SCI03 Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction - Introduction to Hazards and Disasters PDF

SCI03 Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Course Outcome 1: Introduction to Hazards and Disasters Video Lecture Prepared by: Ryo Jerome C. Tuzon, LPT Materials Prepared by: Triz Karen T. Mercado-Albuero, LPT WHY STUDY DRRR? This course focuses on the application of scientific...

SCI03 Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Course Outcome 1: Introduction to Hazards and Disasters Video Lecture Prepared by: Ryo Jerome C. Tuzon, LPT Materials Prepared by: Triz Karen T. Mercado-Albuero, LPT WHY STUDY DRRR? This course focuses on the application of scientific knowledge and the solution of practical problems in a physical environment. It is designed to bridge the gap between theoretical science and daily living. CO1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES Relate the concept of disaster to various types of hazards Recognize hazards and their impacts in a given situation or area CO1 LESSON OUTLINE Lesson 1: Basic Concept of Hazard Lesson 2: Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk  LESSON 1: BASIC CONCEPT OF HAZARD Lesson 1 Objectives define the terms hazard and disaster define the two main categories of hazards identify the impact of hazards common in the environment LET’S RECALL QUESTION: What processes shape and change our environment? LET’S RECALL ANSWER: plate tectonics atmospheric processes biological accumulation human activities WHAT IS A HAZARD? UNISDR (2009) (adapted by Philippines DRR Law, 2010): A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. WHAT IS A HAZARD? (Australian Natural Disasters Organization): Potential or existing condition that may cause harm to people or damage to property or the environment NOT ALL HAZARDS TURN INTO DISASTERS. WHAT IS A DISASTER? UNISDR (2009) (adapted by Philippines DRR Law, 2010): A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. WHAT IS A DISASTER? Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of: ⚬ the exposure to a hazard ⚬ the conditions of vulnerability that are present ⚬ insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences EXPOSURE People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses. (UNISDR Terminology on DRR, 2009). VULNERABILITY The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard (UNISDR Terminology on DRR, 2009).  ACTIVITY 1.1 CLASSIFYING PHENOMENA ACCORDING TO HAZARDS ACTIVITY 1.1 CLASSIFYING PHENOMENA ACCORDING TO HAZARDS Ground shaking Typhoon Tornado Forest fire Landslide Liquefaction Flood Storm surge Indoor fire Tsunami Lava flow Extreme rainfall Industrial pollution  ACTIVITY 1.1 CLASSIFYING PHENOMENA ACCORDING TO HAZARDS TYPES OF HAZARD ACCORDING TO ORIGIN: Hazard of Natural Origin Hazard of Anthropogenic Origin (Man-made and technological)  HAZARDS OF NATURAL ORIGIN Natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage (UNISDR Terminology on DRR, 2009). HAZARDS OF NATURAL ORIGIN 1. Geologic Hazards “geo” - Earth Natural earth processes or phenomena examples: ⚬ tsunami, earthquakes, volcanic eruption GEOLOGIC HAZARDS Add text - Montserrat 25 1991 PINATUBO ERUPTION GEOLOGIC HAZARDS Add text - Montserrat 25 2011 JAPAN TSUNAMI HAZARDS OF NATURAL ORIGIN 2. Biological Hazards “bio” - life organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors/agents includes exposure to pathogenic microorganisms, toxins, and bioactive substances HAZARDS OF NATURAL ORIGIN 2. Biological Hazards examples include outbreaks of epidemic diseases, plant or animal contagion, insect or other animal plagues and infestations BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Add text - Montserrat 25 COVID-19 PANDEMIC BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS ZIKA VIRUS HAZARDS OF NATURAL ORIGIN 3. Hydrometeorological Hazards “hydro” - water “meteoros” - sky combination of meteorological and hydrological hazards HAZARDS OF NATURAL ORIGIN 3. Hydrometeorological Hazards process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological, or oceanographic nature HAZARDS OF NATURAL ORIGIN 3. Hydrometeorological Hazards Examples: tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, heatwaves and cold spells, and coastal storm surges. HAZARDS OF NATURAL ORIGIN 3. Hydrometeorological Hazards Hydrological ⚬ examples: flash floods, storm surges, and rain- induced landslides HAZARDS OF NATURAL ORIGIN 3. Hydrometeorological Hazards Meteorological ⚬ examples: high winds, high seas, and storm surges HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS 2013 TYPHOON YOLANDA (HAIYAN) HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS 2020 JAKARTA FLASH FLOOD HAZARDS OF NATURAL ORIGIN 4. Extraterrestrial Hazards caused by asteroids, meteoroids, and comets as they pass near earth, enter the earth's atmosphere, and/or strike the earth’s surface EXTRATERRESTRIAL HAZARDS THE CHELYABINSK BOLIDE'S TRAIL The trail left by the asteroid as it burned up and exploded in the atmosphere above Chelyabinsk, Russia in 2013, captured from 200 kilometers (about 125 miles) away one minute after the blast. Image: Alex Alishevskikh 2013 RUSSIA METEORITE IMPACT 2013 RUSSIA