Reviewer for Introduction to Computing.docx

**Reviewer for Introduction to Computing (CC101)** **Week 2 Overview** - Focus on **Information Technology (IT)** industries and professions. - Distinction between **traditional IT professions** and **emerging career opportunities**. **Key Topics** **1. IT Industries** - **Definition...

**Reviewer for Introduction to Computing (CC101)** **Week 2 Overview** - Focus on **Information Technology (IT)** industries and professions. - Distinction between **traditional IT professions** and **emerging career opportunities**. **Key Topics** **1. IT Industries** - **Definition**: Sectors focusing on the development, implementation, and management of IT systems and services. - **Key Industries**: - **Software Development**: Creating applications and operating systems. - **Hardware Manufacturing**: Producing physical devices (computers, servers). - **IT Services**: Consulting, support, and managed IT solutions. - **Data Management**: Storage, processing, and analysis of data. - **Telecommunications**: Network infrastructure for communication. - **Cybersecurity**: Protecting systems and data from threats. - **Cloud Computing**: Internet-based computing services. **2. Industries Utilizing IT** - **Finance and Banking**: Online banking, trading systems, risk management. - **Healthcare**: Electronic health records, telemedicine, diagnostic tools. - **Retail**: E-commerce platforms, inventory management, CRM systems. - **Manufacturing**: Automation, supply chain management, quality control. - **Education**: Online learning platforms, virtual classrooms. - **Transportation and Logistics**: Fleet management, route optimization. - **Entertainment and Media**: Content creation, digital distribution. - **Telecommunications**: Network infrastructure and communication services. - **Energy**: Smart grid management, resource monitoring. - **Government**: Public administration, e-governance. **3. Career Opportunities in IT** - **Traditional Professions**: - Software Developer/Engineer - Systems Administrator - Network Administrator - Database Administrator - IT Support Specialist - Systems Analyst - IT Project Manager - Security Analyst/Engineer - Web Developer - Hardware Engineer - **Emerging Roles**: - **Data Scientist/Analyst**: Analyzes complex data sets for decision-making. - **Machine Learning Engineer**: Develops algorithms for predictive modeling. - **AI Specialist**: Manages AI systems (NLP, computer vision). - **Cloud Solutions Architect**: Designs cloud infrastructure. - **Blockchain Developer**: Implements blockchain applications. - **DevOps Engineer**: Integrates development and operations. - **Cybersecurity Analyst/Engineer**: Protects against cyber threats. - **AR/VR Developer**: Creates immersive experiences. - **IoT Solutions Architect**: Designs IoT systems. - **RPA Developer**: Automates business processes. - **Quantum Computing Researcher**: Explores quantum technologies. - **Ethical Hacker/Penetration Tester**: Assesses security vulnerabilities. **Important Concepts** - **Job vs. Profession**: - **Job**: Specific role or position of employment; can be short-term or part-time. - **Profession**: Career field requiring specialized education and training; implies long-term commitment. **Skills Required for Emerging Roles** - **Data Scientist**: Data mining, statistical analysis, programming (Python, R). - **Machine Learning Engineer**: Machine learning frameworks (TensorFlow, PyTorch), programming (Python, Java). - **AI Specialist**: AI algorithms, neural networks, deep learning. - **Cloud Solutions Architect**: Cloud platforms (AWS, Azure), cloud architecture. - **Blockchain Developer**: Blockchain technologies (Ethereum, Hyperledger), programming (Solidity). - **DevOps Engineer**: CI/CD tools (Jenkins), containerization (Docker). - **Cybersecurity Analyst**: Security protocols, ethical hacking. - **AR/VR Developer**: AR/VR platforms (Unity), 3D modeling. - **IoT Solutions Architect**: IoT protocols, embedded systems. - **RPA Developer**: RPA tools (UiPath), process analysis. - **Quantum Computing Researcher**: Quantum algorithms, programming (Qiskit). - **Ethical Hacker**: Vulnerability assessment, penetration testing. **Summary** This week's focus is on understanding the diverse industries that utilize IT and the various career opportunities available within the field. Emphasis is placed on both traditional roles and emerging positions that leverage cutting-edge technologies. Understanding the distinction between jobs and professions is crucial for navigating the IT landscape effectively. **Study Tips** - Review the definitions and examples of each IT industry. - Familiarize yourself with the skills required for emerging roles. - Understand the differences between jobs and professions in the IT context. - Explore real-world applications of IT in various sectors. **WEEK 3** **EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER**\ **CC101 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING**\ At the end of the session, the students should be able to: 1. Identify the **timeline of computers** and its **evolution** all throughout the time. 2. Classify the different **generation of computers**. 