Social 30-2 Unit 4 Rejection of Liberalism PDF

SOCIAL STUDIES 30 UNIT 4: REJECTION OF LIBERALISM  Social 30-2 Unit 4 Rejection of Liberalism WHAT IS AUTHORITARIANISM?  ideologies opposed to the Illiberal/ values, beliefs and principles of liberalism; usually refers to Illiberalis undemocra...

SOCIAL STUDIES 30 UNIT 4: REJECTION OF LIBERALISM  Social 30-2 Unit 4 Rejection of Liberalism WHAT IS AUTHORITARIANISM?  ideologies opposed to the Illiberal/ values, beliefs and principles of liberalism; usually refers to Illiberalis undemocratic actions but may be m found in democratic countries during times of crisis Authoritari 1. Non-democratic- totalitarian or authoritarian (dictatorship) an 2. Communism and Fascism reject Systems liberalism LIBERALISM/TRADITIONAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC CRISIS CREATING MASSIVE CIVIL UNREST RISE OF A CHARISMATIC AUTHORITARIAN LEADER  anarchy Authoritarian Systems 1. Operate as a single party state socialism liberalism 2. Justify actions by representing the will conservatism of the people through non- democratic means 3. Both communism communism fascism and fascism have (Marxism) elements of collectivism Authoritari an Systems 1. Vision 2. Controlled Participatio n Limits on dissent  Authoritarian Systems 3. Propaganda  Authoritarian Systems 4. Indoctrination Authoritari an Systems 5. Censorship of the Media 6. Secret Police Authoritari an Systems 7. The Purge Authoritari an Systems 8. Controlling Popular Discontent (Use of Scapegoats) Authoritari an Systems 9. Development of a Cult of Leadership (Cult of Personality)  Absolute Monarchy Types of Autocracy Authoritari Oligarchy an One-Party or Single- Party State Regimes Minority Tyranny Military Dictatorship  INQUIRY QUESTION. WHAT WOULD NEED TO HAPPEN FOR “FREE” PEOPLE, TO GIVE UP THEIR RIGHTS AND REJECT LIBERALISM (SUPPORT A DICTATORSHIP)? SUMMARY- WHAT IS AUTHORITARIANISM ?  Social 30-2 Unit 4 Rejection of Liberalism HOW DID THE SOVIET UNION EMERGE? Soviet Rejection of Liberalism Russia during the war The war for Russia Abdication of the Czar (Tsar) The Provisional Government Rise of Lenin The Death of the Royal family  RUSSIA DURING THE WAR NEW REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS WERE SPREADING IN THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING NATION; THE RISING DIVISION BETWEEN CAPITALISTS AND THE WORKING CLASS (PROLETARIAT) THE WAR DRAINED RUSSIAN WEALTH; FOOD SHORTAGES AND INFLATION INCREASED THROUGHOUT THE WAR THE STRAIN OF THE WAR WAS FAR TOO MUCH FOR RUSSIA AND THE AUTOCRATIC GOVERNMENT OF CZAR NICHOLAS II; HE WAS UNABLE OR UNWILLING TO MAKE NECESSARY CHANGES  THE WAR FOR RUSSIA DUE TO THE UNEXPECTEDLY HIGH LOSSES, SOLDIERS WERE SENT TO THE FRONT WITH LITTLE TRAINING THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY COULD NOT SUPPLY THE ARMY WITH THE EQUIPMENT IT NEEDED; BY MID-1915 TROOPS WERE OFTEN SENT TO THE FRONT UNEQUIPPED, THE EXPECTATION BEING EQUIPMENT WOULD BE RECOVERED FROM THE FALLEN INCREASED UNREST FROM LOSSES AT THE FRONT SPREAD TO INDUSTRY; FOOD SHORTAGES AND INFLATION CAUSED A DECREASE IN WORKER WAGES, STRIKES AND PROTESTS BECAME MORE COMMON CZAR NICHOLAS II WAS PERSONALLY BLAMED FOR THE PROBLEMS AND DESPITE WARNINGS TO GRANT CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT, NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES WERE MADE  ABDICATION OF THE CZAR AND A PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION BROKE OUT WITH NO REAL LEADERSHIP IN FEBRUARY 1917 (MARCH IN THE WESTERN CALENDAR) AND WAS CENTERED IN PETROGRAD (ST. PETERSBURG); STRIKES AND BREAD RIOTS BROKE OUT REVOLTS SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE MILITARY; STRIKING WORKERS WERE JOINED