oral communication review.pdf

lights, spam and pop-up ads, extreme THE NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF temperatures and crowded conditions e.g. construction activi...

lights, spam and pop-up ads, extreme THE NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF temperatures and crowded conditions e.g. construction activity COMMUNICATION barking dogs COR 1 (ORAL COMMUNICATION) loud music Session 1.1 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester air conditioners airplanes COMMUNICATION noisy conflict nearby Latin word: “communis” which means Psychological Noise “common”. refers to the qualities in us that affect how Not dependent on words but also uses body we communicate and interpret others language. e.g. worries about money Rogers (1996 – 2000) crushing deadlines Defined communication as a “process in which the presence of other people participants create information with one inside a room another to reach mutual understanding”. tight daily schedule Gerbner (1967) biases related to the speaker or Defined communication as a “social interaction the content through messages”. Physiological Noise Berelson & Steiner (1964) is a distraction caused by hunger, fatigue, Defined communication as “the transmission headaches, medication and other factors that of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc. by affect how we feel and think. the use of symbols – words. Pictures, figures, e.g. feeling ill graphs, etc.” having a headache Cronkhite (1976) growling stomach “Human communication has occurred when a room is too cold or too hot human being responds to a symbol”. Semantic Noise Wood (2004) exist when words themselves are not Describes communication as a dynamic, mutually understood. systematic, or contextual, irreversible and e.g. special jargon proactive process in which communicators unique word usage construct personal meanings through their mispronunciation symbolic interactionism. euphemism Ang (2004) phrases from foreign language Posits that communication is “the transmission of messages via verbal and non-verbal cues.” Example: At a thrift store Elements of Communication Process Stimulus Erika: Hi, miss. This one has no tag. How much does an idea or concept that the sender has and this dress cost? would like to convey Cashier: Oh, that would be 280 pesos. Sender Erika: I see. I’ll take it then. encodes the message by putting it into words Erika then hands over 220 pesos to the cashier. and then expresses the ideas in proper Cashier: Ah, miss, this isn’t enough. You still need to sequence give me 60 pesos more. Receiver Erika: Oh! It’s 280. I thought you said the dress was accepts and decodes the message; 218 pesos. My bad. Here’s 60 pesos. chooses whether to respond Feedback This is an example of semantic noise. Erika given by the receiver when responding to the misheard the price of the dress that is why she message handed 220 pesos. Noise The Communication Process causes breakdown in the communication process; any barrier or hindrance that obstructs the understanding of the message Types of Communication Noise Physical Noise is interference in our environments, such as noises made by others, overly dim or bright COMMUNICATION MODELS COR 1 (ORAL COMMUNICATION) Session 1.2 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester Quick Review Nature and Elements of Communication Question Answer It is the transmission of ideas, thoughts, feelings from What is Communication? one person to another. He describes communication as ever dynamic or changing because every human has its different symbolic interaction. According to Wood (2004), what is Communication? Symbolic interaction – we put meaning to everything that we see. What are the elements in the Process of Stimulus, sender, receiver, feedback, and noise. Communication? It is the idea or concept that a sender would like to What do we mean by stimulus? convey. Noise is the element in communication that causes Noise is one of the elements in the communication breakdown or a hindrance in the communication process, the question is… what is noise and what process. The four types are: physical noise, are the Types of Communication Noise? psychological noise, physiological noise and semantic noise. It is the interference in our environment. For example: What do we mean by Physical Noise? construction activity, barking dogs, or a noisy conflict nearby. It is a distraction caused by hunger, fatigue, headaches What is Physiological Noise? and any other factors that affects how we feel and think. Qualities in us that affect how we interact and interpret What is Psychological Noise? others. For example: stress, worries about money, and a tight daily schedule. It exists when words themselves are not mutually What is Semantic Noise? understood. For example: mispronunciation, foreign languages, and unique word usage.  First, we have the sender. The sender will initiate a topic or a concept [stimulus – idea]. That sender will encode or transform his or her thoughts to form a message. That message will be delivered through the use of your medium [channel/means of communication]. Since you Explain the Process of Communication during the have delivered your message by the use of your Transmission Phase. medium or channel, that’s the time the receiver will now decode [analyze/interpret] your message. After the receiver decodes the message that is the time, he/she will give feedback and be the sender. [The receiver will now be the sender]. Process your thoughts or stimulus [idea] to form a What do you mean by encoding? message. What is Medium? Medium is the channel or the means of communication. Through chats, through texts, through emails > different models have different perspectives in a communication process. What is the essence of having a communication model? Our communication model is also used to understand how the receiver will interpret the message. Aristotelian Model Are you familiar with Aristotle? He is a Greek philosopher and a student of Plato. Simplest model – [Aristotelian Model is the simplest model because it is a linear process without the concept of feedback. The speaker speaks and you, as the audience, will only listen.] Communication was viewed as a one way or linear process where the speaker speaks and the listener only listens. Developed among the Greeks in Ancient times. First model of communication and was proposed before 300 B.C Shows only one passive receiver. This model was highly used to develop public speaking skills and create propaganda. As you can see in the picture, we have the speaker, speech, occasion, audience, and effect. This has no concept of feedback. Aristotelian Model of Communication 1. Speaker. The source of the message. 