Purposive Communication Reviewer PDF

Lesson 1- The Importance of Modern Communication in Our Life Today ================================================================== **Communication** is a transfer of information, thoughts or ideas to create shared understanding between a sender and a receiver. The information may be written or s...

Lesson 1- The Importance of Modern Communication in Our Life Today ================================================================== **Communication** is a transfer of information, thoughts or ideas to create shared understanding between a sender and a receiver. The information may be written or spoken, professional or social, personal or impersonal to name a few possibilities. **THE CONTENT: READ ME** **Definition of Communication** **Communication** - is a process concerning exchange of facts or ideas between persons holding different positions in an organization to achieve mutual harmony. **Two Major Divisions of Communication:** 1. **Verbal Communication**- is the sharing of information between individuals by using speech. 2. **Non-Verbal Communication**- includes gestures, facial expressions, and body positions (known collectively as "body language"), **Types of Nonverbal Communication and Body Language** The many different types of nonverbal communication include: 1. **Facial expression-** The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. 2. **Body movements and posture-** This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements. 3. **Gestures-** Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. 4. **Eye contact**- eye contact is an especially important type of nonverbal communication. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person's interest and response. 5. **Touch-** A person can communicate a great deal through touch. 6. **Space-** You can use physical space to communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy and affection, aggression or dominance. 7. **Voice-** When we speak, other people "read" our voices in addition to listening to our words. **MODELS OF COMMUNICATION** 1. **Linear Model**. It is a one-way model to communicate with others. It consists of the sender encoding a message and channeling it to the receiver in the presence of noise. **Example:** a letter, email, text message, lectures. 2. **Interactive Model**. It is two linear models stacked on top of each other the linear model assumes that there is a clear cut beginning and end to communication. This model has added feedback, indicates that communication is not a one way but a two-way process. It also has "field of experience" which includes our cultural background, ethnicity geographic location, extend of travel, and general personal experiences accumulated over the course of your lifetime. 3. **Transactional Model**. It assumes that people are connected through communication; they engage in transaction. Firstly, it recognizes that each of us is a sender-receiver, not merely a sender or a receiver. Secondly, it recognizes that communication affects all parties involved. So communication is fluid/simultaneous. This is how most conversation are like. The transactional model also contains ellipses that symbolize the communication environment (how you interpret the data that you are given). **Example:** Talking/listening to friends. While your friend is talking you are constantly giving them feedback on what you think through your facial expression verbal feedback without necessarily stopping your friend from talking. 4. **Communication cycle**. The first major model for communication came in 1949 by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories.  Social scientists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements: *An information source, which produces a message, a transmitter, which encodes the message into signals, a channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission, a receiver, which \'decodes\' (reconstructs) the message from the signal, and a destination where the message arrives.* Shannon and Weaver argued ***"that there were three levels of problems for communication within this theory. "*** **Communication Noise.** In any communication model, noise is interference with the decoding of messages sent over a channel by an encoder. **1. Physiological-Impairment Noise**  Physical maladies that prevent effective communication, such as actual deafness or blindness preventing messages from being received as they were intended. **2.   Semantic Noise** This is the different interpretations of the meanings of certain words. **Example**: the word \"**weed**\" can be interpreted as an undesirable plant in a yard, or as a euphemism for marijuana. **3.   Syntactical Noise** Mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, such as abrupt changes in verb tense during a sentence. **  4.   Organizational Noise**  Poorly structured communication can prevent the receiver from accurate interpretation. For example, unclear and badly stated directions can make the receiver even more lost.   **5.   Cultural Noise -** Stereotypical assumptions can cause misunderstandings, such as unintentionally offending a non-Christian person by wishing them a \"Merry Christmas\".  **6.  