3. Enumerate the different **types of computers**. **History of Computer** **Pre-Mechanical Computing**\ From **Counting on fingers** to **pebbles**, to **hash marks on walls**, to **hash marks on bone**, to **hash marks in sand**. **Pre-Mechanical Computing**\ The first development of signs corresponding to spoken, instead of pictures, to express words started in **3100 B.C.** when the **Sumerians** in **Mesopotamia** (Southern Iraq) invented **Cuneiform**. The **Egyptians** used the first **numbering system**. **THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS**\ **The First Calculator: The Abacus** - Popularized by: **Chinese in 3000 BC** - a mechanical device for making calculations consisting of a frame mounted with rods along which beads, or balls are moved The **Abacus** was considered as the first **informative processors**, and was the man's first recorded **adding machine**. **MECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1450 -- 1840)**\ The first **information explosion** started on this age, especially when **Johann Gutenberg** invented the **movable metal-type printing process** in **1450**. **MECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1450 -- 1840)**\ **Blaise Pascal's Pascaline (1645)** - Invented by **Blaise Pascal** between **1642 and 1645**. The 1st **digital calculator**. - a boxed wheel-and-cog device - It could add and subtract by the simple rotation of dials on the machine's face. **MECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1450 -- 1840)**\ **Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz's Stepped Reckoner (1674)** - Invented by **Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz** in **1673** attached a multiplication/division device to Pascal's adding machine first machine that could do subtraction, multiplication, and division easily. **MECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1450 -- 1840)**\ **Jacquard's Loom (1804)** - Invented by **Joseph Marie Jacquard** in **1804** simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask and matelassé controlled by punched cards with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the design. **MECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1450 -- 1840)**\ **Charles Babbage's Engines (1821 / 1837)** - **Charles Babbage** is recognized today as the **Father of Computers** because of his impressive designs for the **Difference Engine** and **Analytical Engine**. **MECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1450 -- 1840)**\ **Charles Babbage's Difference Engine (1821)** - Babbage's inventions were born of the advances in technology that accompanied the **Industrial Revolution**. **MECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1450 -- 1840)**\ **Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine (1837)** - A mechanical adding machine that took information from punch card to solve and print complex mathematical operations. **MECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1450 -- 1840)**\ **Augusta Ada Byron ("Ada Lovelace") -- 1815 -- 1852** - **Ada Lovelace** is considered to be the "first programmer" who wrote her first program for Babbage's difference engine. **ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1840 -- 1940)**\ **Alexander Graham Bell (1876)** - **Alexander Graham Bell** developed the first working **telephone** in **1876** and transmitted his now famous quotation "Watson, come here I want you". **ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1840 -- 1940)**\ **Hollerith's Tabulating Equipment (1890)** - an electrical device designed to assist in summarizing information and, later, accounting - used relays (and solenoids) to increment mechanical counters - **Hollerith** later went on to found the **Tabulating Machine Company**. **ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1840 -- 1940)**\ **ELECTRONIC AGE (1940 - PRESENT)** - In early **1940's** electronic **vacuum tube** was developed by **Lee De Forest**, and this was important during those time because it provides an electrically controlled switch. **ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1840 -- 1940)**\ **The ABC / Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1937 -- 1942)** - The ABC was the first **electronic digital computer**, invented by **John Vincent Atanasoff** in **1937** and was officially released in **1942**. - it processed data in discrete, digital units (the digits 1 and 0). **ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1840 -- 1940)**\ **IBM Harvard MARK I (1944)** - devised by **Howard H. Aiken**, built at **IBM** and shipped to **Harvard** in **February 1944**. - has been described as \"the beginning of the era of the modern computer\". **ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1840 -- 1940)**\ **ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (1946)** - designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the US Army\'s **Ballistic Research Laboratory**. - announced in **1946** as a \"**Giant Brain**\". - **Eckert and