Lesson 3-Intellectual Revolutions.pdf

31/08/2024 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION AND SOCIETY 1 Learning Outcomes: 1. 2. 3. 2 1  31/08/2024 Advancements in S &...

31/08/2024 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION AND SOCIETY 1 Learning Outcomes: 1. 2. 3. 2 1  31/08/2024 Advancements in S & T ▪ ▪ ▪ 3 Intellectual Revolution ▪ In the history of science and technology, the interests lies in how intellectual revolutions emerged as a result of the interaction of science and technology and of society. ▪ It covers how intellectual revolutions altered the way modern science was understood and approached. 4 2  31/08/2024 Intellectual Revolution Understanding the concept Definition: The intellectual revolution refers to a paradigm shift in thinking and knowledge. It encompasses changes in ideas, values, and beliefs that shape society. Causes: Various factors contribute to intellectual revolutions, including technological advancements, social change, and cultural movements. Key Thinkers: Intellectual revolutions are often led by influential thinkers who challenge orthodox beliefs and propose new ideas. Examples: The history of intellectual revolutions is full of examples, such as the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment. 5 Intellectual Revolution Identifying the traits Critical Thinking Innovation Intellectual revolutions They foster creativity, encourage critical thinking innovation, and the and questioning of development of new ideas and established norms and concepts. beliefs. 6 3  31/08/2024 Intellectual Revolution Intellectual revolutions refer to the series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking across critical periods in history. Historical Examples: 1. The Renaissance 2. Scientific Revolution 3. The Enlightenment 7 Learning from the past The Renaissance was a The Scientific The Enlightenment time of REBIRTH in Revolution led to emphasized reason, creativity in Europe in the significant individualism, and the 1300s. Changed in many advancements in pursuit of knowledge areas - political, social, scientific knowledge as the key to progress economic, and cultural. and the emergence of and social reform. (Rebirth of Learning) the scientific method. (Age of Reason) 8 4  31/08/2024 Importance of these Periods Renaissance period: new Scientific Revolution: creation Enlightenment: reshaped change in art, knowledge, and of new knowledge systems, the ways people culture. social hierarchies, and understood issues such as networks of thinkers. liberty, equality, and individual rights. https://www.thoughtco.com/literature-4133251 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment 9 Society interaction with science and technology INTELLECTUAL These are series of events that led to the REVOLUTION emergence of modern science and progress of scientific thinking Beginning 2 stages (Jean Sylvain Bailley) Sweeping of the old Establishing of the new 10 5  31/08/2024 Effects on Society Intellectual revolutions have profound effects on society. 1. They reshape cultural, social, and political landscapes, leading to societal transformation and progress. 2. New ideas and perspectives challenge existing power structures and social norms, often resulting in resistance and conflict. 3. Intellectual revolutions also pave the way for progress, innovation, and the advancement of society as a whole. 11 Intellectual Revolutions Copernican Darwinian Freudian 12 6  31/08/2024 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS: Copernican 13 Background In the early times, people questioned what created days and night. Wanted to understand the heavenly bodies. Invention of telescope: allowed the people to take a peek at the outer space 14 7  31/08/2024 Copernican ▪ Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote about planets ▪ Many of them agreed that the planets moved around in circular motion and that these movements created days and nights. ▪ Claudius Ptolemy: planets as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth. ▪ He believes that the Earth was the center -- geocentrism. 15 Copernican In 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept known as Heliocentrism, which suggested that the center of the Solar System was not the Earth but actually the sun. 16 8  31/08/2024 Copernican Revolution: Highlight ▪ Refers to the 16th century paradigm shift ▪ Nicolaus Copernicus ▪ Formulated the “Heliocentric Model” of the universe ▪ Shift: Geocentric model- that the Earth was the center of the Solar System 17 Heliocentric Model ▪ Commentarioles (40-page outline) ▪ De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543) ▪ He repositioned the Earth from the center of the SS and introduced the idea that the Earth rotates on its own axis 18 9  31/08/2024 Copernican Revolution - Criticism Resistance from the church, thus Copernicus was accused of heresy, and he faced persecution from The idea was the church disturbing to Copernican model had multiple inadequacies that were later filled in by other astronomers and many later accepted by other scientists like Galileo Galilei 19 Contribution of Copernican Revolution ▪ Served as a catalyst to sway scientific thinking away form age-long views about the position of the Earth ▪ This marked the beginning of modern astronomy ▪ Heliocentric model was further refined by astronomers ▪ Copernican Revolution marked a turning point in the study of cosmology and astronomy 20 10  31/08/2024 Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion Johannes Kepler: All planets revolved around the sun not in circular orbits but elliptical orbits. The closer a planet to the sun the faster it moves. 21 Copernican Revolution: Impact The Copernican Revolution marked a turning point in the study of cosmology and astronomy making it a truly important intellectual revolution 22 11  31/08/2024 Darwinian 23 Darwinian Revolution Charles Darwin – English naturalist, geologist and biologist (19th century) On The Origin of Species – 1859, Treatise on the Science of Evolution Began the revolution that brought humanity to the new era of intellectual discovery 24 12  31/08/2024 Darwinian Revolution The Darwinian revolution was one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time. 25 Darwinian Revolution Natural Selection – an evolutionary process by which organisms inherit, develop, and adapt traits that favored survival and reproduction. This traits are manifested in offspring that are more fit and well-suited to the challenges of survival and reproduction. 