Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction PDF

DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION LE VERRIER SCIENCE CLUB REVIEWERS LESSON 1 | GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS also deform the ground surface and cause anomalous heat flow or chang...

DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION LE VERRIER SCIENCE CLUB REVIEWERS LESSON 1 | GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS also deform the ground surface and cause anomalous heat flow or changes in the temperature GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS and chemistry of the groundwater and spring waters. Are geological processes that may cause the loss of lives, injuries, damage to property, MASS MOVEMENT – LANDSLIDE, MUDSLIDE AND social and economic disruption as it may AVALANCHES result in the loss of livelihood, or Landslide - A landslide is defined as the movement of environmental damage. a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Mudslide- Debris flows, also known as mudslides, are DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS a common type of fast moving landslide that tends to EARTHQUAKES - LIQUEFACTION (SOILS), TSUNAMIS, flow in channels. GROUND SHAKING etc. Avalanche - Avalanches are masses of snow, ice, and Earthquakes are caused by stresses in the rocks that fall rapidly down a mountainside. They can Earth’s interior which are built up by the be deadly. movement of the Earth’s crustal plates relative to one another. If these stresses become too large then a fracture occurs, GEOLOGICAL MAPS whereby the rock masses suddenly jerkily move past each other. A geological map is the representation, about Signs of Landslides - Experts say these are the a topographic map, of the different types of warning signs a landslide may be headed to your rocks that outcrop in the terrestrial area and area. Here are some tips on how to protect your home the types of contacts among them. For and what to do when a slide hit. distinguishing the rocks colors are used. In a geological map the tectonic structures (folds Signs of an Earthquake - There is no proven way to and faults), fossil beds, fountains, mineral predict an earthquake. Geologists are working to resources, etc. are also reflected. develop an early warning system, but there is still much to be learned about what happens just before an earthquake hit. COLOR Represent the different geologic units, which VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS - LAVA FLOWS, ASH FALL, are simply the type of rock formations of a LAHARS etc. certain age. Volcanic eruptions happen when lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic vent. The LINES AND SYMBOLS most common consequences of this are Something you might notice about a geologic population movements as large numbers of map are all the different lines. Each type of people are often forced to flee the moving line identifies a different feature on the map. lava flow. For example, a thin line that separates two different colors indicates where those Signs of Volcanic Eruption - Most volcanoes provide different types of rock come in contact with warnings before an eruption. Magmatic eruptions each other, which is called a contact. involve the rise of magma toward the surface, which FOLDS normally generates detectable earthquakes. It can Are another kind of geologic feature you’ll find LE VERRIER | 1  DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION LE VERRIER SCIENCE CLUB REVIEWERS on the map, and these are features such as A typhoon is can be identified by increased basins and domes. On a geologic map, folds ocean swell, barometric pressure drops, wind are represented by lines that are thicker than speed, and heavier rainfall. It is a contacts, but not quite as thick as faults. low-pressure area rotating counterclockwise and containing rising warm air that forms LINES over warm water in the Western Pacific On a geologic map can also indicate where Ocean. Typhoons can Damage due to the land has been tilted. If you think of the thunderstorms, violent winds, floods, and Grand Canyon, you can quite easily imagine large waves with storm Surges. all of those exposed horizontal layers of rock. FLOODS/FLASH FLOODS Flash floods are inundation of land areas MITIGATION STRATEGIES TO PREVENT LOSS OF LIVES which are not normally covered by water. AND PROPERTIES Floods are hydrological phenomena and they Prevention and mitigation strategies should are also caused by storm surges, and be based on the risk assessment and can be tsunami. They are identified by continuous considered in relation to: storms/ rain, distant thunders, rapidly rising ○ Land use planning and building water, muddy water, and water that carries codes logs and other debris. ○ Essential infrastructure ○ Structural works STORM SURGE ○ Landscape and environment. Storm surge is a rise of seawater above normal sea level on the coast, generated by LESSON 2 | HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS the action of weather elements such as cyclonic wind and atmospheric pressure. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS Storm surge can sweep across large portions Caused by extreme meteorological and of coastal areas. They can be identified by climate events such as floods, droughts, cumulonimbus clouds, dark skies, low hurricanes, tornadoes, landslides, or pressure, strong winds, and rising of seawater. mudslides. They account for a dominant fraction of natural hazards and occur in all LIGHTNING STORMS/THUNDERSTORMS regions of the world, although the frequency A thunderstorm is a weather condition that and intensity of certain hazards and society’s produces lightning and thunder, heavy vulnerability to them differ between regions. rainfall from cumulonimbus clouds and The Philippines being located in the Southeast possibly a tornado. It is identified by Cloud Asia is considered very vulnerable to natural formations, Darkening skies, Lightning and hazards and disasters, which include Wind. typhoons, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and fires that affect the EL NIÑO country and its inhabitants. El Niño is a flow of unusually warm water along the western coast of South America that causes many changes in weather in EXAMPLES OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS other places. They can be identified by Hot IN THE PHILIPPINES weather, High pressure, Gradual drying of TYPHOON land, and Change in Temperature. LE VERRIER | 2  DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION LE VERRIER SCIENCE CLUB REVIEWERS Wetness of land EL NIÑA This is a different case, a community’s LESSON 3 | FIRE HAZARD economy can be destroyed, and may take a FIRE long time to recover. The normal routine of manufacturing, delivering, and selling of is the rapid oxidation of a material in the goods can be put to a standstill. exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS TYPHOON Increased ocean swell Barometric pressure drops Wind speed Heavier rainfall THUNDERSTORM Cloud formation The diagram below demonstrates the fire triangle. It Darkening sky represents the three elements needed for a fire to Lightning wind occur; heat, fuel, and oxygen. Wind The air we breathe is about 21% oxygen. Fire FLASH FLOOD/FLOOD requires an atmosphere with at least 16% Continuous storm, typhoon, and rain oxygen. Distant thunder Heat is the energy necessary to increase the Rapidly rising water temperature of the fuel to a point where Muddy water sufficient vapors are given off for ignition to occur. STORM SURGE Fuel can be any combustible material in any Cumulonimbus clouds state of matter – solid, liquid, or gas. Most Darker sky solids and liquids become vapor or gas Low pressure before they will burn. Strong winds Rising of water FIRE TETRAHEDRON EL NIÑO Hot weather is a triangular pyramid, a visual aid that High pressure reminds us of the four important ingredients Change in temperature required to initiate and sustain fire which Gradually drying of land requires: EL NIÑA ❖ Fuel Short term burst of tropical rainfall ❖ Oxidizing Agent Cloudiness ❖ Heat Strong winds ❖ Uninhibited Chemical Chain Reaction LE VERRIER | 3  DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION LE VERRIER SCIENCE CLUB REVIEWERS reached. 4. DECAY STAGE lasts longest, takes place when oxygen and fuel begin to diminish. The fire consumes the remaining fuel. TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS WATER & FOAM- only used to put out Class A fires. When all four ingredients are present in the right amount, a fire will occur naturally. CARBON DIOXIDE- can be used to put out Therefore, removing one of the ingredients Class B and C fires can extinguish any fire. CONDUCTION- Involves direct contact substances, DRY CHEMICAL- can be used to put out Class typically solids, for heat to be transferred. A, B and C fires CONVECTION- Involves the flow of liquids and gases in WET CHEMICAL- an be used to put out Class A the transfer of heat. and K fires RADIATION- Is a manner of heat transfer that involves CLEANING AGENT/ HALOGENATED only electromagnetic waves, like sunlight, or in case EXTINGUISHERS- can be used to put out Class the fire- flame. A, B and C fires. DRY POWDER- only used to put out Class D. STAGES OF FIRE 1. INCIPIENT STAGE WATER MIST- can be used to put out Class A The fire is small enough to be and C fires. controlled by a portable extinguisher or small hose line, or may even WHAT SHOULD YOU DO DURING A FIRE INCIDENT? extinguish on its own. 1. CHECK THE DOOR. 2. P.A.S.S. stands for: Pull the pin in the handle. 2. GROWTH STAGE Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire. the shortest of the four stages, it takes Squeeze the lever slowly. place when heat release rate Sweep from side to side. increases of the burning of additional 3. STAY LOW fuel. 4. STOP, DROP, & ROLL 5. CALL NATIONAL EMERGENCY HOTLINE 911 3. FULLY-DEVELOPED STAGE fire has consumed almost all of the LESSON 4 | CONCEPT OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION available combustible material. (DRR) AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND Oxygen is being consumed rapidly MANAGEMENT (DRRM) and maximum temperatures are LE VERRIER | 4  DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION LE VERRIER SCIENCE CLUB REVIEWERS prioritizing target areas of mitigation DRR measures. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) refers to reducing and preventing disaster risks. It is 3. RISK PRIORITIZATION- analyzes and identifies based on the principle that while hazards are priority subjects (hazards, areas, and inevitable, their harmful effects, such as loss elements at risk) requiring treatment. of life and property destruction, can be prevented. DRR actions can be political, 4. RISK TREATMENT- identifies the cause of the technical, social, and economic. risk, identifies and evaluates treatment strategies, and prepares and implements DISASTER IMPACTS treatment plans. Loss of life Injury 5. MONITORING & EVALUATION- overseas the Disease implementation progress of the disaster risk Negative effects on human, physical, management process. Mental and social-well being Damage to property COMPONENTS OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Destruction of assets (DURING); Economic disruption and economic 1. Mitigation Degradation 2. Preparation 3. Response DRRM 4. Recovery Disaster Risk Reduction Management LESSON 5 | MANAGING DISASTER RISK TO DIFFERENT (DRRM) involves activities that control HAZARDS disastrous and emergency situations, helping at-risk individuals avoid or recover from DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT disaster impacts. It encompasses actions to refers to a systematic approach that provides increase capacities, reduce vulnerabilities, strategies, policies and mechanisms to and prevent new risks. DRRM aims to manage minimize the impacts of hazards and the current risks and minimize losses by possibility of disaster. spreading risk. GOALS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT: COMPONENTS OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION TAKEN Proactive plans to mitigate various business BEFORE A DISASTER HAPPENS: risks. Minimizing loss via more effective 1. RISK IDENTIFICATION- This step identifies preparedness and response. hazards by recognizing potential threats, Creating more effective and durable often based on past experience and records. recovery. It is crucial for prioritizing targets for mitigation measures. EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CONSISTS OF FIVE PHASES: 1. PREVENTION 2. RISK ANALYSIS- aims to establish the It focuses on preventing human magnitude and the likelihood of occurrence hazards, especially from natural of the event. This step is necessary in disasters or terrorist attacks. LE VERRIER | 5  DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION LE VERRIER SCIENCE CLUB REVIEWERS Preventive measures aim to provide The recommended basic emergency kit items permanent protection from disasters. includes: SHELTER 2. MITIGATION Tents refers to the action that is to be taken Sleeping bag before the occurrence of an event. Tarp 3. PREPAREDNESS WATER focuses on preparing equipment and 1 gallon or equivalent of 4 liters per person per procedures when a disaster occurs. day (1 liter for drinking and 3 liters for sanitation) 4. RESPONSE FOOD the phase of an emergency may Store only non-perishable food like canned commence with Search and Rescue foods, sufficient for three days' by every but in all cases the focus will quickly member. turn to fulfilling the basic TOOLS humanitarian needs of the affected Maps with indication of evacuation sites and population. routes. Emergency Number to call (911) Whistle, Flashlight with extra batteries (or 5. RECOVERY self-powered flashlight) The recovery phase starts after the immediate threat to human life has subsided. FIRE STARTING The immediate goal of the recovery phase is Matches to bring the affected area back to normalcy Lighter as quickly as possible. During reconstruction it Candle is recommended to consider the location or construction material of the property. LIGHT & SIGNALING INSTRUMENTS Flashlight, Mirror, Whistle WHY IS A DISASTER PLAN IMPORTANT? Battery Sim Cards The goal of disaster preparedness is to lessen the Phone impact of disasters on vulnerable populations, to prepare an organization for an influx of activity, and to FIRST AID KITS: design a coordinated plan that reduces the waste of Thermometer resources, time, and efforts. Adhesive Bandage First aid manual LESSON 6 | SURVIVAL KITS AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS Pain reliever and antibiotics Prescription medication (if needed) SAFETY/SURVIVAL KIT A survival kit is a package of basic tools and PERSONAL EFFECTS AND HYGIENE KITS: supplies prepared as an aid to survival in an Extra Clothing (Short and long-sleeved shirts, emergency. Civil and military aircraft, pants, jackets, socks, etc.) lifeboats, and spacecraft are equipped with Antibacterial soap, Toothbrushes, Toothpaste survival kits. Comb/ hairbrush, Tissue paper LE VERRIER | 6  DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION LE VERRIER SCIENCE CLUB REVIEWERS IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS Birth certificates, passport, marriage contract, PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586 ENVIRONMENTAL diploma, insurance certificates, land titles, etc. IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) STATEMENT OF 1978 Money should be in the form of cash and - is a planning and management tool loose change (ATM machines may not be that will help the government, working). decision makers, the proponents and the affected community address the negative consequences or risks on ENVIRONMENTAL LAW the environment. is a complex combination of state, federal, and international treaty law pertaining to issues of concern to the environment and protecting natural resources. MOST IMPORTANT PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS: REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000 - aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and environment. REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004 - aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources. REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 - aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality Guideline. REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF 1990 - aims to regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk to human health. LE VERRIER | 7