METEORITE IMPACT HAZARDS OF ANTHROPOGENIC ORIGIN / MAN-MADE & TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS ANTHROPOGENIC ORIGIN 1. Technological Hazards little or no warning to precede the incident originate from industrial accidents, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures, or certain human activities ANTHROPOGENIC ORIGIN 1. Technological Hazards examples include industrial pollution, nuclear radiation, toxic wastes, dam failures, transport accidents, factory explosions, fire, and chemical spills TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS CHERNOBYL DISASTER ANTHROPOGENIC ORIGIN 2. Environmental Hazards pose a threat from the surrounding environment extreme events or substances in the Earth that may cause adverse consequences for humans and things they value ANTHROPOGENIC ORIGIN 2. Environmental Hazards Encompassing the broad spectrum of acute and chronic effects of industrial, agricultural, and naturally occurring microorganisms, chemicals and radiation in our soil, water, air, food, and wastes ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS Congenital Minamata disease patient Shinobu Sakamoto, 61, and her mother Fujie sit in a car as they head for a hospital in Minamata. | Kim Kyung Hoon/Reuters MINAMATA DISEASE ANTHROPOGENIC ORIGIN 3. Socio-economic, Political, and Security Hazards Caused by criminal and human violence Pose a threat to the security of a great number of people Motivated perhaps by political or economic reasons SOCIO-ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND SECURITY HAZARDS 2017 MARAWI SIEGE SOCIO-ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND SECURITY HAZARDS 2017 MARAWI SIEGE TYPES OF HAZARDS ACCORDING TO ONSET TYPES OF HAZARD ACCORDING TO ONSET: Sudden Onset Little or no warning Minimal time to prepare Examples: tsunami and earthquakes TYPES OF HAZARD ACCORDING TO ONSET: Slow Onset slow to develop three stages: ⚬ situation develops ⚬ emergency ⚬ disaster examples: drought, civil strife EFFECTS OF HAZARDS EFECTS OF HAZARDS Primary Effect (examples) collapse of building during an earthquake, landslide, or hurricane water damage during flooding DESTRUCTION OF HOUSES DUE TO JAPAN TSUNAMI EFECTS OF HAZARDS Secondary Effect (examples) fires due to earthquakes flooding caused by a landslide into a lake or river FIRES AFTER 2011 JAPAN TSUNAMI EFECTS OF HAZARDS Tertiary Effect (examples) loss of habitat caused by a flood crop failure due to volcanic eruption INJURY, LOSS OF LIFE, HABITAT, AND LIVELIHOOD (JAPAN 2011) Lesson 1 Objectives define the terms hazard and disaster define the two main categories of hazards identify the impact of hazards common in the environment  ACTIVITY 1.2 IDENTIFYING IMPACTS OF HAZARDS This activity is meant to help us imagine the impacts of certain phenomena on specific settings. There will be a list of different settings or scenarios and specific hazards. Predict what will happen to the living and/or non-living things in the given scenarios if they are caught in an unavoidable situation. (HOME version)  ACTIVITY 1.2 IDENTIFYING IMPACTS OF HAZARDS Access the given link to make a copy of the template and input your answers there. Download it as PDF and submit it to your instructor. (HOME version)  ACTIVITY 1.2 RUBRIC EXPLANATION (10 pts.) All depictions appeared to be accurate and plausible. REQUIRED ELEMENTS (10 pts.) Learner included more information than was required. (HOME version)  POST- ACTIVITY QUESTIONS Are the impacts of each hazard the same? What kinds of hazards affected everyone? What kinds of hazards did not? What would you do if you were caught in one of these hazards? (HOME version) REFERENCES United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (n.d.) Terminology - unisdr. Retrieved from https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform.terminology Rep. Act No. 10121 (2010), Available at http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/45/ Republic_Act_10121.pdf  LESSON 2: BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK Lesson 2 Objectives describe a disaster examine events that have led to a disaster analyze the factors of disaster risk LET’S RECALL QUESTION: What is a hazard? WHAT IS A HAZARD? (Australian Natural Disasters Organization): Potential or existing condition that may cause harm to people or damage to property or the environment NOT ALL HAZARDS TURN INTO DISASTERS. LET’S RECALL QUESTION: What is a DISASTER? WHAT IS A DISASTER? UNISDR (2009) (adapted by Philippines DRR Law, 2010): A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. WHAT IS A DISASTER? Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of: ⚬ the exposure to a hazard ⚬ the conditions of vulnerability that are present ⚬ insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences WHAT IS VULNERABILITY? Vulnerability is the extent to which a community’s structure, services, or environment are likely to be damaged of disrupted by the impact of hazard. WHAT IS EXPOSURE? UNISDR, 2011b: the number of people, property, systems, or other elements present in hazardous areas that are thereby subject to potential losses. IMPACTS OF DISASTERS Pie chart of the main island distribution of high impact disasters (1900-2014) Source: Researchgate.net IMPACTS OF DISASTERS Pie chart of the main island distribution of high impact disasters (1900-2014) Source: Researchgate.net  ACTIVITY 1.3 STOP DISASTERS SIMULATION STOP DISASTERS SIMULATION Open the website by clicking on this link: https://stopdisastersgame.o rg/stop_disasters/ Look for and read the OBJECTIVES of the game to understand what you need to do. STOP DISASTERS SIMULATION Your mission is to construct and retrofit buildings, and other essential structures that can withstand disasters and save as many lives as possible. STOP DISASTERS SIMULATION After playing the game, take a screenshot of your FINAL SCORE. Upload the screenshot in the designated folder for this activity DISASTER RISK WHAT IS DISASTER RISK? Disaster risk refers to the potential for a calamity resulting from various hazards such as typhoons, floods, storm surges, landslides, and more, and their effect on the susceptibility of infrastructure, communities, the economy, and other factors. WHAT IS DISASTER RISK? Mathematically speaking, Disaster Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability x Exposure As such, one can summarize that there is no risk if there are no people to be affected. DISASTER PREDICTION Forecasting catastrophic natural events, which are typically unstoppable, involves predicting and preemptively mitigating their impact. DISASTER PREDICTION While precise predictions of these occurrences are unattainable, predictable patterns in natural events serve as the basis for forecasting. WHAT IS A CYCLIC EVENT? Cyclic events are occurrences that happen regularly and can be expected at specific intervals. However, many natural events that seem to repeat aren't always completely cyclic because various factors influence how they behave each time they occur. HOW ABOUT FORECASTING? Scientists cannot predict exactly when an event will occur. Instead, they forecast based on experience and studies about the change that a hazardous event will occur in a region within a few decades. FORECASTING TOOL: RECURRENCE INTERVAL To do forecasting, scientists applies the idea that: “The past is the key to the future” These timeframes are connected to the likelihood of a natural event occurring at a specific scale or intensity within a defined period or occurrence frequency.  RECURRENCE INTERVAL To estimate such interval, we rank each event according to their magnitude from 1 to n, then one can get the Recurrence Interval (R) for a given annual maximum by using the formula: Where, R= Recurrence Interval N= Number of data M= Rank CALCULATING RECURRENCE INTERVAL CALCULATING RECURRENCE INTERVAL CALCULATING RECURRENCE INTERVAL ACTIVITY 1.4 PRACTICE: CALCULATING RECURRENCE INTERVAL PRACTICE: CALCULATING RECURRENCE INTERVAL Given the following data, compute for the recurrence interval first, followed by the probability. PRACTICE: CALCULATING RECURRENCE INTERVAL CHECK YOUR ANSWERS RELATIONSHIPS AMONG EVENTS RELATIONSHIPS AMONG EVENTS Anatomy of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (a.k.a “Boxing Day Tsunami”) RELATIONSHIPS AMONG EVENTS Some events are directly related to others. For example, a tsunami could be caused by an earthquake or an underwater landslide. FEEDBACK EFFECT Some processes result in more rapid changes, called feedback effect. PRECURSOR EVENTS Some natural events are preceded by a series of smaller precursor events. These events could be used as a warning of an impending disaster! MITIGATING HAZARDS MITIGATION Mitigation refers to the efforts to prepare for a disaster and reduce its damage. It includes: Engineering solution, Government policies, and Public education. EXAMPLES OF MITIGATION SOLUTIONS SOFT SOLUTIONS Zoning to prevent buildings in hazardous areas Strict building codes City of Manila Zoning Map to minimize damage HARD SOLUTIONS Riprap along coasts Spur dikes Marikina River Dike Project EXAMPLES OF MITIGATION SOLUTIONS LAND-USE PLANNING Find where they occur Restrict development in that areas Prevent development near faults Limit development on floodplains EXAMPLES OF MITIGATION SOLUTIONS INSURANCE These are designed to help with recovery after a disaster. It lessens the financial impact of a disaster WRAP-UP: GUIDE QUESTIONS What distinguishes a disaster from other natural events, and how does the concept of vulnerability play a role in understanding the impact of disasters? How do hazards, exposure, and vulnerability collectively contribute to the concept of disaster risk, and what measures can be taken to reduce this risk? What are the differences between disaster prevention and mitigation? Provide examples of each in the context of a specific disaster. CO1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES Relate the concept of disaster to various types of hazards Recognize hazards and their impacts in a given situation or area REFERENCES United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (n.d.) Terminology - unisdr. Retrieved from https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform.terminology Rep. Act No. 10121 (2010), Available at http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/45/ Republic_Act_10121.pdf