26 13  31/08/2024 Darwinian Revolution: Strength It was guided by Darwin gathered evidence pointing to confidence in human what we now known as “Natural reason’s ability to explain Selection”. phenomena in the universe 27 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS: Darwinian 28 14  31/08/2024 29 30 15  31/08/2024 Theory of Evolution The theory describes how organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. The changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment can help it survive and have more offspring 31 Theory of Evolution: Controversy ❑ Accused of being short in accounting for the broad and complex evolutionary process ❑ Dismissive of the idea that the functional design of organisms was a manifestation of an omniscient God. Perceived it to be contradictory to the church’s teaching that the source of life is a powerful creator. 32 16  31/08/2024 Darwinian Revolution - Significance Evolution is the unifying principle of all biology. It helps us understand phenomena in fields as diverse as genetics, ecology, and physiology. 33 Freudian Revolution 34 17  31/08/2024 Freudian Revolution ▪ In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy. ▪ Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. ▪ In the late 19th, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology. 35 Freudian Revolution Austrian neurologist Introduces PSYCHOANALYSIS ❖ Scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded in one’s personality 3 parts of personality Sigmund Freud 36 18  31/08/2024 Freud described that the brain can be segmented into compartments 37 Freudian Revolution: Elements 1. Id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories (Pleasure Principle) 2. Super-ego operates as a moral conscience (Conscience) 3. Ego is the realistic part that mediates In short, the id is your instincts, between the desires of the id and the super the super-ego is your morality, and ego (Reality Principle) your ego are the reality. 38 19  31/08/2024 Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is based on the These arise from their prior belief that all humans have deep, experiences or hidden conflicts unconscious beliefs, thoughts, in their thought process. memories, and desires. A lot of our present stressors These beliefs shape our arise from these beliefs and fears present “sense of self.” that people subconsciously carry (“emotional baggage”). 39 Psychoanalysis suggests that A person's behavior is influenced by their unconscious drives. Emotional and psychological problems such as depression and anxiety are often rooted in conflicts between the conscious and unconscious mind. Personality development is heavily influenced by the events of early childhood (Freud suggested that personality was largely set in stone by the age of five). People use defense mechanisms to protect themselves from information contained in the unconscious. Critics: lack of vitality and bordering on being unscientific; considered as ideological than scientific 40 20  31/08/2024 Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis immediately shot into controversy for it emphasized the existence of the unconscious. For others, Freud's theories are based on the “unconscious mind”, which is difficult to define and test. There is no scientific evidence for the “unconscious mind” 41 Importance Freud revolutionized how we think about and treat mental health conditions. Freud founded psychoanalysis as a way of listening to patients and better understanding how their minds work. Psychoanalysis continues to have an enormous influence on modern psychology and psychiatry. 42 21  31/08/2024 Real-life example of Psychoanalysis ❑ Freud believed that during our childhood, certain events have great influence on how our personality is shaped, which carries over into our adult lives. ❑ For example, if a child experiences a traumatic event, the event would be suppressed. As an adult, the child reacts to the trauma without knowing why. A 20-year-old, well-built and healthy, has a seemingly irrational fear of mice. 43 Freudian Revolution - Significance 44 22  31/08/2024 Challenges and Criticisms of Intellectual Revolution Resistance to change: Intellectual revolutions face resistance from those who benefit from maintaining the status quo. Loss of Tradition: Critics argue that intellectual revolutions often lead to the erosion of traditional values and cultural heritage. Ethical Dilemmas: The pursuit of new ideas may raise ethical questions and dilemmas that need to be addressed during an intellectual revolution. 45 Summary The most revolutionary changes are changes in man’s basic beliefs about himself. Three such revolutions have occurred in Western thought in the past five hundred years — the Copernican, the Darwinian, and the Freudian — and they have successively dealt shattering blows to man’s pride. 1. Copernicus dethroned man from the center of the universe. 2. Darwin challenged his sense of divinity by tracing his descent to the animal kingdom. 3. Sigmund Freud, the first illustrator of the unconscious. 46 23  31/08/2024 Conclusion In conclusion, intellectual revolutions have a profound impact on society. They have shaped human history, leading to progress, innovation, and societal transformation. However, they also face challenges and criticisms. 47 Supplemental Videos: Copernicus and the Scientific Revolution - Past is Present (2011) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHUWP9zu4W8 Charles Darwin and Evolution | AMS OpenMind. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0B6os-6uuc Psychoanalytic Theory - What Freud thought of Personality. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V73hdaSTzWg 31/08/2024 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS 48 48 24  31/08/2024 Review Questions Why do you think were most intellectual ideas controversial? Why did the people accept these new discoveries despite being contradictory to what was widely accepted at the time? How do intellectual revolutions transform societies? 49 Short Quiz 8/31/2024 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS 50 50 25  31/08/2024 Thank You Any Questions? 51 26