General Biology 1 Module 8 PDF - The Role of ATP in Energy Coupling and Transfer and The Importance of Chlorophyll and Other Plant Pigments 2021 - La Union Schools Division
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2021
La Union Schools Division
Melanie B. Bernaldez
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This General Biology 1 module from the La Union Schools Division, 2021 edition details the role of ATP in energy coupling and transfer, and the importance of chlorophyll and other plant pigments. It covers topics such as coupled reaction processes and energy transformation in living systems. It's a comprehensive resource for secondary school students.
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Senior High School General Biology 1 Module 8: The Role of ATP in Energy Coupling and Transfer and The Importance of Chlorophyll and Other Plant Pigments AIRs - LM LU_General Biology 1_Mod...
Senior High School General Biology 1 Module 8: The Role of ATP in Energy Coupling and Transfer and The Importance of Chlorophyll and Other Plant Pigments AIRs - LM LU_General Biology 1_Module8 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Module 8: The Role of ATP in Energy Coupling and Transfer and The Importance of Chlorophyll and Other Plant Pigments Second Edition, 2021 Copyright © 2021 La Union Schools Division Region I All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the copyright owners. Development Team of the Module Author: Melanie B. Bernaldez Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team Content Reviewer: Maria Lourdez Ortiz Language Reviewer: Reynaliza Borja Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos, Jr. Design and Layout: Dexter B. Soller Management Team: Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr. Schools Division Superintendent Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D Assistant Schools Division Superintendent German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS Rominel S. Sobremonte , Ph.D, EPS in Charge of Science Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II Printed in the Philippines by: _________________________ Department of Education – SDO La Union Office Address: Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City, La Union Telefax: 072 – 205 – 0046 Email Address: [email protected] LU_General Biology 1_Module8 Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Module 8 The Role of ATP in Energy Coupling and Transfer and The Importance of Chlorophyll and Other Plant Pigments LU_General Biology 1_Module8 Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you. LU_General Biology 1_Module8 Target Every task performed by organisms requires energy. In fact, the cells of every organism constantly use energy. Nutrients and other molecules are imported, metabolized and synthesized into new molecules, modified and transported around the cell and to the entire body of an organism. These cellular processes require a steady supply of energy. Where and in what form this energy come from? How do cells obtain energy and how they use it? At the end of this module, the answers to these questions will be provided. You learned from the previous chapter that our body needs the four major biological macromolecules as an important cell component that performs a wide array of functions. In this chapter, you will discover how the cells utilized these macromolecules and how cells convert these molecules into usable form of energy. The first part of this module will provide you a clearer understanding on energy transformation or the energy flow through the living systems which includes the coupled reaction processes and the role of ATP in energy coupling and transfer. The second part of this module will be present the importance of chlorophyll and other pigments in cellular metabolic processes particularly known as photosynthesis. After going through this lesson, you are expected to: 1. Explain coupled reaction processes and describe the role of ATP in energy coupling and transfer (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-1) Specific learning objectives: a. recognize the structure and function of ATP b. provide examples of coupled reaction processes c. describe how energy is stored and created during ATP production and breakdown 2. Explain the importance of chlorophyll and other pigments. (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-3) Specific learning objectives: a. identify the various photosynthetic pigments present in plants and algae b. demonstrate the chromatography process c. create art piece employing plant pigments. 