Le Verrier Earth Science Reviewer PDF

EARTH SCIENCE – THIRD QUARTER WEEK 1&2 THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE Big Bang Theory - by George Lemaitre (Father of the EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS Big Bang); Belgian cosmologist & priest. 1.​ ATMOSPHERE - thin layer of gasses - formulated in 1927 & called it hypothesis...

EARTH SCIENCE – THIRD QUARTER WEEK 1&2 THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE Big Bang Theory - by George Lemaitre (Father of the EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS Big Bang); Belgian cosmologist & priest. 1.​ ATMOSPHERE - thin layer of gasses - formulated in 1927 & called it hypothesis of surrounding Earth; insulates the Earth from the primeval atom; the universe began from a single extreme temperatures; blocks UV rays. primordial atom. - composed of: 78% nitrogen, 21% - started w/ a very small, hot singularity – then oxygen, 0.9% argon. inflating over the next 13.7-13.8 billion years ago. 2.​ BIOSPHERE - made up of parts of Earth where - density of galaxies falls as universe expands. life exists; from deepest roots of trees – to the dark environment of ocean trenches – to high Steady State Theory - proposed by Sir James Jean & top mountains. revised by Fred Hoyle, Herman Bondi, Thomas Gold. 3.​ LITHOSPHERE - solid, outermost layers of - the universe is always expanding in a Earth’s structure; the brittle upper portion of constant average density and mass mantle & crust. - the universe was claimed to have no 4.​ HYDROSPHERE - Earth’s liquid water; covers beginning nor end; its appearance remains the same 70% of Earth’s surface; home for many plants despite it expanding. and animals. - popular in the early 20th century; now - Freshwater = spring, lake ; Saltwater = rejected by the majority of cosmologists and ocean, sea scientists. - the density of galaxies remains more or less MINERALS & ITS CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES constant as the universe expands. (spaces filled in by Mineral - any naturally occurring solid substance w/ a new galaxies) definite chemical composition; rocks are made up of minerals. Cosmic Inflation Theory - supports the Big Bang Theory PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS - the early universe is a rapidly expanding 1.​ Color - result of the way minerals absorb light; bubble of pure energy easily identified but not as reliable as streak. 2.​ Streak - color of the mineral in powder form; FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM pulverizing minerals shows their true colors & ​ Nebular Hypothesis - most accepted theory; is more visible. developed by Immanuel Kant & Pierre-Simon 3.​ Hardness - measure of minerals’ resistance to Laplace in the 18th century. scratching; the harder it is, the greater the - (4.6 billion years ago) solar system resistance from scratching. was formed from a rotating gas cloud/nebula - The Mohs Scale by Frederick Mohs in of extremely hot gas – gas cooled – nebula 1982; measure the hardness of minerals; 1 = shrinks – rotate faster – forming a softest, 10 = hardest disc-like shape == the central hot region = the 4.​ Cleavage & Fracture - describe how minerals sun; materials surrounding it = the planets. break into pieces. ​ Planetesimal Theory - (5 billion years ago) - cleavage: breakage along crystalline cloud of gas (10 billion km in diameter) & dust structure where a mineral is likely to break rotated slowly – cloud shrank under its own smoothly. gravitation – collapsed by the explosion of a - mineral fracture: breaks in a direction passing star. when there is no cleavage. 5.​ Crystalline Structure/Crystal Lattice - how EARTH’S CHARACTERISTICS TO SUPPORT LIFE minerals’ crystals are arranged; hand lens is a EARTH - 3rd closest planet to the sun; only known necessary tool to check this. planet that supports life. 6.​ Transparency/Diaphaneity - extent of light - Earth’s characteristics to support life: Water, Energy, that can pass through; degree of transparency Time, Recycling, Bonus Features may depend on thickness. 7.​ Magnetism - ability of a mineral to attract or repel other minerals.  EARTH SCIENCE – THIRD QUARTER 8.​ Tenacity - level of resistance or reaction to stress; can tell if brittle, malleable, elastic, etc. 9.​ Luster - reaction to light; determine how bright or dull the mineral is. WEEK 3 GEOTHERMAL & HYDROELECTRIC 10.​Odor - distinct smell released from a chemical Geothermal – heat that causes the temperature to reaction when subjected to water, heat, air, increase w/ the depth in the Earth. friction. Heat Inside the Earth – Earth makes heat “radioactive 11.​Specific Gravity - measures density; how decay”; it involves disintegration of natural radioactive heavy a mineral is by its weight to the water. elements. -​ Uranium, a special kind of element that when CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS - first used by it decays, it produces heat. James Dana in 1848 Geothermal Energy – power from Earth’s internal 1.​ Silicate Class - largest & most abundant group heat; thermal energy contained in the rocks & fluids containing silicon & oxygen. beneath the crust. 2.​ Carbonate Class - found in marine THREE (3) TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS environments; high rate of evaporation; 1.