2. Speech. Message from the speaker. 3. Occasion. Is the event. 4. Audience. The receiver of the delivered speech or message. 5. Effect. When the speech is delivered it will have an effect on the audience. The best example for this model is a public speaking activity. In a public speaking setting, there is only one speaker who will deliver his/her speech to the audience [the occasion is all about: campaign speech for an election campaign]. The speaker here will deliver a message to its audience and the delivered speech will have an effect on the audience. [Example situation: You are a candidate for an upcoming election and you will be having your campaign speech, and then, your message will have an effect on the people and it is up to them if they will vote for you depending on how effective your message is to them. If your advocacy is worth voting for, the effect will be >> the citizens will vote for you]. Example #2: State of the Nation Address or SONA – the citizens will only listen to the message of the president. Example #3: A politician [speaker] gives a speech to get votes from the civilians [audience] at the time of the election [occasion]. The civilians only vote if they are influenced by the things the politician says in his/her speech [effect]. Criticisms of Aristotelian Model of Communication: 1. There is no concept of feedback. 2. There is no concept of communication failure like noise and barriers. 3. This model can only be used in public speaking. One-way process Two-way process means there is only one who speaks and you, means a conversation between two people as the audience, will only listen Review The Aristotelian Model is the simplest model because there is no concept of feedback and is only a one-way process or linear. speaker, speech, occasion, audience, and effect Laswell’s Model of Communication The earliest model of communication Developed by Harold Laswell It is based on the effect of the sender’s message on the receiver. There is no feedback for the message. WHO says WHAT to WHOM through WHICH channel with WHAT EFFECT? In this model you will just have to memorize the following questions. [Who says? What? To whom? In which channel? With what effect?] The same with the Aristotelian Model, there is no feedback and still a one-way process. Difference between Aristotelian and Laswell’s Model of Communication Aristotelian’s Model talks about the occasion or with Laswell’s Model is all about the medium or in which which event. channel of the communication, not the occasion. Criticisms of Laswell’s Model of Communication: 1. There is no feedback for the message. 2. It is very linear in nature. 3. It presents communication as more of a persuasive process rather than an informative process as the focus is on the effect that the communication causes on the receiver. Shannon and Weaver’s Model (1949)  This includes noise or interference that distorts understanding between the speaker and the listener. This model takes communication as a two-way process. “Mother of all models”. Levels of Communication Problems There are three levels of problems of communication according to Shannon Weaver. They are: Three Levels of Problems of Communication – Shannon & Weaver Technical Problem How a channel causes a problem Is the meaning of the message sent and received very Semantic Problem different? Effectiveness Problem How effectively does the message cause a reaction? Criticisms of Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication: 1. It can be applied more for interpersonal communication than group communication and mass communication. 2. Receiver plays the passive part in the communication process as sender plays the primary role that sends messages. 3. Feedback is taken as less important in comparison to the messages sent by the sender. Schramm and Wood’s Model of Communication It is a more interactive model and it is also known as a convergence model. This includes noise or interference that distorts understanding between the speaker and the listener. This model takes communication as a two-way process. Components of Interactive Model Encoder-source-decoder: The person who originates a message is the source Message: Message is the information during the interaction. The decoder forms a second message after receiving Feedback: the first which is known as feedback. Field of experience is the experience and knowledge Field of Experience: that the source possesses which affects the message formation and interpretation.  Criticisms of Schramm and Wood’s Model of Communication: 1. Feedback is not simultaneous and can take a long time as this model is mostly used for the internet. 2. Communication is not taken as dynamic. It predicts communication to follow the same pattern always. Berlo’s Model of Communication Developed by David Berlo. It focuses on the speaker and receiver’s knowledge, attitudes, sociocultural and communication skills. It has four components to describe the communication process. They are sender, message, channel, and receiver. Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication: I. SOURCE: The source is situated where the message originates. Communication Skills. It is the skill of the individual to communicate. Attitudes. This includes attitudes towards the audience, subject and towards oneself. Knowledge. Communicating also means that the person needs to be knowledgeable about the subject or topic. Social System. The social system includes the various aspects of society like values, beliefs, culture, religion and a general understanding of society. Culture. Culture of a particular society also comes under the social system. COMMUNICATION MODEL COR 1 (ORAL COMMUNICATION) Session 1.3 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester COMMUNICATION MODEL This model was highly used to develop public speaking skills and create propaganda. Communication models are systematic ○ Highly used in public speaking or representations of the process which helps in creating propaganda. understanding how communication works can Feedback is not part of the process be done. Each model offers a different perspective on Example: A politician (speaker) gives a speech to get the communication process. votes from the civilians (audience) at the time of It is also used to understand how the election (occasion). The civilians only vote if they are receivers will interpret the message. influenced by the things the politician says in his speech. (effect) ARISTOTELIAN MODEL Politician: speaker; civilians: audience; time of election: occasion; effect: civilians only vote if Simplest model they are influenced by the things a politician Developed among the Greeks in Ancient times says in his speech. First model of communication and was This model is focused on the speaker alone. proposed before 300 B.C Linear or one-way-process of communication: Communication was viewed as a one-way or no concept of feedback. linear process where the speaker speaks and the listener listens. Criticisms of Aristotle’s Model of Communication ○ Focuses on the speaker 1. There is no concept of feedback, it is one way Shows only a passive receiver from speaker to audience.  