Psychological Noise:** Certain attitudes can also make communication difficult. For instance, great anger or sadness may cause someone to lose focus on the present moment. **Lesson 2- The Principles of Communication** **Interpersonal communication** is the foundation of human interaction. **THE PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION** **1. Clarity**---The context of communication must be understandable so that the receiver can get the full context of understanding. **2. Attention**- Communication requires that the receiver of message should understand the message. It is possible only when the recipient pays attention to the message being communicated. **3. Consistency-**This principle implies that communication should always be consistent with the plan, objectives, policies and programs of the enterprise. **4. Adequacy-**This principle demands that the information being sent should be adequate and complete in all respects. Incomplete or inadequate information are more dangerous rather to give no communication. **5. Integration**-The main objective of effective communication is to integrate the effort to make the organization strengthen by achieving the common objectives of the organization. Communication is a means to an end, not an end in itself. **6. Timeliness**-The information or ideas must be conveyed at the proper time. Any delay in this respect will serve no purpose except to make them (messages). **7. Informality**-Formal communication channels is very important and useful to the organization but informal communication also plays a dominant role in spreading information. **8. Feedback**-This is the most important principle of an effective communication system. **9. Communication and Networking** -Communication networks refer to the routes through which the communication flows to the destination person for whom it is intended. **10. Economic level**-The communication system must be as economical as possible but not at the cost of the efficiency of the system. ***Communication*** is a two-way process of giving and receiving information through any number of channels, whether one is speaking informally to a colleague, addressing a conference or meeting, writing a newsletter article or formal report. **These are the Basic Principles** 1. Know your audience 2. Know your purpose 3. Know your topic 4. Anticipate objections 5. Present a rounded picture 6. Achieve credibility with your audience 7. Follow through on what you say 8. Communicate a little at a time 9. Present information in several ways 10. Develop a practical, useful way to get feedback 11. Use multiple communication technique. **Environmental Factors on Communication** **Communication** can be influenced by environmental factors that have nothing to do with the content of the message.  Some of these factors are: 1. the nature of the room, how warm it is, smoke, and comfort of the chair 2. outside distractions, what is going on in the area. 3. the reputation/credibility of the speaker/writer. 4. the appearance, style or authority of the speaker. 5. listener\'s education, knowledge of the topic, etc. 6. the language, page layout, design of the message. **The following questions are helpful in organizing technology transfer efforts:** 1. Who are the key people to persuade? 2. Who will make the decisions about innovation and change? 3. What are these decision makers\' past experiences with innovation and change? 4. What are the decision makers\' current attitudes toward innovation and change? Are they neutral, friendly, hostile or apathetic? 5. What is the most appropriate way to approach the decision maker? 6. What are the work styles of the decision makers? Are they highly formal people who want everything in writing and all appointments scheduled in advance? Or are they more flexible, responding favorably to personal telephone calls and informal meetings? 7. What networks or groups is the decision maker a part of? 8. What programs or services will the new innovation improve? 9. What programs or services will the new innovation cause problems with? 10. How will the innovation or change benefit the decision maker? **Principles of Effective Persuasion** In making a formal presentation at a meeting or writing a report or fact sheet, the following principles hold. 1. *Do not oversell or overstate your case.*  Make effective use of understatement. 2. *Outline the topic you are trying to cover into two parts.*  The first part should give broad background information, while the second part provides a detailed summary. 3. *Persuasion depends on clarity and simplicity.*  Avoid the use of jargon and buzz words. 4. *Be prepared to back up claims or facts immediately*. 5. *Incorporate major anticipated objections* into your program or presentation. 6. *Address all relevant aspects of a topic*, especially those that may affect the functioning of an organization. 7. *Use graphics and audiovisuals appropriately.* 8. *Consider ways to get meaningful input from people.*  Find out what they think about the innovation or change. **Selling New Ideas to People** 1. **Creating Is Not Selling -**  To them, conceiving the idea is enough.  This combines with their inner conviction that their idea will \"sell itself.