Roman Empire 2nd Grading Exam Review PDF

Reviewer for the social studies 2nd grading exam THE ROMAN EMPIRE ' The ancient rome was divided into 3 groups  1.Latins-considered the first romans 2.Greeks-established **colonies in the southern part of Italy and in Sicily.** 3.Etruscans-**, Etruscans were natives of north Italy and invaded...

Reviewer for the social studies 2nd grading exam THE ROMAN EMPIRE ' The ancient rome was divided into 3 groups  1.Latins-considered the first romans 2.Greeks-established **colonies in the southern part of Italy and in Sicily.** 3.Etruscans-**, Etruscans were natives of north Italy and invaded Latium.** Etruscan rule-**The Tarquin family was the most powerful Etruscan clan. Under their leadership, Rome became the richest and biggest city in the entire Italian Peninsula.** The Forum/tablets was created by the tarquin family their were 12 tablets Their were 2 types of social classes plebians- **consisted of families who were the last to reside in Rome and common laborers, farmers, and traders.** Patricians-**consisted of nobles and owners of huge lands.** They both had the right to pay taxes but the plebians had limited rights The government structure **Rome became a Republic headed by two consuls. They had limited powers. They were only served for a year and could not serve a second term within 10 years. A consul had the power to reject, or veto** **The Senate consisted of 300 patricians. They served for life. Their duty was to create laws.** **In time of crisis and war, the Senate appointed a dictator. The dictator has the absolute power and ruled the army. He, however, can only serve for six months.** **Roman army** **  All citizens who owned a land were obligated to serve in the army** ** A legion usually consisted of 6000 legionaries of Roman soldiers. The legions was divided into smaller units called centuries. A century comprised of 60 to 120 legionaries.** Rights of the plebians  **Because of the limited rights to participate in the government, the plebeians protested in 494 B. C.E. ** ** To bate the anger of the plebeians, an assembly was formed in 494 B.C.E. It was made up of 10 members, called tribunes, which had the power to make law for the plebeians** The punic wars consisted of 3 wars between CARTHAGE AND ROME 1st punic war-lasted for 23 years for the control of sicily 2nd punic war-A general named Hannibal Barca led 59,000 soldiers and 50 elephants against rome  3rd punic war-a senetor by the name of CATO meaning to destroy carthage attacked carthage and won eventually turning carthage into a rome province The decline of the republic **The gap between the rich and the poor grew wider.** LATIFUNDIA was created or huge land owners/rich people **The latifundia expanded through the confiscation of conquered lands and the farms left by soldier who went to war. Many prisoners of war became slaves in latifundia.** The reformists-2 people from the tribunes, tiberius and Gaius the Gracchus brothers  They helped many people gain their land back from rich people. 1ST triumvirate- **Civil wars continued to plague the Republic because of power struggles. It ended briefly when Julius Caesar became consul.** **He joined forces with generals named Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus to lead Rome. They were known as the first triumvirate.** Julius Caesars Leadership-**helping the poor by creating jobs;** **establishing of colonies to give lands to the landless; and** **augmenting wages of soldiers.** 2nd Truimvirate- **After Caesars death, Rome was again involved in a civil war.** **Chaos only ended when three supporters of Caesar[[-]](https://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.php?id=103978) Octavian; Mark Anthony; and Lepidus joined forces.** **Under Augustus Caesar, Rome achieved peace and prosperity. This period is known to be as Pax Romana or "Roman Peace" which lasted for 200 years.** **Pax Romana and Roman Culture** **Communication and Transportation** **Right of the Women** Their architectures were creating-COLLOSSEUM, CIRCUS MAXIMUS, PANTHEON TEMPLE, AQUEDUCT, AND THE APPIAN WAY THE GREEK EMPIRE https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD\_4nXc8DhvywtkoU6n\_qfy6HNe28WLKdI8jlQW\_OQAK1AETSIDHWLLvVQ1bukP5-jzn4vTGBn8MFx7GuZNAVg6gw0hMbp3dF15LmJsIIp2QdciPciWVsaZO98ohndcNAq7UYegEC2ic1g?key=nju3q60PPhxOEEA5RnoT1HCJ Trojan war-when paris kidnapped helen the trojan war started Dark age-The dark age lasted for 300 years when dorians migrated to greek the dark age ended when the ionians ** Greeks reintroduced Greek culture. This marked the beginning of the Hellenic Period.** Hellenic period-**  Since Helen was thought to be the ancestor of the ancient Greeks, they called themselves \"Hellenes\" and took their name from her.** The polis The characteristics of a polis 1.High strong walls against invaders 2.Acropolis **or the topmost part of polis** 3.Agora/The marketplace and the plaza ** The most well[[-]](https://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.php?id=103978)known and progressive polis were Sparta and Athens.** **The southern Peloponnesus region in Laconia was home to the military state of Sparta.** **The Spartans men served as soldiers. Most of the women were athletes and It was their responsibility to have healthy babies.** **Aside from Sparta, a specific polis developed in Attica, in the northern Peloponnesus, the Athens. ** **Through formal education, Athens\' males are prepared to be effective leaders. Women, on the other hand, received no official education and were solely taught how to take care of the household.** **Reformist** **Contributions** ----------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Draco** **Made the first written law in Athens** **Solon** **Cancelled all land debts and freed those who were enslaved for their debts in order to maintain peace in Athens** **Pisistratus** **Distributed the lands of the aristocrats to the poor and promoted arts and culture.