Mauchly**. - **University of Pennsylvania**. - Trajectory tables for weapons. - Started **1943** and finished **1946** (Too late for war effort). **ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1840 -- 1940)**\ **ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (1946)** - Used until **1955**. - Decimal (not binary). - 20 accumulators of 10 digits. - Programmed manually by switches. - 18,000 vacuum tubes. - 30 tons. - 15,000 square feet. - 140 kW power consumption and 5,000 additions per second. **ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1840 -- 1940)**\ **The First Stored-Program Computer(s)** - **EDVAC** -- 1940's **Mauchly and Eckert**. - **Manchester Mark I** -- 1948, **Mark Newman**. - **EDSAC** -- first stored-program computer in general use. **ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE COMPUTING (1840 -- 1940)**\ **UNIVAC -- The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use (1951)** - **UNIVAC** or the **Universal Automatic Computer** designed as a commercial data-processing computer. **GENERATION OF COMPUTERS**\ **First Generation -- Vacuum Tubes**\ **GENERATION OF COMPUTERS**\ **Second Generation - Transistors**\ **GENERATION OF COMPUTERS**\ **Third Generation -- Integrated Circuits**\ **GENERATION OF COMPUTERS**\ **Fourth Generation -- Microprocessors** - **Large-Scale Integration (LSI)**. - Contained hundreds to millions of transistors on a tiny chip. - Integrated circuits such as **1K-bit RAMs**, calculator chips, and the first microprocessor. - approaching 10,000 transistors, began to be produced around **1974**, for computer main memories and second-generation microprocessors. **GENERATION OF COMPUTERS**\ **Fifth Generation -- Artificial Intelligence** - A group of related technologies used in an attempt to develop machines to emulate human-like qualities. **TYPES OF COMPUTERS**\ **Microcomputer** - A personal computer; designed to meet the computer needs of an individual. - Provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word processing, photo editing, e-mail, and internet. **TYPES OF COMPUTERS**\ **Desktop Microcomputer** - A microcomputer that fits on a desk and runs on power from an electrical wall outlet. - The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or a horizontal case. - Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) that are each plugged into the computer. **TYPES OF COMPUTERS**\ **Laptop Computer** - A portable, compact computer that can run on an electrical wall outlet or a battery unit. - All components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) are in one compact unit. - Usually more expensive than a comparable desktop. - Sometimes called a **Notebook**. **TYPES OF COMPUTERS**\ **Workstation** - Powerful desktop computer designed for specialized tasks. - Can tackle tasks that require a lot of processing speed. - Can also be an ordinary personal computer attached to a **LAN** (local area network). **TYPES OF COMPUTERS**\ **Supercomputer** - A computer that was the fastest in the world at the time it was constructed. - Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for other computers. - Typical uses include: - Breaking codes - Modeling weather systems. **TYPES OF COMPUTERS**\ **Mainframe Computer** - A large, powerful computer that can process and store massive amounts of data. - Used primarily by large organizations. - Provides centralized storage and processing capabilities for smaller computers. - Often utilized for transactions in banking and finance, airline ticketing, and inventory control. **TYPES OF COMPUTERS**\ **Embedded Computer** - A computer that is built into a product to control it and is usually hidden from view. - Typically performs a specific task within that product. - Examples include: - Microcontrollers in washing machines - Control systems in automobiles. **WEEK 4** **HOW DOES COMPUTER WORKS Part 1**\ **COMPUTER SYSTEM**\ **CC101 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING**\ At the end of the session, the students should be able to: 1. Identify and describe the different **components of a computer system**. 2. Identify the different **parts of computer**. 3. Describe the function of different **computer parts**. - Links the **external environment** with the **computer system**. - Accepts **outside information**. - Converts into **digital signal** suitable for **computation**. - It supplies information and **results of computation** to the **outside world**. - Communicates **data** stored in **memory** or processed **data**. - It provides **space for storing data** and **instructions**. - Space for **intermediate results** and also space for the **final results**. - **Hierarchy of storage devices** or **memory hierarchy**. - **MAGNETIC TAPE** - This tape is a normal magnetic recording which is designed with a slender magnetizable covering on an extended, plastic film of the thin strip. - **MAGNETIC DISK** - is a storage device that uses a magnetization process to write, rewrite and access **data**. It is covered with a **magnetic coating** and stores data in the form of **tracks**, **spots** and **sectors**. - **MAIN