One-way-process of communication: process as the focus is on the effect that the No concept of feedback communication causes on the receiver. 2. There is no concept of communication failure The focus of this model is more on the like noise and barriers. effect. 3. This model can only be used in public speaking. SHANNON AND WEAVER’S MODEL (1949) Can only be used in public speaking. This includes noise or interference that distorts LASWELL’S MODEL understanding between the speaker and the listener. The earliest model of communication This model takes communication as a two-way Developed by Harold Laswell process. It is based on the effect of the sender’s “Mother of all models” message on the receiver. There is no feedback for the message. It is known as the “mother of all models” because of WHO says WHAT to WHOM through WHICH its wide popularity. The model is also known as channel with WHAT EFFECT? ‘information theory’ or the ‘Shannon theory’. ○ WHO: communicator; The model's primary value is in explaining how ○ says WHAT: the message; messages are lost and distorted in the process of ○ to WHOM; communication. ○ through WHICH channel: mediums of We have the sender, encoder, channel, communication (talking, phones, decoder and receiver. messenger, messages, telephone call) Are sender and encoder the same? In this ○ with WHAT EFFECT? model, the sender is the information source or the person itself. The encoder talks about the Aristotelean and Laswell’s model of communication are technology or a gadget that will encode the quite the same because both have no concept of message. feedback. But in Laswell’s model, we have the effect Transmitter: technology of the message given by the sender. Linear but also focuses not on the speaker Example: Mag send ka ng message, you here is the alone but also in the effect of the public sender and your phone is the encoder of your message to the audience message (the one who translates and encode the message to form it into words) Example: CNN NEWS Decoder: If you have a text mate; the decoder A water leak from Japan’s tsunami-crippled nuclear would be your text mate’s phone or gadget. power station resulted in about 100 times the permitted Receiver: the person who will receive the level of radioactive material flowing into the sea, message operator Tokyo Electric Power Co said on Saturday. Since it has feedback, we consider this model as a two-way-process. Who: TEPC Operator Noise is present. What: Radioactive material flowing into sea Channel: CNN NEWS (Television medium) Example: Whom: Public A businessman sends a message via phone text to his Effect: Alert the people of Japan from the radiation. worker about a meeting happening about their brand promotion. The worker does not receive the full Criticisms of Laswell’s Model of Communication message because of noise. It goes like this: 1. There is no feedback for the message. Businessman: We have a meeting at the office 2. It is very linear in nature. (“at 8 am” goes missing due to phone network If the message has no feedback, we disruption or noise) consider that one as linear or Worker (feedback): At what time? one-way-process of communication but if there is feedback, we call that Sender: Businessman (information source) model as a two-way-process of Encoder: Telephone network company (kung ano man communication (vice versa, giving of ang ginamatin ni businessman to compose his feedback or response to each other) message) 3. It presents communication as more of a Channel: Mobile network persuasive process rather than an informative Noise: Missing text due to disruption Decoder: Mobile phone (of the receiver) Receiver: Worker The “convergence model,” as it is known, describes communication, not as an event but a process. The LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS sender and receiver engage in interpretation and response toward the goal of mutual understanding.... There are three levels of problems of communication Meaning is something that gets worked out by the according to Shannon Weaver. They are: sender and receiver. 1. Technical problem – How a channel causes a Source’s field of experience and receiver’s problem field of experience occurs when there is a missing text that was received by the receiver What is Field of Experience? That is the beliefs, values, experiences, or 2. Semantic problem – Is the meaning of culture that the sender or receiver has. message sent and received very different. It can affect how we perceive the message. the meaning of message sent and received very different, all about For example, you have a friend with a different culture words. Example, mag ask si worker or belief, then, when you receive a message coming dun sa example kanina kasi may from that person maiiba yung pagkaintindi mo because missing or kulang sa text, iba na yung you have different field of experience. message. Convergence model: considered communication not 3. Effectiveness problem – How effectively just an event but as a process. does the message cause reaction This is a two-way-process because it has the if you receive an incomplete message, concept of feedback. you cannot grasp or understand the message because of the semantic COMPONENTS OF INTERACTIVE MODEL problem. 1. Encoder; Source; Decoder: The person who Criticisms of Shannon- Weaver Model originates a message is the source. 1. It can be applied more for interpersonal 2. Message: Message is the information sent communication than group communication during the interaction. and mass communication. 3. Feedback: The decoder forms a second When we say interpersonal message after receiving the first which is communication: it happens between known as feedback. two or three people/you have a 4. Field of Experience: Field of experience is dialogue with your friend. the experience and knowledge that the source Intrapersonal: communication within possesses which affects the message oneself: for example, nag se-self talk formation and interpretation. ka; Group communication: 5 or more; Mass communication: can reach Criticisms of Schramm and Wood’s Model of hundreds of viewers and listeners. Communication 2. Receiver plays the passive part in the communication process as sender plays the 1. Feedback is not simultaneous and can take a primary role that sends messages. long time as this model is mostly used for the 3. Feedback is taken as less important in internet. comparison to the messages sent by the Field of experience is the experience sender. and knowledge that the source possesses which affects the message SCHRAMM’S AND WOOD’S MODEL formation and interpretation. 