Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction PDF

Why Is The Philippines Prone To Disasters? {#why-is-the-philippines-prone-to-disasters.Style5} ========================================== Location in the Pacific Ring of Fire {#location-in-the-pacific-ring-of-fire.Style6} ==================================== - The Philippines is situated along t...

Why Is The Philippines Prone To Disasters? {#why-is-the-philippines-prone-to-disasters.Style5} ========================================== Location in the Pacific Ring of Fire {#location-in-the-pacific-ring-of-fire.Style6} ==================================== - The Philippines is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region characterized by frequent seismic activity. This makes the country highly vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Location In The Typhoon Belt {#location-in-the-typhoon-belt.Style6} ============================ - an area in the western Pacific Ocean where nearly one-third of the world\'s tropical cyclones form. This region is not only the most active in the world, but it also experiences the most intense storms globally. Disaster {#disaster.Style5} ======== - a sudden calamitous event, bringing great damage, loss, destruction, and devastation to life and property. ( Asian Disaster Preparedness Center -- ADPC, 2012 ) - The actual occurrence of a hazard causing significant damage or loss. **Example -** A volcanic eruption causing destruction, a flood inundating a town, an earthquake causing building collapses, a wildfire consuming a forest, a cyclone hitting a coastal area. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction {#united-nations-international-strategy-for-disaster-reduction.Style5} ============================================================ - a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Nature of DISASTERS {#nature-of-disasters.Style5} =================== Natural {#natural.Style6} ======= - Originate from the forces of nature. Man Made {#man-made.Style6} ======== - Occur due to people's actions against human, material, and environment. UNDRR {#undrr.Style5} ===== - United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction - THERE ARE NO NATURAL DISASTERS -- ONLY NATURAL HAZARDS. - DISASTER = HAZARD + EXPOSURE + VULNERABILITY Hazard {#hazard.Style5} ====== - A hazard is a situation where there is a threat to life, health, environment or property. - It\'s a threat or a condition that has the potential to cause damage or loss. **Example** **-** A volcano, a flood-prone area, an earthquake fault line, a wildfire-prone forest, a cyclone-prone region. Two Types of Hazard {#two-types-of-hazard.Style6} =================== - Natural - Man- Made Exposure {#exposure.Style5} ======== - HAZARD EXPOSURE is a state of being in which a person or a group of people remain in an imminent risk of danger. - The people, property, infrastructure, or other assets that are located in a place that could be affected by a hazard. **Example -** A town located near a volcano, a building built in a flood-prone area, a hospital situated on an earthquake fault line, a village in a wildfire-prone forest, a coastal community in a cyclone-prone region. Vulnerability {#vulnerability.Style5} ============= - The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible (easily affected by) to the damaging effects of a hazard. - It\'s about how well-prepared a community or asset is to cope with a hazard. **Example -** A community with weak infrastructure, poor emergency response systems, or limited access to resources is more vulnerable to the impacts of a disaster. A building built with substandard materials is vulnerable to earthquake damage. Disaster Risk {#disaster-risk.Style5} ============= - Disaster risk is expressed as the likelihood of loss of life, injury or destruction and damage from a disaster in a given period of time. - The probability of a hazard occurring and causing damage or loss. It\'s a combination of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. **Example -** A high disaster risk exists when a highly vulnerable community with significant exposure is located in an area with a frequent and severe hazard. Elements of Disaster Risk {#elements-of-disaster-risk.Style6} ========================= - Vulnerability - Exposure - Hazard How does a hazard become a disaster? {#how-does-a-hazard-become-a-disaster.Style5} ==================================== - Hazardous Geographical Event - Vulnerable Population Disaster {#disaster-1.Style5} ======== - Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of: - the exposure to a hazard; - the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and - insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences. Risk Factors of Underlying Disaster {#risk-factors-of-underlying-disaster.Style5} =================================== - Severity of Exposure - Gender and Family - Age - Developing Countries - Negative or Low Social Support Severity of Exposure {#severity-of-exposure.Style5} ==================== - The degree or intensity to which individuals, communities, or assets are directly affected by a disaster. - Proximity to the Disaster Source - Duration of Exposure - Magnitude of the Hazard - The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of future mental problems. - Those that who go through the disaster themselves - In close contact with the victims - Those with indirect exposure Gender and Family {#gender-and-family.Style5} ================= - Women & Girls suffer more negative effects than men & boys - Disaster recovery is more stressful when children are present at home - Women with spouses experience more distress during recovery - Having a family member who is extremely distressed is related to more stress to everyone - Marital stress increase after disaster - Conflicts between family members or lack of support make it harder to recover from disasters Age {#age.Style5} === - Adults (working group 40-60 y.o.) are more distressed after disasters - Children show more severe distress after disasters than adults - Higher stress in parents is related to worse recovery in children. Other Factors Specific To The Survivor {#other-factors-specific-to-the-survivor.Style5} ====================================== - were not functioning well before the disaster - have no experience dealing with disasters - must deal with other stressors after the disaster - have poor self-esteem - think they are uncared for by others - think they have little control over what happens - lack the capacity to manage stress Other Factors Have Also Been Found To Predict Worse Outcomes {#other-factors-have-also-been-found-to-predict-worse-outcomes.Style5} ============================================================ - bereavement (death of someone close ) - Injury to self or another family member - Life threat - Panic, horror... during the disaster - Being separated from family (esp. among youth) - Great loss of property - Displacement (being forced to leave home) Developing Countries {#developing-countries.Style5} ==================== - Risk factors can be made worse if the disaster occurs in a developing country - Severe mental health impact (even with less serious disasters) Key Challenges in Developing Countries {#key-challenges-in-developing-countries.Style6} ====================================== - Economic Constraints (Limited Resources, High Poverty Rates) - Weak Infrastructure (Substandard Housing, Inadequate Transportation) - Environmental Degradation (deforestation, unregulated urbanization, overfarming) - Health System Challenges - Low Capacity for Early Warning and Response - Social Vulnerabilities (Women, children, ethnic minorities) - Dependence on Climate-Sensitive Livelihoods Low or negative social support {#low-or-negative-social-support.Style5} ============================== - Support of others can be both a risk or a resilient factor - Risk increases when: - Someone downplay the problem, needs, or pain - Expect them to recover more quickly than realistic - Disasters have three general types of effects {#disasters-have-three-general-types-of-effects.Style5} ============================================= Primary Effects {#primary-effects.Style6} =============== - are those effects that come directly from the incident or disaster itself, such as collapse of a building during earthquake, landslide or hurricane and water damage during a flood. Secondary Effects {#secondary-effects.Style6} ================= - are the result that come from the primary effects. They will only occur because a primary effect has caused them. Tertiary Effects {#tertiary-effects.Style6} ================ - are the long-term effects that are set off as a result of a primary event. The Effects of Natural and Man-Made Disasters on One's Life {#the-effects-of-natural-and-man-made-disasters-on-ones-life.Style5} =========================================================== Displaced Populations {#displaced-populations.Style6} ===================== - Many people need to abandon their homes and seek shelter in other places - A large influx of refugees can disrupt accessibility of health care and education, as well as food supplies and clean water. - Refers to people who have been forced to leave their homes due to various reasons, including disasters Health Risks {#health-risks.Style6} ============ - Aside from the obvious immediate danger that natural disasters present, the secondary effect can be just as damaging. - Severe flooding can result in stagnant water that allows breeding of waterborne bacteria and malaria carrying mosquitoes. - Insufficient food supplies and clean water - Without emergency relief, death tolls can rise even after the immediate danger has passed. Food Scarcity {#food-scarcity.Style6} ============= - Destroyed crops and loss of agricultural supplies - Damaged roads can hinder distribution of food - Food prices rise reducing families' purchasing power and increasing the risk of severe malnutrition or worse Emotional Aftershock {#emotional-aftershock.Style6} ==================== - Can be particularly traumatic for young children - Confronted with scenes of destruction and the deaths of friends and loved ones, many children develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a serious psychological condition resulting from extreme trauma. Left untreated, children suffering from PTSD can be prone to lasting psychological damage and emotional distress. Disaster from Different Perspectives {#disaster-from-different-perspectives.Style5} ==================================== Physical Perspective {#physical-perspective.Style6} ==================== - DISASTER - phenomenon that can cause damage to physical elements such as buildings, infrastructures, including people and their properties such as houses and environmental sources of living Psychological Perspective {#psychological-perspective.Style6} ========================= - DISASTER -- can cause serious mental health consequences for victims e.g. PTSD - Psychological Effects of Disaster: - Emotional effects (shock, terror, anger, guilt, helplessness,...) - Cognitive effects (impaired concentration, disbelief, confusion, nightmares, decreased self-esteem, self-blame,...) - Physical effects (fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia, headaches...) - Interpersonal effects (social withdrawal, alienation, distrust, impaired work performance, feeling abandoned,...) Socio-cultural Perspective {#socio-cultural-perspective.Style6} ========================== - DISASTER- analyzed based on how people respond having as parameter their social conditions (age, gender, wealth, and ethnicity) and cultural settings (language, beliefs, traditions, customs) - Ethnic groups are less exposed to information and ideas coming from the "outside" - Filipinos are generally known as "matiisin", resourceful, helpful, optimistic, and prayerful. - The culture of "malalampasan din natin 'to\..." belief and "bahala na ang Diyos" Economic Perspective {#economic-perspective.Style6} ==================== - DISASTER -- natural event that causes a perturbation (disturbance or disruption) of the functioning of the economic system, with significant negative impacts on assets, production factors, output, employment, and consumption Political Perspective {#political-perspective.Style6} ===================== - Natural disasters and humanitarian aid are politically linked. - Vulnerability to disasters is influenced by the political system. - Disasters can impact political stability and legitimacy. - Governments play a crucial role in disaster preparedness, prevention, and recovery. - Social systems contribute to vulnerability to natural disasters. - Governments are often held responsible for the effects of disasters. Environmental Perspective {#environmental-perspective.Style6} ========================= - Disasters are not random and do not occur by accident. They are the convergence of hazards, and vulnerable conditions. {#section.Style5} Vulnerability {#vulnerability-1.Style5} ============= - the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system, or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Demographic Factors {#demographic-factors.Style5} =================== Population Density {#population-density.Style6} ================== - The denser the population, the more efficient a response should be, considering the number of people that might be affected by a disaster. Age of Population {#age-of-population.Style6} ================= - Less mobile and are not able to respond to emergency events well Distribution of Population {#distribution-of-population.Style6} ========================== - Population may be distributed differently within the hazard area - Elderly people on the lower floors of an apartment building - Concentration of highly vulnerable people in poorer areas of a city Socio -- Economic Factors {#socio-economic-factors.Style5} ========================= Wealth {#wealth.Style6} ====== - Low income people are less likely to be well prepared. Education {#education.Style6} ========= - Know what to do during a disaster Nature of Society {#nature-of-society.Style6} ================= - In highly centralized government structures, efficient emergency response may be a result of careful planning and training of personnel however, it may lead to lack of bureaucracy and lack of autonomous decision making which slows down the distribution of relief goods and emergency response. Understanding of the Area {#understanding-of-the-area.Style6} ========================= - Recent migrants are likely to struggle to cope with hazards effects compared to established populations. Community Preparedness {#community-preparedness.Style5} ====================== Building Codes {#building-codes.Style6} ============== - Rigorous and applied building codes protect most buildings from collapse during earthquakes. Scientific Monitoring and Early Warning System {#scientific-monitoring-and-early-warning-system.Style6} ============================================== - Established monitoring system can protect people for the onslaught of any kind of disaster. Communication Networks {#communication-networks.Style6} ====================== - Countries with good quality and widespread communication networks allow messages to be quickly shared. Communication plays a very important and crucial role in times of disaster. Emergency Planning {#emergency-planning.Style6} ================== - Preparation is the key element of prevention.