\"  Change agents provide a link between creators of new techniques and users. 2. **Ideas Need Selling **-Someone must recognize when an idea is good.  It is important that when an idea is good it is sold to those who can act on it\--those who have the power to evaluate and adopt it. 3. **Selling Ideas Takes Effort **-Selling innovations requires preparation, initiative, patience, and resourcefulness.  It may take more effort than originating the idea.  4. **Once is Not Enough **-A new idea has to be suggested many times before it will \"catch on.\"  **Feedback (Listening)** Getting and giving feedback is one of the most crucial parts of good communication.  Like any other activity, there are specific skills that can enhance feedback.  **Key Part in Listening to Get Feedback** **1. Listen to the Complete Message**.  Be patient.  This is especially important when listening to a topic that provokes strong opinions or radically different points-of-view.  In these situations, it\'s important not to prejudge the incoming message. **2. Work at Listening Skills.**  Listening is hard work.  Good listeners demonstrate interest and alertness.  They indicate through their eye contact, posture and facial expression that the occasion and the speaker\'s efforts are a matter of concern to them.  **3. Judge the Content, Not the Form of the Message.**  Such things as the speaker\'s mode of dress, quality of voice, delivery mannerisms and physical characteristics are often used as excuses for not listening.  Direct your attention to the message\--what is being said\--and away from the distracting elements. **4. Weigh Emotionally the Charged Language. ** Emotionally charged language often stands in the way of effective listening.  Filter out \"red flag\" words (like \"liberal\" and \"conservative,\" for instance) and the emotions they call up.  **5. Eliminate Distractions. ** Physical distractions and complications seriously impair listening.  These distractions may take many forms: loud noises, stuffy rooms, overcrowded conditions, uncomfortable temperature, bad lighting, etc.  **6. Think Efficiently and Critically. **  One technique is to apply this spare time to analyzing what is being said.  **The Key Concepts on the Significance of Feedback** 1. **Use Verbal Feedback. Even** If Nonverbal Is Positive and Frequent.  Everyone needs reassurance that they are reading nonverbal communication correctly, whether a smile means \"You\'re doing great,\" \"You\'re doing better than most beginners,\" or \"You\'ll catch on eventually.\" 2. **Focus Feedback On Behavior Rather Than On Personality**.  It\'s better to comment on specific behavior than to characterize a pattern of behavior.  3. **Focus Feedback On Description Rather Than Judgment.**  Description tells what happened.  Judgment evaluates what happened.  4. **Make Feedback Specific Rather Than General.**  If feedback is specific, the receiver knows what activity to continue or change.  When feedback is general, the receiver doesn\'t know what to do differently. 5. **In Giving Feedback, Consider the Needs and Abilities of the Receiver.**  Give the amount of information the receiver can use and focus feedback on activities the receiver has control over. 6. **Check to See if the Receiver Heard What You Meant to Say.**  If the information is important enough to send, make sure the person understands it.  7. **Selecting the Best Communication Method** In communicating with decision makers, use the most appropriate communications method.  One way to do this is to ask yourself the following questions. 1. What is the purpose of your message?  Do you plan to tell them something new?  Inform?  Do you plan to change their view?  Persuade? 2. What facts must be presented to achieve your desired effect? 3. What action, if any, do you expect decision makers to take? 4. What general ideas, opinions and conclusions must be stressed? 5. Are you thoroughly familiar with all the important information on the innovation? 6. What resources and constraints affect adoption of the innovation?  How much time is available?  How much money is available? 7. Which method, or combination of methods, will work most effectively for this situation?    Personal contact\--requires scheduling, time and interpersonal skills. **ORAL COMMUNICATION** **Speaking to Communicate** Spoken communication occurs in many different settings during the course of successful innovation and change.  **These are divided into Three Main Types:** 1. The formal and informal networks in which peers exchange information, such as professional associations, work units, work teams, etc. 2. The activities of change agents, opinion leaders, etc. 3. The contacts established at team meetings, conferences, training courses, etc. The use of oral communication is a decision we all make frequently in the course of a workday.  **These are the Guidelines in the Proper Time Use of Oral Communication:** 1. The receiver is not particularly interested in receiving the message.  2. Oral communication provides more opportunity for getting and keeping interest and attention. 3. It is important to get feedback.  It\'s easier to get feedback by observing facial expressions (and other nonverbal behavior) and asking questions. 