​ Dry Steam Power Plant – oldest type; very include nitrate & borate minerals. rare type; geothermal reservoir containing 3.​ Sulphate Class - forms in areas w/ high pure steam is required. evaporation rates & where salty waters slowly - Pure dry steam drives the turbine. evaporates; sulphates & halides. 2.​ Flash Steam Power Plant – commonly used; 4.​ Halide Class - contains natural salts; forms in geothermal reservoir containing hot water & lakes, ponds; include fluorite, halite, sylvite, steam is required. sal ammoniac components. 3.​ - Pressure changing system is required. - form in lakes, ponds, and landlocked 4.​ Binary Cycle Power Plant – worldwide areas like the Dead Sea and the Great Salt accepted; does not use steam directly to spin Lake turbines. - typically have low hardness, are often - Only the heat of underground water is transparent, possess good cleavage, and have required; vaporized hydrocarbons are used to low specific gravities. spin turbines. - Poor conductors of heat and electricity. 5.​ Oxide Class - diverse class; metallic minerals; Hydroelectric Energy – most conventional important & have part in Earth’s magnetic hydroelectric power plants include: field histories ​ Dam – raises the water level of the river to 6.​ Sulphide Class – important metals (copper, create falling water; controls water flow. lead, silver) & found in electrical wires. ​ Turbine – spins by the force of falling water 7.​ Phosphate Class – contains minerals w/ splashing against the turbine’s blades; phosphorus; important biological matter converts kinetic into mechanical energy. minerals in teeth, bones. ​ Generator – connected to the turbine; when 8.​ Native Element Class – contains metals & turbine spins, generator also spins; converts intermetallic elements (copper, gold, silver). mechanical into electric energy. ​ Transmission Lines – carry electricity from CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROCKS hydropower plants to homes & businesses. ​ Igneous – formed from solidification of molten rock materials. WEEK 4 WATER SOURCES ​ Sedimentary – combination of different rocks; Water – Marvelous substance; can be beautiful, formed through accumulation, compaction, destructive, powerful; 97% = ocean water, 3% = cementation of sediments. freshwater ​ Metamorphic – formed from transformation of pre-existing rocks (metamorphosis); TYPES OF WATER SOURCES changes in physical & chem properties. 1.​ Ocean – largest area & volume of water; contains 97% of Earth’s water & contains an average of 35g salt per liter.  EARTH SCIENCE – THIRD QUARTER -​ Can be used after desalination (removing of Although sometimes demolition salt & minerals from a water substance) wastes can also be recycled. 2.​ Ice & Snow – contain almost 90% freshwater; 2.​ Hazardous Waste – industrial waste; from 2 km thick industries that have corrosiveness, 3.​ Groundwater – water beneath Earth’s surface; ignitability, toxicity, reactivity; unsafe. absorbs excess runoff rain & snow on ground; 3.​ Biomedical Waste – from medical institutions return to lakes, rivers, stream and facilities. - Readily available for use and drinking. 4.​ Surface Water – most commonly used CATEGORY OF WASTE method of supplying water; easiest to filter; ​ Solid Waste – solids/semi-solids; can be produce high-quality drinking water. dry/wet; any kind of garbage from houses, - Provides homes & businesses; in rivers, factories, hospitals, etc. lakes, streams, reservoirs, wetlands. ​ Wet Waste – any dissolved liquid-base waste/sludge from plants, houses, etc. WEEK 5 SOIL CONSERVATION & EROSION ​ Dry Waste – not dissolved in liquid form or Soil Conservation – prevention of loss of topmost any form; plastics, bottles. Etc. layer of soil from erosion, reduced fertility; returning ​ Biodegradable Waste – any organic material organic matter. that can be synthesized into CO2, H2O, Soil Erosion – displacement of the upper layer of soil; methane, or organic molecules by organisms form of soil degradation. in the soil. Soil Degradation – high acidity, salinity, toxic materials, contamination, over usage of soil. DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF WASTE IN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WAYS TO CONSERVE SOIL 1.​ Practice No-Till Farming 1.​ Bacteria, insects and vermin thrive from 2.​ Use Terrace Farming 2.​ Overflowing waste causes air pollution and 3.​ Practice Contour Farming respiratory diseases 4.​ Reduce Impervious Surfaces 3.​ Garbage contaminates surface waters, which 5.​ Plant a Rain Garden affects all ecosystems 6.​ Use a Rain Barrel 4.​ Direct handling of overflowing waste exposes 7.​ Plant Windbreaks for health risks 8.​ Restore Wetlands 5.​ Inefficient waste control is bad for municipal 9.​ Plant Buffer Strips along Stream Banks wellbeing 10.​Re-Establish Forest Cover WEEK 6 WASTE: TYPES & CATEGORIES TYPES OF WASTE 1.​ Municipal Waste – items we use on an everyday basis then dump it. ​ Household Waste - Materials like unused food, clothes, unwanted paper, damaged batteries, etc. come under household wastes. Agricultural wastes also come under household waste. ​ Commercial Waste - Wastes coming from any kinds of businesses, trading factories, schools, etc. come under commercial waste. ​ Demolition Waste - As clear from the word ‘demolition’, these wastes come from the destruction of any structure made of concrete, wood, bricks, etc.