BY THE SOLDIERS THE CZAR, WHO WAS AT THE FRONT AND HAD JUST WITNESSED RECENT RUSSIAN DEFEATS, ABDICATED ENDING 300 YEARS OF ROMANOV RULE IN RUSSIA  LENIN LENIN WAS EXILED TO SWITZERLAND RETURNED TO RUSSIA WITH HELP FROM THE GERMANS. LENIN’S BOLSHEVIKS (MAJORITY) GAINED POPULARITY AND BY SEPTEMBER, THEY MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR LENIN TO SEIZE POWER. ONCE SOLDIERS BEGAN REFUSING TO GO TO THE FRONT, LENIN SEIZED ON THE OPPORTUNITY AND CALLED IT A BOLSHEVIK COUP WHICH WAS PUT DOWN, FORCING LENIN TO FLEE TO FINLAND LIBERAL AND MONARCHIST FORCES (THE WHITE ARMY) DECLARED WAR AGAINST THE BOLSHEVIKS (THE RED ARMY) AND THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR (WHICH WILL LAST UNTIL 1921) HAD BEGUN  DEATH OF THE ROYAL FAMILY NICHOLAS II AND HIS FAMILY HAD BEEN INTERNED BY THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT SINCE MARCH AND AS THE BOLSHEVIKS INCREASED IN POWER, THE TERMS OF THEIR HOUSE ARREST WERE MADE STRICTER WHETHER THIS WAS A DIRECT ORDER FROM LENIN, OR THE ACTION OF RADICAL BOLSHEVIKS REMAINS UNCLEAR TO THIS DAY  TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK A MAJOR GOAL OF LENIN AND THE BOLSHEVIKS WAS TO END THE WAR WITH GERMANY THE GERMANS DEMANDED PARTICULARLY HARSH TERMS ON THE RUSSIANS FOR THEIR WITHDRAWAL FROM THE WAR THE RUSSIANS GAVE UP ESTONIA, LATVIA, LITHUANIA, POLAND, BELARUS AND THE UKRAINE IN ADDITION TO TERRITORY, THE RUSSIANS WERE REQUIRED TO PAY SIX BILLION MARKS IN REPARATIONS  THE TREATY OF BREST- LITOVSK SUMMARY- HOW DID THE SOVIET UNION EMERGE?  Social 30-2 Unit 4 Rejection of Liberalism HOW WAS THE SOVIET UNION FORMED? TERMS INTRODUC WAR COMMUNISM ED The Russian Civil War (1918- 1921) Bolsheviks (Red Army)- Communists White Army- coalition of anti- communists  Reign of Lenin March 13, 1918: ·Trotsky appointed People's Commissar for War, takes charge of the Red Army. September 1918: ·Official beginning of the Red Terror when Lenin orders the Red troops to begin taking hostages. White armies driven back along the Volga 1921: ·Famine in Russia, nearly 5 million die. December-January 1922- 23: ·Lenin dictates his "Testament", warning against Stalin.  All industry nationalized and managed by the government All foreign trade controlled by the government Strict discipline on workers (strikers could be shot) Obligatory labour duty imposed on all War All agricultural production requisitioned Communis Strict rationing imposed m Private enterprise made illegal Military control of railroads Russia devastated- 3 to 7 million dead, agricultural output 1/3rd of 1913, industrial production was 1/7th, mine output 20%, cotton production 5%, iron production 2% How Did Stalin come to power? In 1922 Stalin became the secretary general of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Leon Trotsky was a leader of the Bolshevik revolution and an early architect of the USSR. He played a leading role in the Bolsheviks’ seizure of power. When Lenin died Trotsky and Stalin fought for power, Stalin becoming victorious. Trotsky criticized the new regime and in response Stalin launched a campaign to country attack Trotsky. And in 1925 Trotsky was removed from his post and year later he was expelled from the Politburo and in 1927 from the communist part. USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics CCCP Сою́ з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик 14 ‘independent’ republics SUMMARY- HOW WAS THE SOVIET UNION FORMED?  Social 30-2 Unit 4 Rejection of Liberalism HOW DOES A COMMAND ECONOMY WORK?  