2. Communication is not taken as dynamic. It It is more interactive model and it is also predicts communication to follow the same known as convergence model pattern always. This includes noise or interference that distorts understanding between the speaker and the BERLO'S MODEL listener. This model takes communication as a two-way Developed by David Berlo process.  It focuses on the speaker and receiver’s 1. There is no concept of feedback, so the effect knowledge, attitudes, socio-cultural and is not considered. communication skills. 2. There is no concept of noise or any kind It has four components to describe the of barriers in communication process. communication process. They are sender, 3. It is a linear model of communication, there is message, channel, and receiver. no two-way communication. ○ SMCR: source, message, channel and receiver ACTIVITY The channel is our senses, we use our senses to Scenarios: deliver our message. 1. Class recitation For example, you saw your long-lost friend and since 2. A parent scolding his or her son or daughter for you missed that friend you will hug that person (in arriving home late. hugging that person, you are implying that you miss 3. A sales agent talking to a customer that person very much and you are using here the 4. A networker approaches a random person inside a sense of touch). restaurant. 5. Two friends gossiping about a transferee being I. Source: source of the message (source and sender kicked out of his or her previous school. is the same) Factors that affect the source: Questions: 1. Communication skills 1. How did the characters interact based on each 2. Attitudes: includes attitudes towards the situation? audience or oneself 2. How did the characters show control based on the 3. Knowledge situation they are in? 4. Social system: beliefs and culture of that person As you can see in the different situations, it is using the 5. Culture: would also affect how he or she different functions of communications. delivers the message. II. Message – content in the conversation FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Content: body of the message 2. Elements: (non-verbal message: gestures and Functions of Communication refers to how humans the body language) use language for different purposes. 3. Treatment: how you conveyed or in what way In communicating with someone, we are you delivered your message. Is it through unconsciously using the different functions of verbal communication or non-verbal communication, unconsciously. communication? 4. Structure: following subject, verb, agreement Information Function or SVA in composing your message. Is generally defined as knowledge or facts 5. Code: same with body language or body about a certain subject such as an event, gestures. person, or situation. Sharing information is an important component in communication. III. Channel – our different senses: sense of hearing, ○ In other words, an information function seeing, touching, smelling, or tasting can be used in giving or getting We use our different senses as our medium of information such as asking the name communication. of a person. In asking a question, you 1. hearing: are getting information about 2. Seeing: Watching news or television someone. 3. Touching: touch to buy food, hugging our loved ○ Stating declarative statement or ones gossip 4. Smelling: para malaman mo kung may ○ Asking rhetorical question nasunod na kanin or you can receive the ○ getting information using a question: message that something is burning you will ask others to get information 5. Tasting: while the food is being shared the from them. communication can happen regarding its taste. ○ Receiving information coming from After you taste that food, you can say whether someone. that food is delicious or not. TIPS FOR OBTAINING OR RECEIVING Criticisms of Berlo’s SMCR Model INFORMATION FROM OTHERS  2. The doctor’s prescription 1. Note down important information 3. Employer’s orders to their employees. By writing down information, you are obtaining information coming from the Both verbal and non-verbal cues are used to teacher or professor. help achieve this purpose 2. Ask questions The main focus of this function is to influence Asking questions can help us get one’s behavior. information. 3. Ask for clarification and verification Verbal Cues: Clarification: if the topic is still not clear 1. “That’s it” and “Thank You”: signal that the on your part. speaker is done speaking. 1. Could you repeat? 2. “Yeah” and “Uh-huh”: encourage the speaker 2. What did you mean when you to continue speaking. said…? 3. “Well…” and “Um…”: indicates that the Verification: to validate or verify speaker is not finished speaking or is still something. thinking about what to say next. 1. So, you are saying that…? 4. “Is that clear?” and “Do you follow?”: check the continuous flow of the conversation or assert Purpose: authority over someone when telling him or 1. Ask for clarification in case you think you did not her to do something. understand something clearly. 2. Verify the information. Non-verbal Cues: 1. Eye-contact Example: 2. Head-shaking Tommy: Excuse me, sir. Can you please tell me how to 3. Raising the index finger get to St. John Hospital? 4. Leaning back Man: Sure. At the end of this street take a right… Tommy: Thank you so much! Motivation Man: You’re welcome. It refers to a person using language to express desires, needs, wants, likes and dislikes, Regulation/Control Function choices and aspirations. The driving force that Communication is used to regulate or control enables an individual to do something to the place and flow of conversations or the achieve a particular goal. speaking of a participant so that interruptions ○ Motivation: motivate someone in order and awkward silences between speakers are for that person to do better. avoided. Both verbal and nonverbal cues are ○ Could be extrinsic or intrinsic used to help achieve this purpose. ○ The main focus of this function is to INTRINSIC: inner motivation, by saying to yourself that influence or control human behavior. you can do it. EXTRINSIC: your parents giving something to you Example: because you are doing well in the class: (giving 1. A parent scolding his or her son or daughter rewards to do more next time). for arriving home late. SPEECH CONTEXTS COR 1 (ORAL COMMUNICATION) Session 1.4 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester COMMUNICATION FUNCTION INFORMATION FUNCTION 1. Information Function Can be used in giving or getting information 2. Regulation/Control Function from others. 