1 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 PRETEST Direction: Read carefully each question. Choose the letter of your BEST answer and write on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What chemical reaction requires a net input of energy? A. Endergonic reaction B. Exergonic reaction C. Metabolic reaction D. None of these 2. What chemical reaction releases energy? A. Endergonic reaction B. Exergonic reaction C. Metabolic reaction D. None of these 3. Which of the following is an example of endergonic reaction? A. Anabolic reaction B. Cellular respiration C. Photosynthesis D. All of these 4. Which reaction/s are often coupled in an organism? A. Anabolic and catabolic B. Endergonic and exergonic C. Hydrolysis and dehydration D. All of these 5. Hydrolysis is the addition of water to ATP breaking the bonds of its phosphate group. What specific type of chemical reaction is hydrolysis? A. Endergonic reaction B. Exergonic reaction C. Metabolic reaction D. None of these 6. What kind of photosynthetic pigment is found in plants and algae that absorbs blue-violet and red spectrum of the visible light? A. Carotene B. Chlorophyll C. Lycopene D. Zeaxanthin 7. What type of chlorophyll can be found in higher plants’ chloroplasts? A. Chlorophyll a and b B. Chlorophyll a and c C. Chlorophyll b and c D. Chlorophyll c and d 8. On what cellular structure does chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments reside? A. Cell Wall B. Chloroplast C. Nucleus D. Ribosome 9. What color of the visible light is reflected when the plant leaves appear as green in color? A. Blue B. Green C. Red D. Yellow 10. What instrument is being used to differentiate which wavelengths of light a substance can absorb? A. Photo paper B. Prism C. Spectrogram D. Spectrophotometer 2 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 The Role of ATP in Energy Lesson Coupling and Transfer and the Importance of Chlorophyll and 1 Other Plant Pigments in the Absorption of Energy Jumpstart A living cell cannot store significant amounts of free energy. Excess free energy would result in an increase of heat in the cell, which would result in excessive thermal motion that could damage and then destroy the cell. Rather, a cell must be able to handle that energy in a way that enables the cell to store energy safely and release it for use only as needed. Living cells accomplish this by using the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which known as the “energy currency” of the cell due to its versatility to fill any energy need of the cell. How? It functions similarly to a rechargeable battery. To try to answer the activity below to see how much you know already about the role of ATP. Activity 1: Knowledge check The diagram shows the basic outline of the structure of ATP. Please answer the questions below to test your previous knowledge on the structure of ATP. Q1. Which letter indicates the ribose sugar? Q2. Which letter indicates the nitrogenous base? [ Q3. Which letter indicates the phosphate group? Source: https://www.nagwa.com 3 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 Sourcehttps://www.nagwa.com Q4. ATP acts as source of energy during cellular processes. Which bond (represented by numbers 1,2 and 3 from the image above)breaks to release the energy stored in it? Discover COUPLED REACTION PROCESSES Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction in a compound. An oxidation strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction or the so-called redox reactions because they usually occur together. Examples of coupled reactions are shown below. A. Endergonic and Exergonic reactions Endergonic reactions require an input of energy. An example of endergonic reaction in the living system is photosynthesis. On the other hand, an exergonic reactions release energy. An example of exergonic reaction is cellular respiration. An illustration of these coupled reactions are shown below. Endergonic Reaction Exergonic reaction Copyright Cmassengale Copyright Cmassengale 4 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 B. Exergonic hydrolysis of ATP and Endergonic dehydration process Hydrolysis of ATP It is the process of breaking complex macromolecules. The hydrolysis of ATP produces ADP, together with an inorganic phosphate ion , and the release of free energy. Dehydration of ATP This reaction reverse the hydrolysis of ATP by regenerating ATP. This ATP regeneration requires an input of free energy. The formation of ATP is illustrated below. ATP STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Adenosine triphosphate is comprised of adenosine bound to three phosphate groups. At the heart of ATP is a molecule of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is composed of adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and to a single phosphate group. Ribose is a five-carbon sugar found in RNA, and adenine is one of the nucleotides in RNA. The addition of a second phosphate group to this core molecule results in the formation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP); the addition of the third phosphate group forms adenosine triphosphate. The Three phosphate groups are labeled as alpha, beta and gamma. These chemical groups constitute an energy powerhouse. 5 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 However, not all bonds within this molecule exist in a particularly high- energy state. The bonds that link the phosphate are equally high energy bonds that when broken, release sufficient energy to power a variety of cellular reactions and processes. These high- energy bonds are the bonds between the second and third (beta and gamma) phosphate groups. Chlorophyll and other Pigments Different kinds of pigments exist and absorbs only certain wavelengths (colors) of visible light. Pigments reflect or transmit the wavelengths they cannot absorb, thus affecting how they appear to the human eye. Chlorophyll and carotenoids are the two major classes of photosynthetic pigments found in plants and algae; each class has a multiple types of pigment molecules. There are five major chlorophylls: a, b, c, d and a related molecule found in prokaryotes called bacteriochlorophyll. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are found in higher plant chloroplasts. Carotenoids are much larger group of pigments. The carotenoids found in fruit-such as the red tomato (lycopene), the yellow of corn seeds (zeaxanthin), the orange of an orange peel (B-carotene) – are used as advertisements to attract seed dispersers. In photosynthesis, carotenoids function as photosynthetic pigments that are very efficient molecules for the disposal of excess energy. These carotenoids reside in the thylakoid membrane, absorb excess energy, and safely dissipate that energy as heat. Each type of pigment can be identified by the specific pattern of wavelength it absorbs from the visible light, which is the absorption spectrum. The graph shows the absorption of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and other types of carotenoid pigments. Notice how each pigment has a distinct set of peaks and troughs, revealing a highly specific pattern of absorption. Chlorophyll a absorbs wavelengths from either end of the visible spectrum (blue and red), but not green. Because green is reflected or transmitted, chlorophyll appears green. Carotenoids absorb in the short- wavelength blue region, and reflect the long yellow, red, and orange wavelengths. 6 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/ligabs.html Many photosynthetic organisms have a mixture of pigments; using them, the organism can absorb energy from a wider range of wavelengths. An instrument called spectrophotometer can differentiate which wavelengths of light a substance can absorb. Spectrophotometers measure transmitted light and compute from it the absorption. By extracting pigments from leaves and placing theses samples to spectrophotometer, scientists can identify which wavelengths of light an organism Explore Here are some activities to enrich your knowledge regarding the role of ATP as to its structure, ATP decomposition and synthesis and the ATP- ADP energy cycle. Good luck and have fun! 7 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 Activity 2: Color Me Right! Part 1. The Structure of ATP ATP consist of three parts: 1 adenine molecule, 1 ribose sugar molecule and 3 phosphate molecules. Energy is stored in the bond that is found between the 2 nd and 3rd phosphate groups. COLOR and LABEL the following in the ATP molecules below: adenine-red, ribose-orange, 3 phosphate groups-yellow Circle the area that represents the HIGH ENERGY bond. 1 2 3 Part 2. ATP Decomposition When a cell requires energy, it breaks off the last (3rd) phosphate group from the ATP molecule, which release energy. The molecule that is left over is called adenosine diphosphate which consists of adenine, ribose sugar and TWO phosphate groups. ADP contains less energy than ATP. COLOR and LABEL the following in the energy molecule below: adenine- red, ribose- orange, first two phosphate groups- yellow, lone phosphate group- purple. COLOR the energy release- green Circle the part of the image that makes up one molecule of ADP. 8 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 Part 3: ATP synthesis ATP molecules are constantly being rebuilt from ADP and lone phosphate groups. This ensures that cells always have a source of energy. However, it takes energy to make ATP. The energy to make ATP comes from a carbohydrate called GLUCOSE. Glucose is a monosaccharide or simple sugar. Plants produce glucose during photosynthesis. COLOR and LABEL the following in the energy molecule below: adenine- red, ribose- orange, first two phosphate groups-yellow, lone phosphate group- purple. COLOR the energy absorbed- blue Is the ENTIRE energy molecule called ATP or ADP? Be sure to LABEL the name below! ENERGY Absorbed Activity 3: Leaf Pigment Chromatography Additional methods for the identification of plant pigments include various types of chromatography that separates the pigments. Let us explore more on plant pigments by doing the chromatography activity. Materials Isopropyl alcohol Beaker/clear glass/plastic cups Ruler Pencil Green Leaf Coin Scissors Tape Coffee filter/chromatography paper Colored pencils/crayons Procedure 1. Obtain a strip of chromatography paper or cut a 2 ½ cm strip from a coffee filter. 2. Use a ruler to measure and draw a light pencil line 2 cm above the bottom of the paper strip. 3. Wrap a leaf around a coin with the waxy side of the leaf facing outward. Now rub the leaf along the light pencil line on the paper strip until you make a dark green 9 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 line. DO NOT RUB THE LEAF ABOVE OR BELOW THE LINE. RUB THE LEAF ON THE LINE ONLY. 4. Tape the top of the paper strip so that the end of the strip with the green line hangs down. The pencil should be able to sit across the top of the beaker/glass with the bottom of the paper strip just touching the bottom of the beaker. Cut off any excess paper from the top of the strip if it is too long. DO NOT CUT THE BOTTOM OF THE STRIP WITH THE GREEN LINE. 5. Remove the pencil/paper strip from the beaker for now. 6. Carefully add isopropyl alcohol to the beaker until it reaches a depth of 1 cm in the beaker. 