NEW ECONOMIC POLICY TERMS COMMAND ECONOMY INTRODUC FIVE-YEAR PLANS ED COLLECTIVIZATION  FAILURE OF WAR COMMUNISM INTRODUCTION OF THE NEW ECONOMIC THE POLICY (NEP) IN 1921 SOVIET LIMITED PRIVATE ENTERPRISE PEASANTS COULD SELL EXCISE PRODUCTION ECONOM STATE CONTROL OF HEAVY INDUSTRY Y BREAK-UP OF LARGE LANDOWNERS ESTATES SLOW RECOVERY OF INDUSTRY PRICES CONTROLLED BY THE STATE  Centrally planned economy/ command economy Politburo- executive committee of the communist party GOSPLAN- state planning Five Year commission Plans Goals Modernization Industrialization Collectivization Military Capacity  An attempt to modernize and improve food production by merging small private farms into large collectives Kulaks, (peasant farmers) resisted but lost their land and many were killed Collectivizat Generally considered a failure as from 1953 – 1985 agriculture was the ion weakest sector of the Soviet economy (this evidence suggests that the move away from private ownership resulted in a lack of individual incentive and consequently, lower levels of production)  Stalin's dogmatic adherence to communist ideology (doctrine) is reflected in his push to achieve Soviet goals of massive industrialization and collectivization regardless of the cost. (It is Collectivizat estimated that millions of Ukrainians ion died from starvation while Stalin exported grain to pay for industrial technology) This idea that "the end justifies the means" is completely at odds with democratic values  Controlled Participation Purges Death of Propaganda Lenin; Indoctrination Rise of Secret Police Stalin Scapegoating Cult of leadership/ personality  JOSEPH STALIN (1878- 1953) REPLACED LENIN AS LEADER OF THE USSR IN THE MID-1920’S “SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY” ENGINEERED THE HOLODOMOR GREAT PURGE (1934- 1939) NON- AGGRESSION PACT WWII  First five-year plan Collectivization Stalin Social Changes The Great Purge End of the USSR Ceases to exist in 1991 Last Soviet leader is Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika- economic “restructuring” Glasnost- political “openness”  SUMMARY- HOW DOES A COMMAND ECONOMY WORK?  Social 30-2 Unit 4 Rejection of Liberalism HOW DID NAZI GERMANY EMERGE? TERMS FASCISM INTRODUC NAZISM ED  Dictatorship/ Totalitarian Reactionary- felt liberalism had corrupted the state Nazi Single-party, ultranationalistic, Germany racist, militarist and imperial and Only citizens are soldiers Hitler viewed Nazism as neither Fascism individualist or collectivist but a mixture of the two (it is collectivist though)  Collectivist Anti-liberal Elements Big business/ state- military partnership (corporatism) of Racism Fascism Extreme nationalism/ ultranationalistics Cult of leadership  Treaty of Versailles The Weimar Republic was created following World War I and replaced the German Empire Semi-presidential representative Weimar democracy President- elected by the people Republic Legislative power held by a parliament- the Reichstag Executive power held by a chancellor appointed by the president but responsible to the Reichstag  SUMMARY- HOW DID NAZI GERMANY EMERGE?  Social 30-2 Unit 4 Rejection of Liberalism HOW DID GERMANY REJECT LIBERALISM?  Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Worker’s Party) Germany Anti-Semitic, anti-capitalist, anti-democratic, Rejection anti-Marxist, anti-liberal The Third Reich of Master Race Eugenics Liberalis Lebensraum m Irredenta- desire to reclaim land previously thought to be German New Order  The Nazi or National Socialist German Workers’ Party grew out of the German Workers’ Party a reactionary right-wing party that Roots of believed ideals held by the Weimar Republic were destroying Germany. the Nazi inspired by the Fascist party in Italy led Party by Benito Mussolini. Mussolini gained power in Italy through the use of force. His followers marched on Rome and took control of the government. example of the use of fear and force for political ends.  