Why Life on Earth is Possible PDF

CARDS OF EMOTION RELAXED HAPPY UPSET SAD BORED CHILL FULFILLED ANGRY SLEEPY NOT IN THE MOOD  GUESS WHAT? DIRECTIONS: Analyze and give the corresponding word that is related to the pictures.  EXPLORE DIRECTIONS: Analyze the given picture and answer the giv...

CARDS OF EMOTION RELAXED HAPPY UPSET SAD BORED CHILL FULFILLED ANGRY SLEEPY NOT IN THE MOOD  GUESS WHAT? DIRECTIONS: Analyze and give the corresponding word that is related to the pictures.  EXPLORE DIRECTIONS: Analyze the given picture and answer the given guide questions.  QUESTIONS 1. What are the different properties that you can see on the picture that support life? 2. How do those properties help living organisms to survive?  Analyzing different hypotheses about the origin of the universe. QUARTER 1 - WEEK 1 - EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE CONCEPT MAP  LEARNING TARGETS I can describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the solar system. I can identify the importance of the properties of Earth that support life. I can explain how matter flows between the Earth’s subsystems. I can identify physical properties and chemical composition of minerals and rocks.  INSTITUTIONAL CORE VALUES Service The learners will become appreciative of the sense of community.  FOCUS QUESTION “What makes the planet Earth unique from other planets in the universe?”  KNOWLEDGE CHECK How was the universe created when there was nothing? WHY LIFE ON EARTH IS POSSIBLE?  HYPOTHESES EXPLAINING THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM  Big Bang Theory and the Bread-Raisin Model The bread represents the universe, while raisins are the galaxies. The galaxies, represented by the dots, are not expanding. Distances in relation to other galaxies just increase because of the expanding universe.  SINGULARITY The universe started as a “singularity​,” an area predicted to be in the core of a black hole with very high temperature and density. THE STEADY-STATE THEORY The steady-state theory is another view that proposes that the universe has always been expanding. THE STEADY-STATE THEORY The steady-state theory is another view that proposes that the universe has always been expanding. THE STEADY-STATE THEORY As the universe expands, new stars and galaxies are formed at the same rate that old ones become unobservable due to distance and recession velocity. Despite the continuous expansion, the average density of the universe remains the same; hence, the name steady-state. OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY Oscillating universe theory, also known as pulsating theory, proposes that the universe is expanding and will contract once all the energy after the big bang has been used up. Then, it will expand again once it approaches the point of singularity.  THE BIG CRUNCH The oscillating universe is a combination of big crunch and big bang. Big crunch occurs when the universe expands and eventually reverses, then collapses, causing the formation of a singularity. Once the universe reverses and attains the point of singularity, another universe will be born. HOW YOU EVER WONDERED HOW EARTH CAME TO BE?  ACCRETION Accretion is one of the leading theories about the formation of planet Earth. It is a process that occurs when gravity attracts tiny bits of matter towards an object.  ACCRETION Accretion is the gradual increase in the size of an object by the buildup of matter due to gravity. HOMOGENEOUS ACCRETION It is when Earth accreted from materials of the same composition after condensation. HOMOGENEOUS ACCRETION  HOMOGENEOUS ACCRETION EVIDENCES LOOPHOLES It provides a The hypothesis cannot mechanism that explain the abundance of explains the presence elements such as of volatile elements in osmium, iridium, ruthenium, and rhodium the core. in the mantle. HETEROGENEOUS ACCRETION It is when Earth accreted during condensation, forming a differentiated planet as it grew in size. HETEROGENEOUS ACCRETION HETEROGENEOUS ACCRETION EVIDENCES LOOPHOLES Accretion must be very fast (103 to It qualitatively explains 104 years for completion). This rate the density differences does not coincide with the among terrestrial occurrence of large impact craters. Also, the abundances of iron, calcium, planets. titanium, and aluminum do not coincide with what was predicted by the theory. Accumulation and attachment of particles to an object is known as condensation. Accretion is a term describing the sticking together of huge particles to an object. According to homogeneous accretion hypothesis, early Earth had its basic layered structure. EARTH AND EARTH'S SUBSYSTEM  QUESTION WHAT DO YOU THINK MADE THE EARTH HABITABLE?  