4. Emotions are high. Oral communication provides more opportunity for both the sender and the receiver to let off steam, cool down, and create a suitable climate for understanding. 5. The receiver is too busy or preoccupied to read. 6. Oral communication provides more opportunity to get attention. 7. The sender wants to persuade or convince.  8. Oral communication provides more flexibility, opportunity for emphasis, chance to listen, and opportunity to remove resistance and change attitudes. 9. When discussion is needed, a complicated subject frequently requires discussion to be sure of understanding. 10. When criticism of the receiver is involved.  Oral communication provides more opportunity to accomplish this without arousing resentment.  Also, oral communication is less threatening because it isn\'t formalized in writing. 11. When the receiver prefers one-to-one contact. **Lesson 4 - Ethics in Communication** **YOUR TREK: THE INTRODUCTION** **Communication** takes place a central position in organizational action, control, coordination, and organizational survival. Communication is said to be the ''***lifeblood of every organization''.*** Communication has an important role in organizational processes, by increasing agreement on organizational ideas, norms, values, behaviors, and goals. **What Is Ethical Communication?** **Ethical communication** is fundamental to thoughtful decision-making and responsible thinking. It is about developing and nurturing relationships and building communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels and media. **Ethical communication** is also accepting responsibility for the messages you convey to others and the short-term or long-term consequences of your communication. **Ten Basics of Ethical Communication:** 1\. Seek to "elicit the best" in communications and interactions with other group members. 2\. Listen when others are speaking 3\. Speak non-judgmentally 4\. Speak from your own experience and perspective, expressing your own thoughts, needs, and feelings 5\. Seek to understand others (rather than to be "right" or "more ethical than thou") 6\. Avoid speaking for others, for example by characterizing what others have said without checking your understanding, or by universalizing your opinions, beliefs, values, and conclusions, assuming everyone shares them 7\. Manage your own personal boundaries: share only what you are comfortable sharing. 8\. Respect the personal boundaries of others 9\. Avoid interrupting and side conversations 10\. Make sure that everyone has time to speak, that all members have relatively equal "air time" if they want it. **The Key Principles of Ethical Communication** It is a commonplace these days to hear about a ***company\'s code of ethics,*** but ethical communication is often not addressed in the discussion, even though it is a critical element of the company\'s success. Communication is vital in any relationship, but especially when your business relies on its leadership to deliver clear and consistent information to the workforce. **Ethical Communication in the Workplace** Communication in the workplace occurs at all levels; supervisor to employee, manager to supervisor and executives to employees -- one-on-one and in group settings. **Chapter 2- Lesson 4- The Research Process** **Definition of Research** **Research** is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data Good research is a careful and critical, disciplined-inquiry with various methods and technique in identifying the problems (**Good,1972).** **Research** is conducted to evaluate the validity of a hypothesis or an interpretive framework; to assemble a body of substantive knowledge and findings for sharing them in appropriate manners. **Research** is the process of discovering new knowledge. The use of ***"systematic investigation"*** in the formal definition represents how research is normally conducted -- a hypothesis is formed, appropriate research methods are designed, data is collected and analyzed, and research results are summarized into one or more ***"research conclusions"***. **What is the Purpose of Research?** - Researchers are constantly trying to find new ways to understand the world and how things work -- with the ultimate goal of improving our lives. - The purpose of research is therefore to find out what is known, what is not and what we can develop further. - The purpose of research is to further understand the world and to learn how this knowledge can be applied to better everyday life. It is an integral part of problem solving. **Purpose of Research** Three Main Purposes of Research: 1. **Exploratory: **Exploratory research is the first research to be conducted around a problem that has not yet been clearly defined. It aims to gain a better understanding of the exact nature of the problem and not to provide a conclusive answer to the problem itself. 2. **Descriptive:** Descriptive research expands knowledge of a research problem or phenomenon by describing it according to its characteristics and population. Descriptive research focuses on the 'how' and 'what', but not on the 'why'. 