3. Motivation 4. Social Interaction Tips for obtaining or receiving information from 5. Emotional Expression others: 1. Note down important information  2. Ask questions others if you know that you are not also 3. Ask for clarification and verification motivated. You can ask for clarifications if 2. Actively listen – sometimes, people will just something is not that clear to you. listen to reply, not listen to understand; in Verification if you want to validate the giving motivation to someone else, you need information. to listen to them to understand their feelings and not listen to them just to give your reply. REGULATION/CONTROL FUNCTION 3. Making a person feel that he/she makes a difference – recognizing and appreciating the The main focus of this function is to influence effort of someone is an example. or control human behavior. 4. Communicate clearly and with compassion ○ Example, your parents are scolding – when talking to someone, be encouraging you because you arrived home late; and not patronizing; communicate clearly; “you are grounded for 1 week because know your purpose in communicating with you arrived home late”. someone. ○ Example #2, the doctor’s prescription SOCIAL INTERACTION Verbal Cues: 1. “That’s it” and “Thank you” – means that An exchange takes place between 2 or you are done speaking. more individuals for social fulfillment. 2. “yeah” and “Uh-huh” – means encouraging Among the situations that involve social someone to continue speaking. interaction include introducing oneself, making 3. “Well,” and “uhm” – indicates that you are social calls, and inviting someone or accepting not yet finished speaking. invitations. 4. “Is that clear?” and “do you follow?” – ○ when you interact with other people, checking the continuous flow of conversation. you are using this function Non-verbal Cues: ○ having a dialogue with someone else. are also used to regulate or control someone’s ○ Refers to the use of communication to behavior. socialize or interact with other people. ○ Marriage proposals; greeting; and 1. Eye contact – means that as a speaker, you inviting someone. are requesting feedback from someone. If you are the listener, it means that you want to take Example: the floor. Sandra: Hi, Laura! 2. Head shaking – means that the listener wants Laura: Hey, Sandra! How are you? the speaker to stop talking. Sandra: I’m good. Are you free on the 17th of June? 3. Raising the index finger – if you’re the I’m having a movie night and a slumber party at my speaker, it means that you are not yet finished house on that date, and I’d really like it if you’d come. speaking. If you are the listener, then it means Laura: I’d love to come! I’ll ask my parents for that you would like to say something. permission, then I’ll let you know. 4. Leaning back – means that your son is Sandra: Okay. Thanks! speaking and is not ready to give the floor. Laura: Thanks, as well. I’m looking forward to going. MOTIVATION EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION The ability to effectively express and manage Refers to the use of expressions such as “you emotions when interacting with others is can do it!” or “break a leg!” important in communication. An emotion is a ○ Giving motivational words to someone mental state or feeling toward something and to make them feel better or to uplift is marked by physiological and behavioral their mood. changes in the body. The driving force that enables an individual to ○ Refers to the use of your expressions do something to achieve a particular goal. such as love, fear, anger, happiness, sadness, hope, anxious, and etc. Different ways to motivate others: ○ Saying “I love you”; expressing your 1. Walk the talk – it means that, you cannot love towards that person. motivate someone if you are not motivated as well; it is impossible to give motivation to Example: Patrice: Hi! I missed you so much! How are you? Paul: Hello, Patrice! I’m fine. Patrice: But why do you look so sad? Is there simply means communicating with oneself. something wrong? The individual involved in the process of Paul: (started to cry) My mother is in the hospital. She communication is both the sender and the was diagnosed with dengue. receiver. Patrice: Really? Oh no. When was she admitted? ○ Self-talk; self-talking helps you Paul: She was admitted last week. I am a bit angry at organize your thoughts. my dad because they did not inform me. ○ Intra: means inside. Patrice: Oh. Hmmm. Maybe they just don’t want you to worry so much since you were away. But now you’re Examples: here. Would you mind if I join you in visiting your mom 1. daydreaming in the hospital? 2. reflecting Paul: Oh, that’s so nice of you. I’d be glad to have you 3. analyzing there. Thanks, Patrice. 4. evaluating 5. mumbling FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION Types of Intrapersonal Communication: 1. Control 1. Internal discourse: inner talk, done within the Communication control member mind behavior through authority hierarchies Example: analyzing/analyzation and formal guidelines that employees 2. Solo written communication: writing that is are required to follow. not intended for others Examples: Doctors prescription; and Diary or inspirational words. your parents giving instruction. Writing that is intended for oneself. 2. Emotional 3. Solo vocal communication: spoken aloud Another function is emotional Memorization of declaration speech; expression. This function involves and facilitating people’s expressions and Practicing speeches emotions. 3. Motivational Why is it Essential? Another function is motivation which is You can get to know yourself better. used to encourage people to live ○ You will be confident enough to know better. your choices in life. 4. Information You will be able to make appropriate One of the functions of communication responses and sound decisions in various is information. situations. Example: “did you know that there’s a It affects how you see yourself and how you secret apartment at the top of the communicate with others. Eiffel tower?” ○ Self-talking is natural and important. SPEECH CONTEXT Example: While walking, Carissa thinks about what topic to talk It refers to the situation or environment and about in the extemporaneous speech she needs to the circumstances in which communication deliver the next day. In her mind, she weighs her occurs. options. “Perhaps I can talk about the importance of ○ In what particular event is financial awareness and being frugal. Or maybe I can communication being used; is it via make a speech about bullying. But I guess that’s going interpersonal, intrapersonal, mass to be the topic of some of my classmates as well. communication, or public Hmm... Maybe I could talk about art and creative communication? pursuits and how they help enrich one’s life...” Types of Speech Context INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 1. Intrapersonal Communication Happens in a communication between 2 or more 2. Interpersonal Communication people. 