\ Preparation for disaster is embodied in an Emergency Plan. Where monitoring and communication are in place, emergency planning are most likely to prepare a person or a group (family) for such events and take action based on data, rather than prediction. Dealing with After - Effect {#dealing-with-after---effect.Style5} =========================== Insurance Cover {#insurance-cover.Style6} =============== - As part of their preparation, individuals purchase insurance policies to mitigate their losses (damage to property, environmental sources of living) Emergency Personnel {#emergency-personnel.Style6} =================== - Personnel trained for emergency preparedness - The availability of such personnel will vary depending on the time of the day and location of the hazard event. Aid Request {#aid-request.Style6} =========== - Outside help in form of humanitarian aid is necessary during disaster. - It should be fast and efficient - Inefficiency and mismanagement of aids will possibly result to further deaths and loss of property 4 Types of Vulnerability {#types-of-vulnerability.Style5} ======================== - according to UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction) Physical Vulnerability {#physical-vulnerability.Style6} ====================== - It may be determined by aspects such as population density levels, remoteness of a settlement, the site design and materials used for critical infrastructure and for housing United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) Social Vulnerability {#social-vulnerability.Style5} ==================== - Refers to the inability of people, organization and societies to withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions and system of cultural values - It includes aspects related to the levels of literacy and education, the good governance, society equity, positive traditional values, customs and ideological beliefs and overall collective organizational systems. - Senior citizens, children, PWDs cannot protect themselves or evacuate if necessary. - Well educated individuals are most likely to survive and disaster. Economic Vulnerability {#economic-vulnerability.Style6} ====================== - The level of vulnerability is highly dependent upon the economics status of individuals, communities and nations. The poor are usually more vulnerable to disasters because they lack the resources to build sturdy structures and put other engineering measures in place to protect themselves from being negatively impacted by disaster. Environmental Vulnerability {#environmental-vulnerability.Style5} =========================== - Natural resources depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability Quantifying Vulnerability {#quantifying-vulnerability.Style5} ========================= - It is used in estimating how much mitigation and preparedness measures will be applied. - Based on data about the interesting of the previous hazard events and severity of their effects. - It can be expressed as: - 0 -- lowest degree of vulnerability - 1 -- highest degree - People: Ratio of casualties / injured to the total population - - Buildings: Expressed as a repair cost or degree of damage Risk Factors {#risk-factors.Style5} ============ - Risk signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future. It is derived from the interaction of social and environmental processes, from the combination of physical hazard and the vulnerabilities of exposed elements. Philippine Exposure and Vulnerabilities to Natural Disaster {#philippine-exposure-and-vulnerabilities-to-natural-disaster.Style5} =========================================================== - 8 out of 10 cities most exposed to natural hazards are in the Philippines. (Philippine Star, 2014) - Study also found that of the 100 cities with the greatest exposure to natural hazard, 21 are in the Philippines, 16 in China, 11 in Japan and 8 in Bangladesh 10 World Cities Most at Risk {#world-cities-most-at-risk.Style5} ============================ 1. Port Villa in Vanuatu 2. Tuguegarao in Cagayan 3. Lucena in Quezon 4. Manila 5. San Fernando Pampanga 6. Cabanatuan in Nueva Ecija 7. Batangas 8. Taipei 9. San Carlos, Pangasinan 10. Naga in Camarines sur Philippine Vulnerability to Natural Disaster {#philippine-vulnerability-to-natural-disaster.Style5} ============================================ - The Philippines lies in the Pacific typhoon belt and we are visited by an average of 20 typhoons every year. - The rugged nature of our landscape makes our communities very vulnerable to landslides, mudflows and other disasters. - The Philippines is an archipelagic country with many small islands. - Many of our areas are also at below sea level - With one of the longest in the world at 32,400 km, we have many areas that are vulnerable to storm surges. - The Philippines is still a primary agricultural and fishing economy. Philippine Vulnerability to Natural Disaster {#philippine-vulnerability-to-natural-disaster-1.Style5} ============================================ - Natural hazard risk is compounded in the Philippines by poor institutional and social capacity to manage, respond and recover from natural hazard events. - The Philippines is considered "high risk" in terms of the country's ability to manage and mitigate the impacts of natural hazard and in part due to 'entrenched corruption and high levels of poverty'. - Aside from being at risk to typhoons, the Philippines is also at risk to volcanic, quakes and floods.