Role Of ATP In Energy Coupling And Transfer PDF

General Biology I ROLE OF ATP IN ENERGY TRANSFER AND COUPLING  LEARNING OBJECTVIES Draw and label the structure of the adenosine triphospate molecule. Explain coupled reaction processes and describe the role of ATP in energy coupling and transfer. Cite the importance of meal in relation to...

General Biology I ROLE OF ATP IN ENERGY TRANSFER AND COUPLING  LEARNING OBJECTVIES Draw and label the structure of the adenosine triphospate molecule. Explain coupled reaction processes and describe the role of ATP in energy coupling and transfer. Cite the importance of meal in relation to child’s development. ATP SAYS General Biology I SIMPLE GAME ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE General Biology I DISCOVERY  DISCOVERY ATP Karl Lohmann, a German chemist, discovered adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in 1929. Lohmann isolated ATP from muscle and liver extracts. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE General Biology I STRUCTURE  STRUCTURE ATP The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups. Phosphate groups Adenosine Ribose sugar  STRUCTURE ATP The three phosphate groups are linked by two high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds Phosphate groups Adenosine Ribose sugar ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE General Biology I ENERGY SOURCE  ENERGY SOURCE ATP ATP is often called the "energy currency" of the cell because it stores and releases energy in the bonds between its phosphate groups. ATP is a molecule that provides energy for cells to perform many functions, including muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and chemical synthesis. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE General Biology I PRODUCTION  PRODUCTION ATP 1. The first way to produce ATP is through cellular respiration, which breaks down food to create energy. 2. ATP can also be produced without oxygen through photosynthesis in plants and algae, and through anaerobic glycolysis in human cells during anaerobic exercise. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE General Biology I CONSUMPTION  CONSUMPTION ATP ATP is consumed in processes like ion transport, muscle contraction, and nerve impulses propagation, substrate phosphorylation and chemical synthesis. When ATP is consumed, it's converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE General Biology I SUMMARY SUMMARY ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE ATP was discovered by German chemist Karl Lohmann in 1929, who isolated it from muscle and liver extracts. ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate made up of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups connected by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. SUMMARY ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE ATP is known as the "energy currency" of the cell, storing and releasing energy needed for functions like muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and chemical synthesis. ATP is consumed during processes like ion transport, muscle movement, and nerve signaling, converting ATP into ADP or AMP as energy is used. SUMMARY ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE ATP is produced through cellular respiration, photosynthesis in plants, and anaerobic glycolysis during intense exercise. ATP-ADP CYCLE General Biology I COUPLED REACTION ATP-ADP CYCLE The ATP-ADP cycle is a process that involves the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and back again  1. ATP to ADP ATP-ADP When a cell needs energy, ATP loses a phosphate group and becomes ADP, CYCLE releasing energy in the process. Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that breaks the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to release energy ( it plays a vital role in the conversion of ATP to ADP)  1. ATP to ADP During hydrolysis of ATP, a molecule of ATP-ADP water is added to the ATP molecule, CYCLE causing the bond to break and energy is released.( the energy released during this reaction is used to power various cellular processes such as muscle contraction) The products of ATP hydrolysis are adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate. This reaction is represented as : ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy  2. ADP to ATP ATP-ADP When a cell has extra energy, ADP is CYCLE converted back to ATP by adding a phosphate group. a. Energy Input. Cells obtain energy from various source like food (glucose) or sunlight (in plants) b. ATP Formation. This energy is used to add a phosphate group to ADP, converting it back to ATP. This process is called phosphorylation.  2. ADP to ATP ATP-ADP Phosphorylation is the process of adding a CYCLE phosphate group to ADP, turning it back into ATP. This requires energy, usually obtained from breaking down food. Dephosphorylation is the process of removing a phosphate group from ATP, turning it into ADP. This releases energy that can be used by the cell to perform various functions.  In the ATP-ADP Cycle ATP-ADP a. Energy is used to add a phosphate CYCLE group to ADP, creating ATP (phosphorylation) This stores energy. b. When the cell needs energy, a phosphate group is removed rom ATP, creating ADP (dephosphorylation). This releases energy.  The enzyme ATP synthase is ATP-ADP responsible for both steps of the CYCLE cycle. A coupled reaction is a chemical reaction that pairs an exergonic reaction with an endergonic reaction, where the exergonic reaction provides energy for the endergonic reaction.  