A SYSTEM an interconnected set of components that are linked through interconnections that function to create an outcome.  HOW DOES EARTH'S SYSTEM WORK? movement or transfer of matter and energy and the processes involved with these transfers. Open system and Closed system MATTER ENERGY  CLOSED SYSTEM only energy is transferred or exchanged with its surroundings. Matter is not included.  OPEN SYSTEM transfer and exchange of both energy and matter with the surrounding system. EARTH'S FOUR SUBSYSTEM  FIRST SUBSYSTEM: ATMOSPHERE  ATMOSPHERE The word atmosphere comes from the Greek roots atmos which means gas, and sphaira which means globe or ball.  ATMOSPHERE The word atmosphere comes from the Greek roots atmos which means gas, and sphaira which means globe or ball.  ATMOSPHERE The most abundant gas is nitrogen, which makes up 78.1% of the atmosphere. Oxygen comes second at 20.9%, and Argon, a noble gas, is at 0.9%. Lastly, Carbon dioxide and the rest of the gases combined constitute 0.1%.  ATMOSPHERE The Smart Man Takes the Elevator  ATMOSPHERE The Smart Man Takes the Elevator Troposphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Stratosphere Exosphere  ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere has different layers troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.  TROPOSPHERE The troposphere is the lowest layer of our atmosphere. Most clouds appear here and nearly all weathers occurs in this lowest layer.  TROPOSPHERE ALTITUDE TEMPERATURE  STRATOSPHERE Ozone molecules in this layer absorb high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun, converting the UV energy into heat.  STRATOSPHERE ALTITUDE TEMPERATURE  MESOSPHERE Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere. The coldest temperatures in Earth's atmosphere, about -90° C (-130° F), are found near the top of this layer.  MESOSPHERE ALTITUDE TEMPERATURE  THERMOSPHERE High-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun are absorbed in the thermosphere, raising its temperature to hundreds or at times thousands of degrees. The aurora, the Northern Lights and Southern Lights, occur in the thermosphere.  THERMOSPHERE Inside the thermosphere, there is a layer of electrically charged atoms and molecules that are formed in this distinctive layer which are called ions. That layer is the ionosphere  THERMOSPHERE ALTITUDE TEMPERATURE  EXOSPHERE As you might imagine, the "air" in the exosphere is thin, making this layer space- like. In fact, air in the exosphere is constantly - though very gradually - "leaking" out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space. TEMPERATURE IN EXOSPHERE  SECOND SUBSYSTEM: GEOSPHERE  GEOSPHERE Geosphere comes from the Greek word geo which means ground, Earth, or soil.  GEOSPHERE The geosphere is considered that portion of the Earth system that includes the Earth's interior, rocks and minerals, landforms and the processes that shape the Earth's surface. WHAT IS THE REAL SHAPE OF THE EARTH? The Earth itself is not a perfect sphere but an oblate spheroid  Layers of the Earth CRUST is the outermost layer, and is solid. MANTLE is the middle layer, and its upper layer is more fluid than its lower layer. CORE is the innermost layer, and its outer layer is liquid, while its inner layer is solid.  CRUST These plates “float” on the soft, plastic upper mantle. The boundary that separates the upper mantle from the crust is called Mohorovicic discontinuity.  MANTLE Together the crust and the upper mantle form a fixed shell called the lithosphere, which is broken into sections called tectonic plates. Directly below the lithosphere is a less fixed, warmer region of the upper mantle called asthenosphere.  DISCONTINUITY Mohorovicic discontinuity is the boundary between crust and the upper mantle. Gutenberg discontinuity is the boundary between the lower mantle and the outer core. The boundary between the outer and inner core is referred to as Lehmann discontinuity.  THIRD SUBSYSTEM: HYDROSPHERE  HYDROSPHERE The hydrosphere is the sum of all water on Earth and the water cycle that distributes it around the planet.  FOURTH SUBSYSTEM: BIOSPHERE  BIOSPHERE The biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living things and their relationship including their interactions with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.  BIOSPHERE The biosphere contains the entirety of Earth’s living things. It is sometimes referred to as the “zone of life”.  BIOMES A biome is an area classified according to the species that live in that location.  