** **Cleisthenes** **Implemented Ostracism to protect Athenians from abusive leaders.** The PERSIAN THREAT ** A powerful empire began expanding its borders in the southern part of Greece. The Persian Empire was this.** Battle of MARATHON-**The Persian army\'s assault signaled the start of the Greco[[-]](https://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.php?id=103978)Persian War. The 25,000 Persian warriors were defeated by 10,000 Athenians** Battle of Thermopylae-**  Under Leonidas, 300 Spartan soldiers engaged 200,000 Persian soldiers in combat. In this period, Darius passed away and was succeeded by his son Xerxes.** Battle of Salamis-**The battle between the Greeks and the Persians continued at the strait of Salamis. Due to its narrowness, huge Persians ships were not able to strategically position themselves against the smaller Athenians ships.** The GOLDEN AGE OF THE ATHENS **With the success of Greeks against the Persians, the status of Athenians increased. It led to the foundation of the Delian League that consist of 140 members.** ** Athens reached its golden age under the leadership of Pericles. It was also called the "Age of Pericles."** THE RIVALRY OF THE ATHENS AND SPARTA Athen fell due to the **Peloponnesian war ** **Conquest of the MACEDONIANS-after the persian empire failed to take control of greece** **Phillip ll  aimed to build strong army; unify polis in Greece under the Macedonia; and overthrow the Persian empire.** **The conquest of ALEXANDER-Philip II was treacherously killed by his subordinates. He was succeeded by his son who became known in history as Alexander the Great.** **During Alexander's reign, not only did he spread Macedonian power but culture as well.** ** Alexander established the city of Alexandria in northern Egypt. It became the center of imperial trade and Hellenistic culture.** **     Hellenistic culture further spread even after Alexander's death. ** **     With his death the empire was divided among his three great generals: ** **Ptolemy[[-]](https://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.php?id=103978) Egypt, Libya and parts of Syria; b. Seleucus[[-]](https://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.php?id=103978) Mesopotamia, parts of Syria, Iran, and Afghanistan;c. Antigonus[[-]](https://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.php?id=103978)  Macedonia and Greece.** **3. The Greek Legacy** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Field** | **Name/Contribution** | +===================================+===================================+ | **Literature** | **Homer[[-]](https:// | | | is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.p | | | hp?id=103978) | | | Iliad and Odyssey.** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Architecture** | **Parthenon[[-]](http | | | s://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/vi | | | ew.php?id=103978) | | | the most | | | well[[-]](https://is2 | | | 425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.php? | | | id=103978)known | | | Greek architecture.** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **3 kinds of Column:** | | | | | | ***Source: Freepik*** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Drama and Theater** | **Tragedy[[-]](https: | | | //is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view | | |.php?id=103978) | | | form of drama centered on love, | | | war and hatred.** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Comedy[[-]](https:/ | | | /is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view. | | | php?id=103978)has | | | a humorous and sarcastic tone.** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Philosophy** | **Socrates[[-]](https | | | ://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/vie | | | w.php?id=103978) | | | "Socratic Method" acquiring | | | knowledge through question and | | | answer.** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Plato[[-]](https:// | | | is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.p | | | hp?id=103978) | | | student of Socrates and wrote | | | \"The Republic.\"** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Aristotle[[-]](http | | | s://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/vi | | | ew.php?id=103978)established | | | the Lyceum** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Science, Medicine and | **Hippocrates[[-]](ht | | Mathematics** | tps://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/ | | | view.php?id=103978) | | | the "Father of Medicine." He | | | contributed the Hippocratic Oath, | | | a code of ethics for doctors.** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Pythagoras[[-]](htt | | | ps://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/v | | | iew.php?id=103978) | | | Pythagorean Theorem** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Euclid[[-]](https:/ | | | /is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view. | | | php?id=103978) | | | Elements of Geometry** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Archimedes[[-]](htt | | | ps://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/v | | | iew.php?id=103978) | | | the "Father of Mathematics." | | | Great Greek mathematician and | | | philosopher.** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **History** | **Herodotus | | | [[-]](https://is2425. | | | neu.edu.ph/mod/page/view.php?id=1 | | | 03978) | | | the "Father of History."** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Thucydides[[-]](htt | | | ps://is2425.neu.edu.ph/mod/page/v | | | iew.php?id=103978) | | | he wrote the History of the | | | Peloponnesian War.** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+