Responses to Colonial Rule in Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia PDF

Responses to Colonial Rule in the Philippines: Spanish and American Periods Responses to Colonial Rule in the Philippines: Spanish Period The Filipinos made use of some cultural elements that the Spaniards brought as a way to demonstrate their sentiments and opposition to colonialism...

Responses to Colonial Rule in the Philippines: Spanish and American Periods Responses to Colonial Rule in the Philippines: Spanish Period The Filipinos made use of some cultural elements that the Spaniards brought as a way to demonstrate their sentiments and opposition to colonialism such as FIESTAS. Passion of Christ - commemoration of Christ’s suffering and sacrifice as part of the the feast during Holy week. Some Filipinos wrote their own version where they expressed sentiments against colonialism. They portrayed Jesus as a victim of political oppression. Kundiman - ballad songs that often sad, melancholy, passionate, and romantic. Songs about unrequited love were used as metaphors about slavery, oppression, and martyrdom by nationalistic heroes. Early Filipino Resistance 1 Sumuroy's Revolt Led by Agustin Sumuroy in Samar from 1649-1650, protesting forced labor that sent men from Samar to shipyards in Cavite. Established his own government but was killed. 2 Dagohoy's Revolt The longest revolt in Philippine history, led by Francisco Dagohoy in Bohol from 1744-1829. The refusal of the Spaniards to give his brother a Christian burial resultad to 85 years of revolt. Early Filipino Resistance 3 Diego Silang His revolt was fueled by grievances stemming from Spanish taxation and abuses.Launched his rebellion in Ilocos and proclaimed its independence with Vigan as its capital. When he was killed, his wife continued the fight. 4 Gabriela Silang She holds the distinction of being the first Filipino woman to lead a revolt during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. Early Filipino Resistance 5 1745-1746 Filipino landowners in Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna revolted because the Spaniards collected lands for themselves. In Lian and Nasugbu, Filipinos burned churches and looted convents. The friars did not want to return the lands to the people. 6 Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule) established his own religious order: Confradia de San Jose or Society of St. Joseph as a response to the refusal of Spanish religious orders to accept Filipinos in their communities. Bandala - the system instituted by Spain in the Philippines whereby the people were forced to sell their produce only to the local government. The Cavite Mutiny and GOMBURZA Cavite Mutiny An uprising in 1872 against Spanish oppression, sparking nationalist sentiment. GOMBURZA Three Filipino priests - Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora - were unjustly executed, fueling calls for reform. Filipinization - was the movement to transfer the administration of parishes to Filipino priests from the hands of the Spanish clergy and the expulsion of the Spanish Friars. Reformist - reforms are needed to improve colonial rule through peaceful means. Revolutionaries- wanted to end the Spanish domination through armed rebellion.  The Propaganda Movement OBJECTIVES - Filipinos to have representation (Spanish Cortes) - make the Philippines a province of Spain. LA SOLIDARIDAD - newspaper published by the propagandists to expose the real situation in the Philippines.  (L-R) Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce Reformists FOUNDERS OF LA SOLIDARIDAD - Jose Rizal - Graciano Lopez Jaena FOUNDERS OF DIARIONG TAGALOG - Mariano Ponce - Marcelo del Pilar  Reformists ASOCIACION HISPANO - FILIPINO - Filipinos and Spaniards who pushed for reforms and Maura Law. MAURA LAW - reforms in education must be anchored on liberalism. Rise of Revolutionary Organizations Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan Founded by Andres Bonifacio, a secret revolutionary society advocating for independence. Magdalo - under Baldomero Aguinaldo Magdiwang - under Mariano Alvarez The Tejeros Convention in 1897 Leaders from various Katipunan factions met to decide on leadership. A republic was established. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president, leading to a split in the revolutionary movement. The Tejeros Convention in 1897 Andres Bonifacio Supremo of the Katipunan), declared the Convention null and void after a member of Magdalo faction questioned his qualifications. Act of Treason - the new government ordered the arrest of Bonifacio and his brother Procopio.  Philippine Independence - June 12, 1898 declared by Emilio Aguinaldo in Cavite at the ancestral home of General Emilio Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite. Responses to Colonial Rule in the Philippines: American Period  Spanish- American War broke out in Cuba. The United States engaged with Filipino revolutionaries led by Aguinaldo, who was in exile in Hong Kong as part of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Aguinaldo accepted the American assistance.  Treaty of Paris Spain ceded ownership of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines to United States. - United States paid Spain $20 million as compensation for infrastructure they built in the colonies.  Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation Americans demonstrated to the Filipinos that they were not conquerors but they wanted to assist in preparing the Philippines for Independence.  Philippine- American War Aguinaldo retreated to Isabela and ordered his troops to fight as guerillas. Reconcentration Act -forced relocation and concentration resulted to hunger and spread of disease.  National Assembly in 1901 Americans introduced the a democratic form of government. Elections were held, allowing Filipinos to hold positions in the government in the lower house. Philippine Tariff Act in 1909 & Underwood-Simmons Act 1913 Laws allowed Philippine products to enter United States duty-free. Responses to Colonial Rule in Indonesia  Arung Palakka Education System - appointed as their overlord - based on the desire to of Sulawesi after develop a labor force that suppressing Makassar with the Dutch can control. the assistance of the Dutch. Anti- Chinese Sentiment Aceh War - the Dutch killed 10,000 - this lasted for more than Chinese. The Dutch thirty-three years (1873 - emerged victorious and 1904) controlled Java. Responses to Colonial Rule in Malaysia The Malay chiefs chose not to challenge the authority of the British. They collaborated with them. The residents made sure to preserve the prestige of the Sultans and were careful in implementing new policies.