7. Lay the pencil across the top of the beaker with the paper strip extending into the alcohol. MAKE SURE THAT THE LEVEL OF THE ALCOHOL IS BELOW THE GREEN LINE ON YOUR PAPER STRIP. IF THE ALCOHOL IS GOING TO COVER THE GREEN LINE, POUR OUT SOME ALCOHOL BEFORE YOU GET THE GREEN LINE WET. 8. Observe as the alcohol gets absorbed and travels up the paper. This may take up to 20 minutes. Do not touch your experiment during this time. 9. Using colored pencils or crayons, DRAW your results. Results Filter paper Use colored pencils or crayons to draw your observations Before paper chromatography After paper chromatography Conclusions 1. How does paper chromatography work in determining if different pigments are present in a leaf? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 10 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 2. Did the leaf you tested contain different pigments? Use your results to support your answer? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Based on what you have learned, explain why leaves tend to change color in the fall. - __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Deepen To further enrich your understanding of the ATP-ADP energy cycle or known as ATP coupling and energy transfer, you are tasked to do the next activity. Your output will be graded using the attached rubric. Activity 4: ATP-ADP CYCLE What you need attached cut outs on the next page, crayons, color pens, scissors, glue, long bond paper What you have to do 1. See attached page for cut outs: Label all the ATP and ADP molecules. LABEL Adenine, Ribose, Phosphate groups (1,2,3) both ATP and ADP molecule with the following colors; COLOR entire ATP- green COLOR energy released- orange COLOR lightning bolt-purple COLOR lone phosphate in ADP-yellow COLOR entire ADP- blue COLOR energy absorbed-red Cut all four images and rearrange them on another sheet of long bond paper showing the ATP-ADP cycle. Start with ATP on the top of the worksheet. Glue the images and then ADD ARROWS to show that this process is a continuous cycle. Give the cycle a title: ATP-ADP Cycle 11 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 2. Work on your output following the rubrics below. Your work will be graded using this rubric: Excellent Criteria Good (7-6) Fair (5-4) Poor (3-1) (10-8) Content is Content is not Content is Content is properly colored properly colored properly properly colored Content and but has more and has more colored and and but has one than one incorrect than one labeled incorrect label label incorrect label Lack neatness Lack neatness Neat but it has Clean, neat and has one and has more one information Presentation and well information with than one with incorrect organized incorrect incorrect placement placement placement 12 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 For the next activity, you are going to incorporate art into science. Science is driven by data, while art is an expression of creativity. Bringing these two together can lead to a deeper understanding of science topics and help you to develop creative problem solving skills. Activity 3. Painting with Chlorophyll What you need 8-10 leaves (spinach leaves or any leaves with lots of extracts), long bond paper, metal spoon What you have to do 1. Fold the paper into half. 2. Press firmly on the leaves between the pages and rub with a metal spoon. Avoid plastic spoons as they break when pressed as firmly as necessary. (balling up the leaves and using them as paintbrushes would be better as you were able to control where the pigment was on the page. 3. You can have a template to paint on or you can draw/sketch choosing your desired theme. 4. You work will be graded using the rubrics of performance below. Criteria Excellent (10- Good (7-6) Fair (5-4) Poor (3-1) 8) Painting Paint is applied Paint is applied Control is Control is skills in a careful in a careful somewhat somewhat manner, colors manner, colors lacking, color lacking, color remain sharp are partially sharpness and sharpness and and texture is sharp and texture are texture are not evident texture is partially evident that evident evident Design/ Applies design Applies design Applies design Did not apply principles (unity, principles principles most of the composition balance, (unity, balance, (unity, balance, design contrast, contrast, contrast, principles in his emphasis etc.) emphasis etc.) emphasis etc.) work with excellent with good skill with fair skill skill 13 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 Gauge Directions: Read and understand each question. Choose the letter of your BEST answer. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. 