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Questions and Answers
Science is defined as the pursuit and application of knowledge based on feelings and personal beliefs.
False
The scientific revolution is believed to have started in the early 16th century and continued until the 18th century in Europe.
True
Science includes theories and systematic explanations about the natural and physical world.
True
The invention of the printing machine had no impact on the development of intellectual activities during the scientific revolution.
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Science as a personal and social activity is solely about individual knowledge accumulation.
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In addition to empirical evidence, science relies on systematic observation and experimentation.
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The Mayan civilization lasted for approximately 2,500 years.
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Philosophy emerged as a response to the need for rational explanations for certain phenomena prior to the scientific revolution.
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The Mayans utilized their advanced astronomical knowledge in their religious structures.
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The Mayans developed a single calendar system for time measurement.
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The body of knowledge referred to as school science includes personal, unverified anecdotes.
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Maya civilization is recognized for the intricate hydraulic systems they built for water supply.
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Mica was used by the Mayans to create a limited palette of dull paints.
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The Mayans were one of the first civilizations to produce rubber products.
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Mayan hieroglyphics was a writing system that was not used for communication.
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The Mayans did not have a sophisticated understanding of mathematics.
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The scientific revolution was a time when developments in various scientific fields transformed societal views on nature.
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Copernicus was a French mathematician and astronomer who published his groundbreaking work in 1543.
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The Copernican model proposed that the Earth is the center of the universe.
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The orbits of Venus and Mercury are said to be outside the orbit of the Earth according to Copernicus.
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The publication of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium marked the beginning of the scientific revolution.
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During the time of Copernicus, his ideas were widely accepted by the Catholic Church.
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The planets orbit the Sun in a sequence from Jupiter, with the longest year, to Mercury, with the shortest year.
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The scientific revolution was a solely positive development for all scientific individuals at the time.
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Ibn al-Haytham is known as the Father of Chemistry.
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The term algebra is derived from the name al-jabr.
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Ibn Sina was the first to conduct clinical trials in medicine.
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The golden age of Islam began in the 11th century due to the Mongol conquests.
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Early civilizations in Africa contributed to the development of science and mathematics.
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Africans only used the solar calendar for their timekeeping.
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Ibn Sina's works were mainly used as standard medicinal texts in Europe during the 16th century.
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Jabir Ibn Hayyän is referred to as the Father of Physics.
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Asia is the smallest continent in the world.
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Ayurveda is a traditional Indian system of medicine that is still in practice today.
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The Susruta Samhita is an ancient Indian text that describes mathematical procedures.
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The concept of the Earth being spherical originated in ancient India.
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Aryabhata was known for his contributions to trigonometry and algebra.
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The Indus Valley Civilization is known for its advancements in agriculture only.
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Iron steel produced in ancient India was highly regarded in the Roman Empire.
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The first chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani are focused on medical practices.
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Study Notes
Definition of Science
- Science involves systematic methods of knowledge acquisition about the natural and social world.
- It encompasses ideas, theories, observations, and systematic explanations of physical phenomena.
- Engages in practical studies through systematic observation and experimentation.
- Represents a body of knowledge or discipline that aims for learning about the world.
- Functions as both a personal and social activity, improving life and enhancing survival.
Scientific Revolution
- Spanning from the 16th to 18th centuries in Europe, the Scientific Revolution marked significant advancements in knowledge and understanding.
- Key developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry reshaped societal views on nature.
- Fostered critical reflection on beliefs and lifestyles; contributed to both scholarly achievements and persecution of scientific figures by religious institutions.
Nicolas Copernicus
- A Polish mathematician and astronomer during the Renaissance known for his heliocentric model of the universe.
- Influenced by Johannes Müeller’s work, Copernicus completed his model by 1510 and summarized it in Commentariolus.
- Published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in 1543, often regarded as the start of the Scientific Revolution.
- Proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the universe, with planets orbiting it, challenging contemporary beliefs.
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
- Mesoamerica, encompassing parts of Central America, had advanced scientific knowledge and cultural richness prior to European colonization.
Mayan Civilization
- Lasted approximately 2,000 years, renowned for advanced astronomical knowledge.
- Incorporated astronomy into religious structures, aiding in celestial observations and rituals.
- Developed sophisticated calendar systems for planning agricultural and ceremonial activities.
- Innovated in agriculture, architecture, and metallurgy, creating intricate cities and effective hydraulic systems.
- Pioneered the use of a writing system (Mayan hieroglyphics) and advanced mathematical concepts.
Development of Science in Asia
- Asia is known for its ancient civilizations contributing to scientific, technological, and mathematical advancements.
India
- Famous for metallurgy, especially iron, with steel held in high esteem.
- Established the Ayurvedic system of traditional medicine still in use today.
- Ancient texts documented procedures in surgery and medicine, emphasizing empirical knowledge.
- Developed astronomical theories, including the Earth's spherical shape and innovative calendar systems.
- Contributed significant mathematical advancements, including the introduction of trigonometric functions by Aryabhata.
Middle Eastern Contributions
- Muslim scholars significantly influenced fields like medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and social sciences.
- Notable works include The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, essential texts in both the Muslim world and Europe.
- The discovery of infectious disease transmission and development of clinical pharmacology marked significant medical progress.
- The decline of this scientific golden age occurred due to Mongol invasions destroying centers of learning.
Development of Science in Africa
- African civilizations also produced significant scientific knowledge before European colonization.
African Contributions
- Notably advanced in astronomy, using various calendar systems (lunar, solar, and stellar).
- Demonstrated a deep understanding of celestial events through systematic observations.
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Description
Explore the defining intellectual revolutions that have shaped our understanding of science and society. This quiz delves into the systematic methodologies and evidence that characterize scientific pursuit and application. Test your knowledge of key ideas, theories, and their societal impact.