3. **Explanatory: **Explanatory research, also referred to as casual research, is conducted to determine how variables interact, i.e. to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Explanatory research deals with the 'why' of research questions and is therefore often based on experiments. **Characteristics of Research** There are Eight core characteristics of Research by Best and Kahn (1989), to wit: 1. **Empirical **-- based on proven scientific methods derived from real-life observations and experiments. 2. **Logical **-- follows sequential procedures based on valid principles. 3. **Cyclic **-- research begins with a question and ends with a question, i.e. research should lead to a new line of questioning. 4. **Controlled **-- vigorous measures put into place to keep all variables constant, except those under investigation. 5. **Hypothesis-based** -- the research design generates data that sufficiently meets the research objectives and can prove or disprove the hypothesis. It makes the research study repeatable and gives credibility to the results. 6. **Analytical **-- data is generated, recorded and analyzed using proven techniques to ensure high accuracy and repeatability while minimizing potential errors and anomalies. 7. **Objective **-- sound judgement is used by the researcher to ensure that the research findings are valid. 8. **Statistical treatment** -- statistical treatment is used to transform the available data into something more meaningful from which knowledge can be gained. **Types of Research** 1. Research can be divided into two main types: basic research (also known as pure research) and applied research. 2. Basic Research- Basic research, also known as pure research, is an original investigation into the reasons behind a process, phenomenon or particular event. It focuses on generating knowledge around existing basic principles. 3. Basic research is generally considered 'non-commercial research' because it does not focus on solving practical problems, and has no immediate benefit or ways it can be applied. - **Methods of Research-** Research methods for data collection fall into one of two categories: inductive methods or deductive methods. Inductive research methods focus on the analysis of an observation and are usually associated with qualitative research. Deductive research methods focus on the verification of an observation and are typically associated with quantitative research. - **Qualitative Research-** Qualitative research is a method that enables non-numerical data collection through open-ended methods such as [interviews, case studies and focus groups](https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/red/rd/research-methods-and-methodologies/qualitative-methods). It enables researchers to collect data on personal experiences, feelings or behaviors, as well as the reasons behind them. - **Quantitative Research -** Quantitative research is a method that collects and analyses numerical data through statistical analysis. It allows the researchers to quantify variables, uncover relationships, and make generalizations across a larger population. **What does Research Involve?** Research often follows a systematic approach known as a Scientific Method, which is carried out using an hourglass model. A research project first starts with a problem statement, or rather, the research purpose for engaging in the study. This can take the form of the '[scope of the study](https://www.discoverphds.com/blog/scope-of-the-study)' or '[aims and objectives](https://www.discoverphds.com/advice/doing/research-aims-and-objectives)' of your research topic. **Two Major Types of Research** 1. **Basic Research**- is the type of research that will be implemented or conducted in knowing the context of a certain issues or problems and this is designed to add knowledge and understanding without specific or direct goals (Graziano and Raulin ,2000). 2. **Applied Research-** is the type of research that will acquire knowledge for practical purposes. The purpose of this research is to apply, evaluate the usage in a certain problem (Gay, 1976). **Chapter 4-Lesson 1- The Strategies for Effective Cross-Cultural Communication within the Workplace** **Introduction** **Culture is a way of thinking and living whereby one picks up a set of attitudes, values, norms and beliefs that are taught and reinforced by other members in the group.** **THE CONTENT, READ ME** **Cross cultural communication - refers to the communication between people who have differences in any one of the following: styles of working, age, nationality, ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, etc. Cross cultural communication can also refer to the attempts that are made to exchange, negotiate and mediate cultural differences by means of language, gestures and body language.** **Laray Barna's Sources of Miscommunication in Cross Cultural Exchanges** **1. Assumption of similarities - This refers to our tendency to think how we behave and act is the universally accepted rule of behavior. When someone differs, we have a negative view of them.** **2. Language Differences -Problems occur when there is an inability to understand what the other is saying because different languages are being spoken. Talking the same language itself can sometimes lead to discrepancies as some words have different meanings in various contexts, countries or cultures.