1. Cells need energy to perform their works. What type of energy is used by the cell? A. Adenosine diphosphate B. Adenosine monophosphate C. Adenosine triphosphate D. All of these 2. Which of the following works is/are performed by the cells? A. Making polymers B. Muscle contractions C. Pumping across membranes D. All of these 3. Which of the following is/are component/s of ATP? A. Nitrogenous base B. Phosphate group C. Ribose sugar D. All of these 4. What happened when ATP is broken down? A. Energy is absorbed B. energy is lost C. Energy is released D. None of these 5. Which of the three phosphate groups bond in ATP contains most of energy? A. First-second B. Second-third C. Both D. None of these 6. When ATP release energy, the molecule that is left after the bond break off is called _________. A. ADP B. AMP C. ATP D. All of these 7. Hydrolysis is the addition of water to ATP breaking the bonds of its phosphate group. What type of chemical reaction is hydrolysis? A. Endergonic reaction B. Exergonic reaction C. Metabolic reaction D. None of these 14 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 8. What happen during the ATP-ADP cycle? A. ATP is synthesized from the chemical energy in glucose B. ATP release energy, turning the molecule into ADP with lesser amount of energy C. ATP are being constantly rebuilt from ADP and lone phosphate group to ensure continuous supply of energy D. All of the above 9. When a cell requires energy, it breaks off the last (3 rd) phosphate group from the ATP molecule, which release energy. This process is called ___________. A. ATP cycle B. ATP decomposition C. ATP synthesis D. All of these 10. What kind of photosynthetic pigment is found in plants and algae that absorbs blue-violet and red spectrum of the visible light? A. Carotene B. Chlorophyll C. Lycopene D. Zeaxanthin 11. What method or technique is use in separating the components of plant pigments? A. Leaf chromatography B. Leaf extraction C. Leaf painting D. None of these 12. The type of pigment can be identified by the specific pattern of wavelengths it absorbs from the visible light. What do we call this portion of the visible light? A. Visible light spectra B. Reflection spectra C. Absorption spectra D. Absorption of light 13. Which of the following statement is TRUE about photosynthetic pigments? A. Many photosynthetic organisms have a mixture of pigments B. Chlorophyll and carotenoids are the two major classes of photosynthetic pigments in plants. C. Each type of pigment can be identified by the specific pattern of wavelength it absorbs from the visible light. D. All of the above 15 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 For nos. 14-15. Refer on the diagram below. 14. Each type of pigment can be identified by the specific pattern of wavelength it absorbs from the visible light. Why plant leaves appear to be green in color? A. Green wavelength is absorbed by plant leaves B. Green wavelength is reflected by plant leaves C. All the wavelength is absorbed by plant leaves D. All the wavelength is reflected by plant leaves 15. Based from the diagram below, which of the following statement is NOT true about the absorption of plant pigments? A. Chlorophyll a absorbs only the red and blue wavelengths B. Chlorophyll b absorbs blue wavelengths better than chlorophyll a C. Chlorophyll a absorbs all the wavelength from the visible light spectrum D. Each type of pigment has an specific pattern of wavelength it absorbs from the visible light 16 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 17 EXPLORE: Activity 3 Leaf Chromatography Results Before paper chromatography- drawing/ observation may vary After paper chromatography- drawing/ observation may vary Conclusions 1. When leaves is placed on a filter paper, the color separates from the sample by placing one end of the paper in the alcohol. 2. Answers may vary. 3. Shorter length of daylight during fall decreasing the plants efficiently in making chlorophyll. GAUGE 1. C 6. A 11. A 2. D 7. B 12. C 3. D 8. D 13. D 4. C 9. B 14. B 5. B 10. B 15. C PRETEST JUMPSTART Activity 1: Knowledge Check 1. A 6. B 2. B 7. A Q1. X 3. C 8. D Q2. Y 4. D 9. B Q3. Z 5. B 10. B Q4. 1 Answer Key References Printed Materials: Department of Education. Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR). (2017) First Edition. Unit III: Energy Transformation General Biology 1(pp.141-157), Pasig City, Philippines. Rea, Maria Angelica D. et.al. (2017) First Edition. General Biology 1(pp 160-161), Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc. Website: ATP-ADP Activity sheet. Teacherspayteachers.com. Retrieved October 19, 2020 from https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/ATP-and-ADP-energy-Cycle- Build-1759940 Leaf Pigment Chromatography Worksheet.Teacherspayteachers.com. Retrieved October 19, 2020 from https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/FreeDownload/Leaf-Pigment- Chromatography-Lab-55084 Leaf Rubbing Art Activity sheet. Aroundthekampfire.com. Retrieved October 19, 2020 from https://aroundthekampfire.com/2019/02/chlorophyll-paintings-plant- science-leaf-rubbing-art-activities.html https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/ATP-and-ADP-energy-Cycle-Build- 1759940?epik=dj0yJnU9WG9WRFQxQkNvMDJKcWEyamJaWkFFRzRVS3RHaXpN R08mcD0wJm49cktrMVZXUzVfRHQtaDNsVmxON2FEZyZ0PUFBQUFBR0ZJbldN Absorption Spectrum Diagram. Retrieved September 20, 2021 from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/ligabs.html 18 LU_General Biology 1_Module8 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – SDO La Union Curriculum Implementation Division Learning Resource Management Section Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500 Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127 Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046 Email Address: [email protected] [email protected] 19 LU_General Biology 1_Module8