Parts of Coupled Reaction ATP-ADP Exergonic reactions: CYCLE Release energy and are spontaneous. Endergonic reactions: Require energy input and are non-spontaneous. Example: Exergonic reaction: Breaking down glucose (sugar) releases energy. Endergonic reaction: Building a protein requires energy.  By coupling these reactions, the energy released from breaking down glucoses is used to build the protein. This is how our bodies use energy from food to build and repair tissues. Key Points: Coupled reactions are essential for life. They allow cells to perform reactions that would otherwise be impossible. They are often catalyzed by enzymes, which help to speed up the reactions. ATP-ADP CYCLE General Biology I SUMMARY SUMMARY ATP-ADP CYCLE When cells need energy, ATP is hydrolyzed, losing a phosphate group and becoming ADP, releasing energy in the process. Hydrolysis is the reaction where ATP reacts with water (H2O), breaking its bonds and releasing energy, producing ADP and an inorganic phosphate (Pi). SUMMARY ATP-ADP CYCLE When energy is available, ADP is converted back to ATP through phosphorylation, adding a phosphate group to ADP. The enzyme ATP synthase facilitates both ATP hydrolysis and ATP synthesis during the ATP-ADP cycle. SUMMARY ATP-ADP CYCLE The ATP-ADP cycle involves coupled reactions where exergonic reactions (energy-releasing) provide the energy needed for endergonic reactions (energy-absorbing). ATP is continuously regenerated in cells by combining ADP and Pi, using energy from food in an endergonic reaction, ensuring a constant supply of ATP. ENERGY COUPLING General Biology I ROLE OF ATP  What is Energy Coupling? ROLE OF ATP Energy coupling is when IN ENERGY COUPLING energy produced by one reaction is used to power another reaction. This process is important for balancing the two types of metabolism in cells: anabolism and catabolism.  Two Types of Metabolism ROLE OF ATP IN ENERGY Anabolism ( building up )is the COUPLING process of building up complex molecules from simpler ones. It requires energy. Anabolism supports the growth of new cells, the maintenance of body tissues, and the storage of energy.  ANABOLISM (building up) Building Complex Molecules : Anabolic reactions involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones. This process requires energy input, often provided by ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Energy Coupling in Anabolism: Energy released from catabolic reactions ( breaking down molecules) is used to generate ATP. This ATP then fuels anabolic reactions, allowing the construction of complex molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.  ANABOLISM (building up) Examples: 1. Protein synthesis – amino acids are linked together to form proteins, requiring energy from ATP 2. Photosynthesis – plants use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, a complex carbohydrate  Two Types of Metabolism ROLE OF ATP Catabolism, also known as IN ENERGY destructive metabolism, is the COUPLING process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones. The body releases waste products through the skin, kidneys, lungs, and intestines as a result of catabolism.  CATABOLISM (breaking down) Breaking Down Molecules : Catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. This process releases energy, often stored in the form of ATP. Energy Coupling in Catabolism: The energy released from catabolic reactions can be used to power other cellular processes, including anabolic reactions.  CATABOLISM (breaking down) Examples: 1. Cellular Respiration –Glucose is broken down to release energy which is used to generate ATP. 2. Digestion – Food molecules are broken into smaller components, releasing energy that can be used by the body. Key Points: ATP as the Energy Carrier. ATP acts as the intermediary in energy coupling, transferring energy from catabolic reactions to anabolic reactions Coupled Reactions – Anabolic and catabolic reactions are often coupled, meaning the energy released from one reaction is used to drive the other. Efficiency – Energy coupling allows for efficient use of energy within cells, minimizing energy waste. SUMMARY: In summary, energy coupling is essential for life, enabling cells to build complex molecules, break down food, and perform other vital functions. It is a fundamental principle that underpins the intricate balance of anabolic and catabolic processes within living organisms. ROLE OF ATP IN ENERGY COUPLING THREE TYPES OF WORK PERFORMED BY THE CELLS  Three Types of Work Performed by the ROLE OF ATP Cells IN ENERGY 1. Transport work - The process of COUPLING moving molecules, ions, or substrates across a biological membrane. Ions (such as potassium ions, sodium ions and chlorine ions) and other substances need to be transported across the cell membrane.  The transport work of cells is a fundamental aspect of cellular function, allowing cells to maintain homeostasis, communicate with their environment, and perform essential metabolic processes.  3 Types of Transport Work 1. Intracellular Transport Movement within the cell: Cells have a complex internal network of membranes and structures called endomembrane system. This system includes endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and vesicles.  