3. Public Communication A transmission or exchange of a message, 4. Mass Communication feelings, or a meaning through verbal or nonverbal cues. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION  ○ Communication which takes place ○ Example: SONA or state of the nation within face-to-face, social media; chat address of the President. rooms or video conference single speaker An interdependent relationship between or sizeable audience among the participants. message: general interest to the audience Communication with other people, which may needs planning and preparation take place face-to-face or through social ○ In a public communication, make sure media like chat room, video conference, and to plan it well or organize your ideas Twitter. and thoughts before you deliver your message. Kinds of Interpersonal Communication limited or no opportunities for feedback except Dyad for nonverbal messages composed of two participants taking turns as has a definite time limit speaker and listener in the communication process. Examples: also known as one-to-one communication 1. a professor giving a lecture at a conference ○ one receiver and one sender 2. a president delivering an inaugural address may be formal or informal. 3. a candidate delivering a campaign speech e.g., conversing with a friend, speaking with 4. a student delivering a valedictory speech a teacher, telling stories about your day to your mother. Purposes of Public Communication Small Group 1. To inform – professionals, such as doctors composed of three or more participants who and teachers, deliver speeches during engage in discussion to achieve a common conferences and seminars; a professor giving goal like problem solving, performing a task or his/her lecture at a conference deciding on something. 2. To persuade – convincing others to buy Examples: products, to support a cause or advocacy, or to ○ roundtable discussions vote for a particular candidate; applicable to ○ panel discussions politicians or sellers. ○ group brainstorming sessions 3. To entertain – delivering toasts during a ○ study groups special occasion, comedy speeches, How to Effectively Communicate in messages during school/company an Interpersonal Speech Context: programs/parties; and comedians in comedy 1. Know the objective of the communication. bars; opening of school program (host). Know the objective or goal for your discussion. MASS COMMUNICATION 2. Let the other participants speak. Let them contribute or give their own Refers to the use of mass media, including opinions. digital media and social media to reach a 3. Observe the other participants’ nonverbal larger audience spread out in different places behavior. at the same time. Not all participants are confident ○ Quite similar to public communication enough to share his or her opinion. because they reach a large audience 4. Use words that are appropriate for the but they differ in the use of situation. medium/channel. If you’re talking with your teachers, ○ Channel used in mass communication: use the formal language; if you’re print media, broadcast media: radio talking with your friends, you can use and television, and social media: the informal language. Facebook, IG and twitter. Informal language: includes the use Print media: newspapers, magazines, journals, of colloquialism and slang words. and books Broadcast media: radio and television PUBLIC COMMUNICATION Social media: Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter A speaker-audience communication that involves addressing a large audience. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION VS. MASS ○ One speaker and a large audience. COMMUNICATION  Same sizeable audience and purpose; but Different channel of communication used Public communication is mostly face-to-face but mass communication uses a lot of mediums to connect with people. SPEECH STYLE COR 1 (ORAL COMMUNICATION) Session 1.5 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester SPEECH STYLE INTIMATE Speech Style – According to Martin Joos (1976), speech style means the form of language that the This style is used by participants who share a very speaker uses which is characterized by the degree of close relationship, such as between very close formality. friends, siblings, husband and wife, parents and children, and boyfriend and girlfriend. It is the level of formality in communicating – from the most formal to the least formal; it depends upon the In the intimate style, you are using a Private situation of the person you are talking to. Language. Just like in communicating with your teacher, Private Language – you two are the only ones who you must use formal language. understand your own messages, just like having your If you are communicating with your peers or own endearment such as moo, palanga, mahal, loves, friends, you may use casual language. sweetheart, baby, and etc. If you are talking to your loved ones, Therefore, if you are very close to that boyfriends, or girlfriends, you may use the person, you are using intimate language. intimate style of communication. A language that is not going to be shared to public; it only occurs within you and the person When you interact with others, it is important to choose that you are talking to. an appropriate speech style to use. In doing so, you should consider several factors, which include the The following are some other features of an intimate following: speech style: features – characteristics Audience – who are you speaking with? What Participants usually use short, incomplete is your relationship with him, her or them? utterances. Topic – what is the subject of the Grammar and proper word choice are not conversation or the communication situation? given importance. Is it a serious topic or a lighthearted one? Nonverbal cues are often used to convey Purpose – what is the objective of the messages. communication? What do you and the other Such as hugging or kissing that person. participants in the communication aim to Words that signal intimacy, such as terms of achieve? endearment (e.g., sweetheart, dear, honey) Location – where is the communication being are used. held? What is the environment like? ○ Is it inside a classroom? Is it in an Example of Intimate Style: ongoing call? or in messenger? Husband: Honey, it seems like our kids take much of our time lately. TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE Wife: I thought so too… Husband: Would you like to have some “we time” 1. Intimate tomorrow? 