In early 1920’s a large number of strikes and attempted coups took place, with agitators on both the political right and left. November 1923 – unsuccessful attempt (coup) by Nazi party (supported by SA Stormtroopers) to take over gov. control in key locations such as Munich. Munich an attempt to emulate Putsch/ Mussolini’s March on Rome Hitler and several other party Beer Hall leaders were arrested. Putsch Hitler realizes he must gain power through political means (i.e. get party members elected)  MEIN KAMPF MEANS “MY STRUGGLE” BLAMED: WEIMAR REPUBLIC TREATY OF VERSAILLES JEWS OUTLINES HIS PLAN FOR GERMANY HIS VISION FOR GERMANY WAS CALLED THE THIRD REICH, 1000 YEARS OF GERMAN RULE IN EUROPE BECOMES THE MOST POPULAR BOOK IN GERMANY AFTER HITLER GAINS POWER  Between 1922-23 Germany experienced hyperinflation. People saw their savings wiped out, anger grew Hyperinflati towards the Weimar Republic. on Rising (high) unemployment throughout the 1920’s. Created opportunity for Nazi party to use Republic as a scapegoat THE NAZI’S GROW IN POWER AFTER THEIR RELEASE FROM PRISON IN 1924 THE NAZI LEADERSHIP DECIDED THAT THE ONLY WAY THEY WOULD GAIN POWER WAS DEMOCRATICALLY. HITLER GAVE SPEECHES, TELLING PEOPLE WHAT THEY WANTED TO HEAR. ANTI-SEMITISIM HAD A LONG HISTORY IN GERMANY, MAKING JEWS AN EASY TARGET. TREATY OF VERSAILLES WAS ANOTHER POPULAR TARGET FOR THE RIGHT.  “When he entered a room, he sniffs the air. For a minute or so he gropes, feels is way, senses the atmosphere. Suddenly he bursts forth, like an arrow hitting the target, Hitler’s he touches the raw nerve in people oratory and tellsby Crowds hear, them what they want the thousands inspiring their wouldtoroar their approval. Theyinner ambitions.” would stand and chant, “Ein Reich, Ein Volk, Ein Fuhrer!” One State, One People, One Leader! Hitler Youth Formed 1922 Intended to train new SA members Mandatory membership 1936 Organized among military lines Training ‘soldiers’ & to be loyal to state/leader Indoctrination FIXING UNEMPLOYMEN T HITLER BEGAN TO TRY AND FIND WAYS TO PUT PEOPLE TO WORK. THE NAZI’S WERE GREATLY SUCCESSFUL IN REDUCING UNEMPLOYMENT MANY CHOSE TO THE ELECTIONS THE ‘MIDDLE GROUND’ AMONG THE MODERATE PARTIES SHRUNK AS PEOPLE WERE PUSHED TO LEFT AND RIGHT EXTREMES BY 1933 NAZIS HAVE 228 SEATS (STILL NOT A MAJORITY).  THE REICHSTAG FIRE FEBRUARY 1933 THE REICHSTAG, GERMANY’S PARLIAMENT BUILDING, WAS SET ON FIRE. BLAME WAS PLACED ON A YOUNG COMMUNIST WHO WAS CAPTURED IN THE HALL. SOME PEOPLE SUSPECT THAT THE NAZIS ACTUALLY Headline reads: And now we take rigorous steps SET THE FIRE.  Used Reichstag fire as excuse/reason to: pass a law called the “Enabling Act” which gave emergency powers to the The executive branch (rule by decree) All other political parties were Enabling outlawed (end of democracy in Germany) Act trade unions were declared illegal. meant to be temporary emergency legislation, but the Nazis refused to give up their power. PROPAGANDA BECOMES KING JOSEPH GOEBBELS - MINISTER OF PROPAGANDA. INSTITUTED STRICT CENSORSHIP OF BOOKS WRITTEN BY “UN- GERMAN” AUTHORS INCLUDING EINSTEIN, KARL MARX, AND ERNEST HEMMINGWAY. GOEBBELS BECAME A MASTER AT CONTROLLING INFORMATION  Workers forced to join the “National Labour Front” The Strikes were forbidden Goal was to make Germany self Creation sufficient (autarchy) of a Unemployment went from 6 M in 1933 to 1 M in 1936. Autocrac Some industries were nationalized, y but many private industries were able to flourish. Support from Big Business  The SA (Brownshirts or Stormtroopers) could no longer be relied upon for support. Night of Hitler had a new personal bodyguard, the SS (Blackshirts). Long At the end of June 1934, SS Knives soldiers murdered the SA leadership. This was a major purge of Nazi leadership.  