3 Types of Transport Work 2. Extracellular Transport Movement outside the cell: Cells also need to transport materials outside their boundaries. This can involve: a. Secretion- cells release proteins, hormones and other molecules into the extracellular space, often packaged in vesicles. b. Exocytosis –a process for moving large molecules out of the cell to the cell exterior -molecules leave the cell Ex. Cell releasing hormones c. Endocytosis - the ingestion of large particles (such as bacteria) and the uptake of fluids or macromolecules in small vesicles. -molecules enter the cell -cell membrane pinches in, creating vesicles Ex. Cell taking in nutrients  3 Types of Transport Work 3. Membrane Transport Movement across the membrane: The cell membrane acts as a barrier, controlling what enters and exits the cell. This is crucial for maintaining the cell’s internal environment.  Two Main Types of Membrane Transport  Passive Transport  Active Transport Passive Transport – is the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy. This process occurs naturally, relying on the concentration gradient ( moving from high to low concentration) Active Transport – this requires energy (usually rom ATP) to move molecules against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration). This is essential for maintaining the correct concentration of ions and nutrients inside the cell. There are three main types of passive transport: 1.Simple Diffusion: This is when small or nonpolar molecules, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, move directly through the cell membrane without any help from proteins. 2.Facilitated Diffusion: Larger or polar molecules cannot easily pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Instead, they need assistance from specific proteins called channel or carrier proteins to help them cross. There are three main types of passive transport: 3. Osmosis - is a process where water moves across a membrane to balance out the concentration of solutes (dissolved substances) on both sides. a. Water Movement: Water moves from the area with a lower concentration of solutes to the area with a higher concentration of solutes. b. Balancing Act: This movement happens until the concentration of solutes is equal on both sides of the membrane. c. Membrane: The membrane acts like a barrier that only allows water to pass through, not the solutes. ROLE OF ATP IN ENERGY COUPLING TRANSPORT WORK - MOVING IONS  Three Types of Work Performed by ROLE OF ATP the Cells IN ENERGY 2. Chemical work -refers to the COUPLING energy-dependent processes that involve the making and breaking of chemical bonds. This type of work is crucial for synthesizing complex molecules from simpler ones, which is fundamental to cellular function.  Three Types of Work Performed by ROLE OF ATP the Cells IN ENERGY Chemical work - Examples: COUPLING a. Protein Synthesis: Cells use ATP to link amino acids together into polypeptide chains through dehydration synthesis. b. Lipid Formation c. Formation of RNA in the nucleus This type of work is crucial for growth, repair, and maintenance of cellular structures.  Three Types of Work Performed by ROLE OF ATP the Cells IN ENERGY Mechanical work -refers to the COUPLING physical movements within cells or organisms that require energy. A prime example is muscle contraction. In muscle cells, ATP is used to transfer phosphate groups to specific proteins that change shape and initiate contraction.  Three Types of Work Performed by ROLE OF ATP the Cells IN ENERGY Mechanical work COUPLING Examples: Movement of microfilaments of the skeletal muscles Propelling of sperm cell’s flagellum Movement of cilia of Paramecium Movement of chromosomes during cell division ROLE OF ATP IN ENERGY COUPLING MECHANICAL WORK - MUSCLE CONTRACTION ROLE OF ATP IN ENERGY COUPLING MECHANICAL WORK - MUSCLE CONTRACTION ENERGY COUPLING General Biology I SUMMARY SUMMARY ENERGY COUPLING Energy coupling occurs when energy produced by one reaction (exergonic) is used to power another reaction (endergonic), helping balance anabolism (building molecules) and catabolism (breaking down molecules) in cells. 1. Anabolism builds complex molecules from simpler ones, supporting growth and energy storage. 2. Catabolism breaks down complex molecules, releasing energy and waste. SUMMARY ENERGY COUPLING Cells perform: Transport work (moving ions and molecules across membranes), Mechanical work (muscle contractions, movement of chromosomes) Chemical work (synthesizing biomolecules). ATP hydrolysis releases energy, which is used to drive cellular processes, such as protein synthesis, by phosphorylating molecules to make them reactive. SUMMARY ENERGY COUPLING ATP phosphorylates amino acids like leucine, making them unstable and ready to bind with other amino acids to form proteins. The ATP-ADP cycle continuously provides energy for processes like protein formation by repeatedly hydrolyzing ATP and regenerating it from ADP and Pi. IMPORTANCE OF ATP General Biology I GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT  Importance of ATP GROWTH AND Children undergo rapid growth, requiring substantial energy for cell division, tissue DEVELOPMENT development, and organ function. ATP is essential for powering these biological processes. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from food are metabolized to produce ATP through cellular respiration. Adequate ATP production from a well- balanced meal ensures the child has enough energy for physical growth, tissue repair, and development. IMPORTANCE OF ATP General Biology I SUMMARY SUMMARY IMPORTANCE OF ATP Children require large amounts of energy for rapid growth, which includes cell division, tissue development, and organ function, all powered by ATP. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from food are metabolized through cellular respiration to produce ATP. DID YOU LEARN ANYTHING TODAY? Role of ATP in Energy Coupling and Transfer THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!