MEMORY** - in a computer is called **Random Access Memory**. It is also known as **RAM**. This is the part of the computer that stores **operating system software**, **software applications** and other information for the **central processing unit (CPU)** to have **fast** and **direct access** when needed to perform tasks. - **CACHE MEMORY** - is a small-sized type of **volatile computer memory** that provides **high-speed data access** to a **processor** and stores frequently used **computer programs**, **applications** and **data**. - **REGISTERS** - may hold an **instruction**, a storage address, or any kind of **data** (such as a bit sequence or individual characters). - Also known as **processor** or **microprocessor**. - Responsible for all events inside the **computer**. - Interpret and execute **programs**. **TWO LEADING MANUFACTURER**: - **INTEL** - **AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)** The main operations of the **CPU** include four phases: 1. Fetching **instructions** from the **memory** 2. Decoding the **instructions** to decide what **operations** to be performed 3. Executing the **instructions** 4. Storing the **results** back in the **memory** Is a complete, working **computer**. The **computer system** includes not only the computer, but also any **software** and **peripheral devices** that are necessary to make the computer function. **BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM**: 1. **HARDWARE** 2. **SOFTWARE** 3. **PEOPLEWARE** - **HARDWARE**\ It is best described as a device that is physically connected to your computer or something that can be physically touched. **CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE**: 1. **Input Devices** 2. **Output Devices** 3. **Storage Devices** - **INPUT DEVICE**\ Any device that allows the person to communicate **information** to the **computer** / gives information to the computer system so that it can perform its tasks. **EXAMPLES**: - **Digital Camera** - **Digitizing Tablet** - **Keyboard** - **Microphone** - **Mouse** - **OUTPUT DEVICE**\ Any device can receive **data** from another device and generate **output** with that data, but it cannot send data to another device. **EXAMPLES**: - **Monitor** - **Printer** - **Speaker** - **Projector** - **STORAGE DEVICE**\ Any computing hardware that is used for **storing**, **porting** and **extracting data files** and **objects**. It can hold and store information both temporarily and permanently, and can be **internal** or **external** to a computer, server or any similar computing device. **TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES**: 1. **PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES** 2. **SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES** - **PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES**\ Also called as **main memory**; a **non-volatile**, **temporary** type of storage. **EXAMPLE**: - **RAM** - **ROM** - **PROM** - **EEPROM** - **SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES**\ Also called as **auxiliary memory**, a **volatile**, **permanent** type of storage. **EXAMPLE**: - **Hard Disk Drive** - **Floppy Disk Drive** - **Optical Disk (Compact Disks)** - **Flash drive** - **Memory card** **PARTS OF THE MOTHERBOARD**\ A **motherboard** is one of the most essential parts of a **computer system**. It holds together many of the crucial components of a computer, including the **central processing unit (CPU)**, **memory** and **connectors** for **input** and **output devices**. - It is a connection that allows a computer **processors** to be connected to a **motherboard**. **Connectors** inside your computer that connects the computer **power supply** to an **ATX style motherboard**. A **memory slot**, **memory socket**, or **RAM slot** is what allows computer memory (**RAM**) to be inserted into the computer. Depending on the motherboard, there may be **2 to 4 memory slots** (sometimes more on high-end motherboards) and are what determine the type of **RAM** used with the computer.\ **Dual In-line Memory Module**, **DIMM** is a circuit board that holds memory chips. **DIMMs** have a **64-bit path** because of the **Pentium Processor** requirements. Because of the new bit path, **DIMMs** can be installed one at a time, unlike **SIMMs** on a Pentium that would require two to be added. Below is an example image of a **512MB DIMM** memory stick. - **DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)** - **SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)** - **DDR (Double Data Rate)** for desktop computers and **SODIMM (Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module)** for laptop computers - **SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)** - **Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)** is a standard interface for connecting a motherboard to storage devices such as **hard drives** and **CD-ROM/DVD drives**. - The original **IDE** had a **16-bit interface** that connected two devices to a single-ribbon cable. - **IDE** is also known as **Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA)** or **intelligent drive electronics (IDE)**. - is an integrated circuit that is responsible for communications between the **CPU interface**, **AGP**, and the **memory**. **Northbridge** is directly connected to these components and acts like a \"**bridge**\" for the **Southbridge chip** to communicate with the **CPU**, **RAM**, and **graphics controller**. - The **Southbridge** is an integrated circuit on the motherboard that is responsible for the **hard drive controller**, **I/O controller** and integrated hardware such as **sound card**, **video card** if present on the motherboard, **USB**, **PCI**, **ISA IDE**, **BIOS**, and **Ethernet**.