2. Casual Wife: Well, I’d love too, Hon! 3. Consultative As you can see in the example, they are using terms of 4. Formal endearments. So, they share a very close 5. Frozen relationship because they are husband and wife. CASUAL  background information because the listener may The casual speech style is a relaxed or informal not be able to understand without it. dialogue between friends, peers, colleagues, or family. When we say consultative, meaning; there is an Thus, the participants may use group language so expert to consult to. only members of the group can understand it. Just like; (1) the doctor and the patient; (2) teacher and Group language – only the members of the group can student; (3) lawyer and client; (4) coach and trainee. understand the terms. Casual style is common among peers and friends Remember that in this style, it is considered to be the because you are allowed to use an informal dialogue most operational style among the other styles. or informal language. Imagine talking to your doctor, and that doctor isn’t Example: A conversation between you and your giving any information to you then it might cause friends in a face-to-face setting; sending emails to your misunderstanding of terms. friends or peers. As an expert, you need to provide background information regarding the subject. Characteristics of casual style include the following: Consultative Style uses a two-way process of The tone is conversational. Colloquial words, communication. elliptical sentences and informal contractions Because the concept of feedback is present in (e.g., ain’t, dunno, gonna) are used. this style; therefore, interruptions are allowed. ○ The tone is conversational – They are giving and getting information from colloquial words, elliptical sentences each other. and informal contractions are present There is a transmission phase and there is a in the conversation. feedback phase. ○ Colloquial words – informal words or contractions. Characteristics of Consultative Style: Nicknames are used in addressing one another. It is used in ordinary routine or transactions ○ In a circle of friends, we have these that lead to an outcome or result. so-called nicknames such as ter, This is often used in business or in other wang, brad, and etc. professional situations. The experts here are Interruptions are common. professionals. ○ Hugging the floor – nag Interruptions are allowed since it is a two-way kakasapawan sa pagsasalita. process. Titles such as Mr., Ms., or Doctor are likely to Example of Casual Style: be used when using this speech style. You are Friend 1: What are you up to? talking to an expert; therefore, you should Friend 2: Nothing. I’ve just been doing my homework address them with their title. in our arts class. Friend 1: Would you like to come over for a movie this Example of a Consultative Style: weekend? Patient: Good morning, Dr. Gomez. Friend 2: Dunno… Will let you know once I finish my Dr. Gomez: Hi, how have you been feeling? tasks. Patient: My cough has been getting worse since last As you can see in the example, friend #2 is using week. It started with a dry cough… contractions – He/she omitted words from the original Dr. Gomez: Do you have any history of asthma? word. Patient: Yes, Doc. I was also diagnosed with a primary complex two years ago… Again, Casual Style – you are using informal language, dialogue, terms between peers, friends, and As you can see in the example, the doctor is asking for close colleagues. information regarding the recent conditions of his patient. CONSULTATIVE they are giving/providing feedback they are open for interruptions. It is considered to be the most operational style among the other styles. It is used in semi formal FORMAL situations in which a speaker needs to provide It is often used in formal situations, such as in a formal situations such as in religious services, state graduation ceremony, an official meeting, a television affairs, and court proceedings. It uses prescribed and newscast, and a conference, where there is only highly formal language, such as in official or one-way communication. historical documents and literary texts. It is a linear process of communication or one-way It is intended to be remembered and used in a very process or communication. formal setting. Because it is speaker-oriented. Just like having our morning routine, singing of The focus in the communication is the our national anthem, reciting panunumpa and speaker alone. panatang Makabayan and even praying the The concept of feedback is not present. Lord’s prayer. There is a preparation of a scripted speech. In the frozen style yung mga text ay hindi basta Examples of a Scripted speech: bastang i-rerevise. 1. In a graduation ceremony, valedictory speech If the revision happens, you need to undergo is scripted. careful revisions. 2. The state of the nation address is also Yung mga text here are sacred at hindi basta scripted. bastang nirerevise. 3. Television news cast – newscasters read on the teleprompter. Characteristics of Frozen Style: You are using a formal language on a formal occasion, that’s why it needs to be scripted. It uses “frozen” language, where statements are learned by rote. Examples are the: Lord’s Characteristics of Formal Style: Prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and the national anthem. Interruptions are not allowed. Only the speaker It is typically prescribed by law, custom, or is the source of information. ritual. ○ Speaker oriented. It involves certain fixed or stock expressions Words are carefully chosen, and grammar that are rarely or never altered or changed. rules are followed. ○ You need to use formal language. Examples of Frozen Style: Extensive and technical vocabulary is required 1. “I now pronounce you husband and wife” in All background or necessary information is wedding ceremonies. clearly given. 