FIVE MAJOR BIOMES Aquatic - includes freshwater (ponds, lakes, rivers) and marine (ocean, estuaries). The aquatic region houses numerous species of plants and animals.  FIVE MAJOR BIOMES Forest - can be tropical, temperate, boreal forest and taiga. Each type of forest has distinctive features dominated by grasses rather than large shrubs or trees.  FIVE MAJOR BIOMES Desert - characterized by low rainfall (less than 50 cm) per year. Most deserts have specialized vegetation as well as specialized animals that can adapt to its condition.  FIVE MAJOR BIOMES Tundra - coldest of all biomes. It has low biotic diversity and simple vegetation.  FIVE MAJOR BIOMES Grassland - made of rolling hills of various grasses and could be divided into savannas and temperate grasslands. They receive just enough rain to sustain grass but not enough to grow many trees. ROCKS AND MINERALS  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS  LUSTER the quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral.  LUSTER Metallic – generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent shine similar to a polished metal. Non-metallic – (glassy), silky, pearly, dull (earthy), greasy, among others.  HARDNESS the measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion. Mohs scale is used to determine the hardness of a mineral.  COLOR the color of a fresh surface mineral is a clue to their identification. A lot of minerals can exhibit same or similar colors. Individual minerals can also display a variety of colors resulting from impurities and also from some geologic processes  COLOR STREAK - is the mineral’s color in powdered form.  TAKE NOTE! THE COLOR OF A MINERAL CAN BE DIFFERENT FROM ITS STREAK. STREAK IS INHERENT TO ALMOST EVERY MINERAL. COLOR MAYBE UNRELIABLE FOR IDENTIFICATION AS IMPURITIES WITHIN THE MINERALS MAY GIVE THE MINERALS A DIFFERENT COLOR.  CRYSTAL FORM The form reflects the supposedly internal structure of the mineral. It is the natural shape of the mineral before the development of any cleavage or fracture.  CRYSTAL FORM caused by the symmetrical, three- dimensional arrangement of atoms inside the mineral.  BONDING TYPES COVALENT - the strongest type of chemical bond. IONIC - second strongest type METALLIC - weakest type of chemical bond.  BONDING TYPES COVALENT IONIC BOND TYPE BOND TYPE BONDING TYPES METALLIC BOND TYPE CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE Cleavage is the property of some minerals to break along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces.  CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE Some minerals do not break along cleavage planes but instead it is described as fracture, which is irregular or without any definite pattern or direction  CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MINERALS  SILICATES minerals containing 2 of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, namely, silicon and oxygen. QUARTZ  OXIDES minerals containing Oxygen anion (O2) combined with one or more metal ions CHROMITE  SULFATES minerals containing Sulfur and Oxygen anion (SO4) combined with other ions GYPSUM  SULFIDES minerals containing sulfur anion (S2) combined with one or more ions. Some sulfides are sources of economically important metals such as copper, lead and zinc. PYRITE  CARBONATES minerals containing the carbonate anion (CO3) combined with other elements CALCITE  HALIDES minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or more elements HALITE  NATIVE MINERALS exist in nature uncombined with anything else and contain atoms of only one type of element. DIAMOND  EXIT TICKET 1. WHAT ARE THE 3 HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE? 2. DESCRIBE EARTH AS AN OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEM. 3. WHAT ARE THE EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS? 4. WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKS AND MINERALS? HOW ABOUT ITS CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS?  FOCUS QUESTION “What makes the planet Earth unique from other planets in the universe?”  LEARNING TARGETS I can describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the solar system. I can identify the importance of the properties of Earth that support life. I can explain how matter flows between the Earth’s subsystems. I can identify physical properties and chemical composition of minerals and rocks.  INSTITUTIONAL CORE VALUES Service The learners will become appreciative of the sense of community. WHY LIFE ON EARTH IS POSSIBLE?  REFERENCES Plete, S. (2016). Earth and Life Science. Scolaire Publishing. Olivar, J. et. al. (2018). Exploring Life Through Science Series: Earth Science. Phoenix Publishing House..