** **3. Nonverbal Misinterpretation -The way we dress, the way we express ourselves through our body language, eye contact and gestures also communicates something. A simple gesture like nodding the head is considered to be YES in certain cultures and NO in others.** **4. Preconceptions and Stereotypes- Stereotypes involves putting people into pre-defined slots based on our image of how we think they are or should be. It may consist of a set of characteristics that we assume that all members of a group share. This may be true or may be false. But stereotypes may lead to wrongful expectations and notions. A preconceived opinion of another can lead to bias and discrimination.** **5. Tendency to evaluate - Humans tend to make sense of the behavior and communication of others by analyzing them from one's own cultural point of view without taking into consideration why the other person is behaving or communicating a certain way.** **6. High anxiety - Sometimes being confronted with a different cultural perspective will create an anxious state in an individual who does not know how to act or behave and what is considered to be appropriate (For example: A Japanese man and an American having a business meeting where both are unsure of the other's cultural norms).** **Tips for Today's World Simplified Best Way to Promote Effective Communication:** **1. Keep an open mind** **2. Have at least some knowledge of people's cultural backgrounds** **3. Practice active listening** **4. Watch your nonverbal communication** **5. Maintain a personal touch** **The Importance of Good Communication in the Workplace** **Good communication is an essential tool in achieving productivity and maintaining strong working relationships at all levels of an organization.** **Poor communication in the workplace will inevitably lead to unmotivated staff that may begin to question their own confidence in their abilities and inevitably in the organization.** **The importance of strong communication runs deep within a business. Here are The Five Key Reasons One should be Paying Attention:** **1. Team building -- Building effective teams is really all about how those team members communicate and collaborate together. By implementing effective strategies, such as those listed below, to boost communication you will go a long way toward building effective teams. This, in turn, will improve morale and employee satisfaction.** **2. Gives everyone a voice -- As mentioned above, employee satisfaction can rely a lot on their having a voice and being listened to, whether it be in regards to an idea they have had or about a complaint they need to make. Well established lines of communication should afford everyone, no matter their level, the ability to freely communicate with their peers, colleagues and superiors.** **3. Innovation -- Where employees are enabled to openly communicate ideas without fear of ridicule or retribution they are far more likely to bring their idea to the table. Innovation relies heavily on this and an organization which encourages communication is far more likely to be an innovative one.** **4. Growth -- Communication can be viewed both internally and externally. By being joined up internally and having strong lines of communication you are ensuring that the message you are delivering externally is consistent. Any growth project relies on strong communication and on all stakeholders, whether internal or external, being on the same wavelength.** **5. Strong management -- When managers are strong communicators, they are better able to manage their teams. The delegation of tasks, conflict management, motivation and relationship building (all key responsibilities of any manager) are all much easier when you are a strong communicator. Strong communication is not just the ability to speak to people but to empower them to speak to each other -- facilitating strong communication channels is key. In 40 years of recruitment experience, one can understood the value of good communication.** **Below are the outlined some of the key areas where organizations can improve and enhance communication between their teams.** **1. Define goals and expectations -- Managers need to deliver clear, achievable goals to both teams and individuals, outlining exactly what is required on any given project, and ensuring that all staff are aware of the objectives of the project, the department and the organization as a whole.** **2. Clearly deliver your message -- Ensure your message is clear and accessible to your intended audience. To do this it is essential that you speak plainly and politely -- getting your message across clearly without causing confusion or offence.** **3. Choose your medium carefully -- Once you've created your message you need to ensure it's delivered in the best possible format. While face-to-face communication is by far the best way to build trust with employees, it is not always an option. Take time to decide whether information delivered in a printed copy would work better than an email or if a general memo will suffice.** **4. Keep everyone involved -- Ensure that lines of communication are kept open at all times. Actively seek and encourage progress reports and project updates. This is particularly important when dealing with remote staff.