Germany (and the rest of Europe) had a long history of Anti-Semitism. Hitler believed that some races were inherently superior to others. He placed the Aryans at the top of the list, Anti- believing them to be the “Master Race”, though Anglo-Saxons were a Semitism close second. It was believed that Slavs in could be allowed to live as servants, but Jews, Blacks and other ‘undesirables’ Germany needed to be removed from the Reich. Nazi ‘scientists’ went to great pains to prove their beliefs. All of the different techniques of dictatorship were used in pursuing this aim  NUREMBERG LAWS ESTABLISHED IN 1935 CODIFIED WHAT IT MEANT TO BE JEWISH BARRED JEWS FROM A WIDE VARIETY OF PROFESSIONS. FORBADE GERMANS AND JEWS FROM MARRYING. JEWS WERE ALSO NO LONGER CONSIDERED CITIZENS  KRISTALLNACHT THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS A POGROM (GOVT. SPONSORED ATTACK ON A GROUP) ON JEWISH BUSINESSES, SYNAGOGUES AND HOMES 91 JEWS WERE KILLED APPROXIMATELY 30,000 JEWISH MEN WERE SENT TO CONCENTRATION CAMPS. ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF A PURGE, SCAPEGOATING AND CONTROLLED PARTICIPATION  CONCENTRATION CAMPS RUN BY THE SS AND GESTAPO UNDER THE COMMAND OF HEINRICH HIMMLER. NUMEROUS CAMPS WERE SET UP THROUGHOUT GERMANY AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES. IN ADDITION TO JEWS MANY OTHER PEOPLE WERE INCARCERATED INCLUDING POLITICAL PRISONERS (COMMUNISTS, UNION MEMBERS, SOCIALISTS) OTHER “UNDESIRABLE” PEOPLE LIKE GYPSIES (ROMA), BLACKS, HOMOSEXUALS, JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES, AND THE MENTALLY ILL. EVENTUALLY THESE BECAME DEATH CAMPS SUMMARY-HOW DID GERMANY REJECT LIBERALISM?  Social 30-2 Unit 4 Rejection of Liberalism HOW DID THE NAZI’S MANAGE THE ECONOMY?  Controlled Participation Purges Nazi Propaganda Germany Indoctrination and Secret Police Fascism Scapegoating Cult of leadership/ personality  HITLER’S RESISTIBLE RISE TO POWER Treaty of Versailles Economy of the 1920’s Blamed the Jews for The Great capitalism, Depression liberalism, socialism and Reichstag communism Fire Reichstag Fire Decree Banned all other political  Command or managed economy War production vs. consumer goods Autarky- self-sufficiency Public works (autobahn; started by Weimar Republic) Focus on employment Mefo Bills (Metallurgische Forschungsgesellshaft- Nazism and Metallurgical Research Corporation) Deficit spending (31 billion Reichsmark in Mefo bills and the German government bonds by 1939) Economy  Lack of legitimacy- the political authority of the leader rests on the threat of force to ensure obedience and the Critiques continuation of the regime Inefficiency of the bureaucracy- most of Non- top positions of the bureaucracy are the result of patronage for supporters of the Democra system; consequently, it is bloated and unwieldy with many meaningless tic positions Uncheck corruption- the lack of Systems accountability to the people often results in unchecked corruption by political leaders  Widespread apathy and cynicism- the suppression of dissent and the degree of government control leave people passive and Critiques disinterested in participating in the political process (unless the threat of force makes of Non- people participate) Power struggles over succession- Democra because authority rests in the hands of the leader, little or no provision is made for tic succession of leadership Elitism- the reliance on a particular group, Systems social class, clan or family group for support gives that group elite status in the government at the expense of others SUMMARY- HOW DID THE NAZI’S MANAGE THE ECONOMY?