Oxygenation: Oxygen binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
- Ventilation: Physical movement of air in and out of the lungs.
- Know the functions of the respiratory system, including the roles of the upper and lower airways
- Upper Airway: Warms, filters, and humidifies air.
- Lower Airway: Conducts air to the lungs and facilitates gas exchange.
Musculoskeletal System
- Know the gross anatomy of bones
- Composed of compact and spongy bone, with key structures like periosteum, marrow, and growth plates.
Cardiovascular System
- Understand how blood pressure is controlled
- Controlled by cardiac output, blood volume and vascular resistance (regulated by baroreceptors and hormones like ADH and epinephrine).
- Trace the pathway of blood through the heart Blood flows from the superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium, then through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, through the pulmonary valve to pulmonary arteries, to the lungs for oxygenation, back through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, through the aortic valve, and out to the body through the aorta
- Know the anatomy of the heart and the events occurring during heart contractions
- The heart has four chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles). Systole = contraction; diastole = relaxation
- Identify the different parts of an ECG and their relation to heart activity
- P wave: Atrial depolarization. QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization. T wave: Ventricular repolarization.
- Understand how electrical impulses travel through the heart
- SA Node → AV Node → Bundle of His → Purkinje Fibers.
- Define cardiac output and the factors that affect it
- Cardiac Output (CO) = Heart Rate (HR) × Stroke Volume (SV)
- Factors like preload, afterload, and contractility affect cardiac output.
- Know the components of blood
- Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma.
- Understand the clotting cascade
- Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways lead to fibrin clot formation via thrombin activation.
Nervous System
- Understand the functions of the nervous system
- Controls bodily functions, processes sensory input, and initiates motor responses.
- Identify factors that speed up the movement of an action potential across a neuron
- Myelination and increased axon diameter enhance conduction speed.
- Differentiate between sensory and motor systems and the types of nerves carried by spinal nerves
- Sensory (Afferent): Carries signals from body to brain.
- Motor (Efferent): Carries signals from brain to muscles/glands.
- Learn the layers of the central nervous system and their functions
- Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater.
- Understand the autonomic nervous system, including its components and differences
- Sympathetic (fight-or-flight): Increases heart rate, dilates pupils.
- Parasympathetic (rest-and-digest): Lowers heart rate, increases digestion.
- Know the functions and purpose of the Vagus nerve and the hypothalamus
- Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X): Controls parasympathetic functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion).
- Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis, hormone release, body temperature, and emotions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the integumentary and respiratory systems. Explore the layers of skin, their functions, and understand how gas exchange occurs in the lungs. This quiz covers important concepts related to human anatomy that are essential for biology students.