\ It is an advanced port designed for **Video cards** and **3D accelerators**. **AGP** introduces a dedicated point-to-point channel that allows the **graphics controller** direct access the system **memory**. It is used to add **peripherals** to your computer such as **Graphics card**, **Modem**, **additional USB ports**. **WEEK 5-6** **HOW DOES COMPUTER WORKS**\ **COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS: SOFTWARE**\ **CC101 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING**\ At the end of the session, the students should be able to: 1. Discuss the Different Types of **Application Software**. **Software**, in its most general sense, is a set of **instructions** or **programs** instructing a computer to do specific tasks. **Software** is a generic term used to describe **computer programs**. **CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE**: 1. **System Software** 2. **Application Software** Consists of programs designed to facilitate the use of the computer by the user. Any **software** required supporting the production or execution of application programs but which is not specific to any particular application. **EXAMPLES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE**: - **Operating Systems** - **Device Drivers** - **Utility Programs** An **operating system** is the most important **software** that runs on a computer. It manages the computer\'s memory and processes, as well as all of its **software** and **hardware**. **MOST COMMON OPERATING SYSTEMS**: 1. **Microsoft Windows** 2. **MacOS** 3. **Linux** A **device driver** is a program that controls a particular type of device that is attached to your computer. There are **device drivers** for printers, displays, and so on. **Application software** is a term which is used for **software** created for a specific purpose. It is generally a program or collection of programs used by end users. - **Word processing** is the process of creating and editing documents on a computer. - It allows a user to create documents that mimic the format and style of a typical typewriter. - It requires a computer and **word processing software**. - A printer may also be used to create a physical copy of the document. - **Database software** is a software program or utility used for creating, editing and maintaining database files and records. - This type of **software** allows users to store data in the form of structured fields, tables and columns, which can then be retrieved directly and/or through programmatic access. - **Database software** is also known as **database management software (DBMS)**, although these terms are not exact synonyms. - **Spreadsheet software** is a software application capable of organizing, storing and analyzing data in tabular form. - The application can provide digital simulation of paper accounting worksheets. - They can also have multiple interacting sheets with data represented in text, numeric or in graphic form. - **Spreadsheet software** is also known as a **spreadsheet program** or **spreadsheet application**. - A **multimedia program**, **multimedia application**, or any **multimedia software** is **software** that is capable of playing or recording audio files or playing or recording video files. - For example, in our earlier example of a **multimedia thesaurus** that plays audio of famous speeches, it is considered **multimedia software**. - **Presentation software** is a category of application **software** that is specifically designed to allow users to create a presentation of ideas by stringing together text, images and audio/video. - The presentation tells a story or supports speech or the presentation of information. - **Presentation software** is also known as a **presentation program**. - **Enterprise software** is an over-arching term for any **software** used in large organizations (whether business or government). - It is considered to be an essential part of a computer-based **information system**, and it provides business-oriented tools such as online payment processing and automated billing systems. - **Enterprise software** is also referred to as **enterprise application software**. - **Peopleware** refers to the human role in an **IT system**. - The term refers to human talent as a kind of commodified piece of an **IT process** and a key part of providing various technical business models and other planning resources. 1. **Casual user** or **regular user** 2. **Small Office/Home Office (SOHO)** 3. **Power User**