** **5. Listen and show empathy -- Communication is a two-way process and no company or individual will survive long if it doesn't listen and encourage dialogue with the other party. Listening shows respect and allows you to learn about any outstanding issues you may need to address as an employer.** **Chapter 5-Lesson 1-The Impact of Globalization in Communication Skills Development** **What Is Globalization?** **Globalization** is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across national borders and cultures. In economic terms, it describes an interdependence of nations around the globe fostered through free trade. **Globalization motives** are idealistic, as well as opportunistic, but the development of a global free market has benefited large corporations based in the Western world. THE CONTENT: READ ME **The Impact of Globalization on Cross-Cultural Communication** **Communication skills development** has always been an important factor of success in business, but the influence of globalization and cross-cultural interaction in recent decades has. **Cultural awareness** is making proper responses to behaviors and norms exhibited by people from outside of one's own culture. **Cultural awareness** becomes essential when people have to interact with people from other cultures. People see, interpret and evaluate things in different ways. What is considered a right way of doing things in a culture is not usual in another one, and vice versa. 1\. **The Awareness of Cultural Sensitivity-** If people do not have cultural sensitivity awareness, this would misinterpret and misunderstand other people's different deed. A misinterpretation comes when the people lack awareness of their own behavioral rules and show them to others. Becoming aware of the cultural dynamics is difficult task because culture is not conscious to us. 2\. **The Cultural Knowledge** - If one will go to abroad they will not only get to know about the culture of the country they settled, but they will also live with different people's culture who come to volunteer or work like you from many parts of the world. Increased knowledge and better understanding of cultures is a basic thing towards development of your cultural awareness. 3\. **Communication**-One of the challenges that people will face in going to abroad for work is "the communication problem". They need to understand a local culture and perhaps learn some words to possibly communicate better with each other. 4\. **Appreciating Differences**-There are differences in values, beliefs, interests, ethnicity, age, religion, gender, among people. The fact that accepting there are differences and valuing them is another thing you get when you are in a multicultural environment that will shape you to become someone with an advanced level of cultural awareness. 5\. **Self-Awareness** - Even after developing all the other above core parts of Cultural Awareness it is hard to understand everything in our dynamic and vast multicultural working environment. 6\. **Gender Equality**- also known as "sexes equality", is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision- making; and state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations, and needs. **Culture affects communication in the daily life** **Cross Cultural Communication** is extremely important in today's fast-growing and globalized world. **Globalization affects how people communicate** ***Globalization*** widens the circle and people can communicate with others around the world. Hence, technology and internet help a lot in communication these days. However, since people can just communicate with through social media or other platforms like e-mail, it makes us lack of communication skills especially when we talk with people face to face. Someone can be excellent when communicating with other people in social media but when meeting others in real life, he or she may not be as good as in social media or Internet. In today's world, since when using platform to communicate and we cannot see the person that we are communicating, we might misunderstand what he or she trying to say. In this case, the use of "emoji" helps a lot because it can express someone's feelings. **The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication** 1\. **Increased Business Opportunities**- Many companies today hire employees that are located in other countries. Using communication vehicles such as video calling makes it simple to converse with colleagues across the globe, almost making it feel as if they are in the same room. With this kind of communication technology, many businesses are able to take advantage of opportunities in different countries or cities, improving the economic outlook on a global level. 2\. **Fewer Cultural Barriers**- Many people perceive that culture is the root of communication challenges. When people from two different cultures try to exchange information, the way they speak, their body language. 3\. **Creation of a Global Village** - One heard of the phrase \"global village,\" coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan. Affected both by globalization and global communication, the global village is created when distance and isolation no longer matter because people are connected by technology. Wide-spread telephone and internet access have been life-changing for many people across the world, especially those in developing countries. 