2. “I solemnly swear to…” in oath-taking ○ That’s why you need to prepare ahead ceremonies. of time. 3. “Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, Sentence structures are more complex and and nothing but the truth, so help you God?” in varied. court proceedings. ○ Colloquial and contractions are not allowed. Example of Frozen Style: An excerpt from the Prayer of Saint Francis of Examples of Formal Style: Assisi: Lord, make me an instrument of your peace; Announcements, SONA, welcome addresses, Where there is hatred, let me sow love; sermons, and speeches. Where there is injury, pardon; Where there is discord, union; This is also the style that is used for academic and Where there is doubt, faith; business writing. Where there is despair, hope; Where there is darkness, light; FROZEN And where there is sadness, joy. The frozen speech style, also called the oratorical style, is the most formal style as is reserved for very SPEECH ACT COR 1 (ORAL COMMUNICATION) Session 1.6 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester  SPEECH ACT Performative 3. Please be there. Constative 4. She wears a blue gown. What is a Speech Act? Constative 5. I like that. Speech goes beyond the words that you literally say. Each time you speak, you are actually doing DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPEECH ACT something; that is, you are performing an action. This is referred to as a speech act. 1. Locutionary act 2. Illocutionary act – meaning of the locutionary By the time you are performing an action at act. the time the commander uttered those words, 3. Perlocutionary act – result or effect of our you are performing a speech act. utterance You are performing an action because someone ordered you to do so. Locutionary Act– It is defined as the act of producing meaningful utterance. Speech Act Theory Whatever words that will come out in your mouth In 1962, John Langshaw Austin proposed is considered as a locutionary act; the speech act theory and was further Asking/answering a question developed by John Rogers Searle in 1969. The speech act theory regards language as a Example: sort of action instead of as a medium for 1. It is raining outside conveying and expressing ideas. It is the literal meaning. It is a Locutionary Act. We consider the language as conveying and expressing ideas, in this theory, we use our Locution could be performing one of the following language to command an action. functions: asking or answering a question Example: “Please hand me a glass of water”. The one announcing a verdict or an intention being told will hand him/her a glass of water and that is giving information, assurance, or warning a speech act. pronouncing words making an appeal KINDS OF UTTERANCES giving criticism identifying or describing What is an utterance? Utterances are our spoken words TWO TYPES OF LOCUTION 1. Constative Utterances – describe a situation 1. utterance act or insinuate assertions. 2. propositional act Those are declarative statements – stating/describing a situation or an event. UTTERANCE ACT This pertains to a sound that is made or Examples: something that is said, be it a single word or “The door is open.” a string of words that may not have a “Josh is seventeen years old.” particular meaning. “She can cook.” This is something that is said without any intention to communicate meaning. 2. Performative Utterances – are words that incite action. Those are the words that you uttered unintentionally mostly in an accident. Examples: Not planned “No talking.” Not intentional “I command you to take your seat.” “Go!” Example: John, who was walking down a hallway, accidentally TRY THIS! bumped into his classmate and uttered the word Identify whether the given sentence is a constative or “Hey!” performative utterance. Performative 1. Run! Ouch, agay, aguy Constative 2. Marlowe made apple pie. PROPOSITIONAL ACT This pertains to an utterance performed when DECLARATIONS referring or predicating in an utterance. These are speech acts that, upon being uttered, Any utterance that specifies, points out, or immediately bring about a change in the situation. identifies something is considered a Examples include appointing, baptizing, declaring, propositional act. firing, and nominating. You uttered words to specify something. Examples: “I hereby pronounce you husband and wife.” Example: “You’re fired!” As you are sitting on a bench in a park, a dog walks in “As the managing partner, I appoint Mr. Ross as the front of you. You then say, “Oh, a firm’s newest junior partner.” labrador!” ASSERTIVES Illocutionary Act– Illocution is the meaning one These convey information regarding something. This wishes to communicate or convey. It is the act that a could be in the form of concluding, stating, describing, speaker performs in saying the utterance. asserting, suggesting, and insisting. This refers to the meaning of the utterance. Example: Rose: Jericho’s cat is missing. Example: Justin: What does the cat look like? Locutionary Act: “It’s raining outside.” Rose: It’s a Persian cat, about three months old. Illocutionary: The meaning of the Justin: I think we should look for the cat outside. message/statement/utterance, Rose: Okay. The speaker wants you to bring an umbrella whenever you want to leave your home. DIRECTIVES The speaker is describing that the surrounding These are speech acts that cause the individual being is already wet. addressed to do a particular action. CATEGORIES OF ILLOCUTION These include commanding, daring, challenging, 1. Expressives requesting, and asking someone to do something. 2. Declarations 3. Assertives Example: 4. Directives “Kindly hand me that box.” 5. Commissives COMMISSIVES These are speech acts that commit the speaker to do EXPRESSIVES a particular action in the future. These express a speaker’s emotions and attitudes Examples of this are promising, vowing, toward a particular situation. planning, and offering. Expressives include apologizing, welcoming, thanking, and congratulating. Example: Dar: I will have this report ready by next week. Examples: Alvin: Good. In the meantime, let’s look into the next “I’m grateful that you managed to accommodate assignment. my request despite your busy schedule.” Sally: Would you like me to help with that? This example shows that the speaker Alvin: Yes, Sally. Thank you. expresses his gratitude to someone for accommodating his request. TRY THIS! “I apologize for everything my son has done. I Identify the categories of illocutionary acts shown in hope you can forgive him.” the following sentences. In this example, the speaker expressed his Commissives 1. I promise to pay you on Tuesday. apology for what his son has done to someone Assertives 2. I think this color will be the perfect else. room. “Congratulations and best wishes to you and your Declarations 3. You are hereby sentenced guilty wife.” beyond reasonable doubt. This example expresses the speaker’s well Expressives 4. Thank you for dropping these files. wishes for the newlyweds. Directives 5. Please pass the butter.  TRY THIS! Perlocutionary Act – is the effects, intentional or Identify the illocution and possible perlocution for the unintentional, the utterance has on the behavior, following locutions. thoughts, and feelings of the addressee. This is the 1. Please give me more time to settle our debt. result or effect produced by the utterance in the 2. We found the necklace Mark lost. given context. 3. You may now kiss the bride. 4. Go! 5. I need to go to the washroom. yes