4\. **Virtual Interactions**-Globalization has introduced virtual communication and collaboration as a major part of workplace dynamics. Modern entrepreneurs need to understand the strengths and limitations of different communications media, and how to use each medium to maximum effect. 5\. **Cultural Awareness in Speech** - The need for cultural awareness is a major impact of globalization on the required skill set of effective communicators, resulting in the evolution of communication skills development programs. Modern entrepreneurs and employees need the ability to catch subtle nuances of people\'s manner of speech when communicating across cultures. Even when two people are speaking the same language, cultural differences can affect vocabulary, colloquial expressions, voice tone and taboo topics. In Japanese business culture, for example, it can be considered rude to ask personal questions in an initial business meeting. In the U.S., on the other hand, asking personal questions and sharing personal information can display warmth and openness. American and Japanese businesspeople who understand this about each other can communicate in ways that resonate more effectively with each other. 6\. **Cultural Awareness in Body Language** - Awareness of cultural differences in body language can be just as important as the nuances of speech. 7\. **Time Differences**- The advent of global collaboration introduces another new dynamic to communication skills \-- the need to communicate and share information with people across several time zones. When people collaborate with others on the other side of the globe, their counterparts are usually at home asleep while they themselves are at work. **Chapter 5-Lesson 2 Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings** **Tips for organizations that face the challenge of cultural complexity:** 1\. Prepare everyone. Identify the characteristics of people in your work place to keep everyone informed of cultures and mores, highlighting sensitive issues. 2\. Use simple language. Be aware of word choices. 3\. Be tolerant of non-native English speakers. Have someone review their correspondence for editing. Clarify matters after meetings to ascertain announcements and instructions are understood. For this purpose, send an e-mail on important matters discussed at a meeting. 4\. Keep temper in check during stressful moments. Check on the implications of one's words and actions before responding. 5\. Practice sensible tolerance. Managers should aim to interact with the non-native English speakers in their team. Reasonable deadlines for tasks must be given for everyone to keep up. **Cross-cultural issues** will not always be a hindrance, in fact they can many a time be a force for positive creativity, but as and when a clash of cultures occur it has a negative impact, especially within a team. Although English may always be the language of the office and it does not mean everyone is totally confident in its use. Also bear in mind they may not appreciate the language to the same degree as a native speaker. Non-native English speakers may be more reluctant to express themselves freely. This might interfere with the ability of team members to offer their maximum contribution. 1\. Non-native speakers may not always be able to express themselves in the manner they intended. 2\. Words can be misused, given the wrong emphasis or statements can come across as rude. Some cultures rely heavily on the use of body language and gestures. When non-verbal signals are being given they will not be picked up on by others. Also their communication style may be inhibited when the meetings are conducted virtually. 3\. Different cultures approach conflict and disagreement in sometimes very contrasting ways. Some cultures accept that conflict occurs in the natural order of things and that when it does; it needs to be addressed in a direct and upfront manner. 4\. Other cultures however are uncomfortable with open disagreement and will do their best to avoid it in order to save face and not put people in uncomfortable positions. They may withdraw or withhold their opinion if someone strongly disagrees rather that confront another person. It is important for a team to define the way it wishes to handle conflict and disagreement. However, even after a process has been defined for managing conflict, it is important to bear in mind that cultural values are difficult to change. Note: People from cultures where harmony is more important will still not be totally comfortable dealing with conflict and confrontation. What is key is that all parties are aware of such differences and sensitive to ways of dealing with conflict. **The Principles of Culture and Communication and Impact to Multicultural Global Teams** **Every culture or society** has its own understanding of gender relations and acts according to them. What is acceptable in one culture may offend in the other. This may play a role on a team to some degree, especially when two ends of the spectrum are represented in a team.