Bio 100/L - General Botany Lecture Notes PDF

Bio 100/L- General Botany Ann Guillen-Malazarte Bio-Physical Science Department College of Sciences First Semester, AY 2024-2025  Student’s Prayer Our dear Lord God Almighty Heavenly Father, we praise You and thank You for thi...

Bio 100/L- General Botany Ann Guillen-Malazarte Bio-Physical Science Department College of Sciences First Semester, AY 2024-2025  Student’s Prayer Our dear Lord God Almighty Heavenly Father, we praise You and thank You for this day. Thank you for giving us a wonderful life. Thank You for providing us with all our needs. Thank You for Your love and protection. Bless our parents and guardians who take care of us and work hard to support us. Bless our teachers who inspire and guide us. Bless our classmates and all the people who care for us. Please grant us wisdom and enlightenment and help us to understand our lessons. Guide us to focus our hearts and minds on what we are about to learn today. Inspire us by your Holy Spirit. We ask all these in the name of your Son, our Dear Holy Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Amen. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: 1. describe the binomial system of nomenclature. 2. enumerate in a logical sequence the levels of classification. 3. summarize the characteristics of non-vascular and vascular plants. 4. classify plants found in their locality. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte Classification of Plants Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte 1. Common name__Moss___ 3. Common name ___Fern___ 2. Division__Bryophyta _____ 4. Division ____Pterophyta___ Dragon fruit cactus Fern Moss Pine tree Anthophyta Bryophyta Coniferophyta Pterophyta 5. Common name _Dragon fruit cactus__ 7. Common name__Pine tree______ 6. Division __Anthophyta_____________ 8. Division__Coniferophyta________ Dragon fruit cactus Fern Moss Pine tree Anthophyta Bryophyta Coniferophyta Pterophyta  BINOMIAL SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE Binomial nomenclature is the formal naming system for living things that all scientists use. It gives every species a two-part scientific name. is a binomial system of naming a species. The binomial naming system is the system used to name species which uses Latin words. Each species is given a name that consists of two parts. The first part is the genus to which the species belongs and the second part is the species name or specific epithet. A genus is typically the name for a small group of closely related organisms. The specific epithet is used to identify a particular species as separate from others belonging to the same genus. Together, the genus plus the specific epithet is the full scientific name for an organism. For example, the rice plant belongs to the genus Oryza, and its species is sativa - so its scientific name is Oryza sativa. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte  The binomial naming system was first uniformly used by Carl Linnaeus. Carolus Linnaeus, also called Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné, (born May 23, 1707, in Råshult, Småland, Sweden—died January 10, 1778, Uppsala). He was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. Carolus Linnaeus, portrait by Alexander Roslin, He is known as the "father of modern 1775; in the National Museum, Stockholm, taxonomy". Sweden. (Source: https://cdn.britannica.com/05/147505- 050-0685F7F4/Carolus-Linnaeus-Robert-John- Binomial Nomenclature Rules Because scientific names are unique species identifiers, they ensure that there is never any confusion as to which organism a scientist may be referring. Below are some important rules that must be followed to keep all binomial names standardized: 1.The entire two-part name must be written in italics (or underlined when handwritten). Example: Allium sativum or (Allium sativum) 2.The genus name is always written first. 3.The genus name must be capitalized. 4.The specific epithet is never capitalized. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte  Scientific names are Latin words because Latin is a dead language, it does not evolve and there is only one meaning for each word. Allium means garlic sativum means cultivated Allium sativum means cultivated garlic Oryza means rice sativa means cultivated Oryza sativa cultivated rice Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION Classification is the establishment of a hierarchical system of categories on the basis of presumed natural relationships among organisms. The science of biological classification is commonly called taxonomy. In addition to giving a species a binomial scientific name, it must also belong to higher levels of classification. Each level of classification is called a taxon (plural is taxa). The broadest taxon is the domain. All living things fit into only three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Within each of these domains, there are kingdoms. Each kingdom contains divisions (in plants), and phyla (in animals and other organisms). The taxonomic levels below division are class, order, family, genus, and species. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte Classification Heirarchy Domain Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Species Dominican King Divcla orders famous genuine spices. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte  Italicize family, genus, species, and variety or subspecies. Begin family and genus with a capital letter. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, and suborder begin with a capital letter but are not italicized. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte Taxonomic Classification of Coconut Tree Domain : Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Division: Anthophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Arecales Family: Arecacea Genus: Cocos Species: nucifera Coconut, the tree of life. Source:https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/466404105130884876/  Taxonomic Classification of Narra Tree Domain : Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Division: Anthophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Genus: Pterocarpus Species: indicus Narra, the national tree of the Philippines. https://shopee.ph/10-Seeds-Narra-Tree-Philippine-National-Tree- i.294773519.4452020638 NON-VASCULAR PLANTS are small, simple plants without a vascular system. they do not have a phloem or xylem. are very small because their lack of a vascular system means they do not have the mechanics required for transporting food and water far distances. they lack true roots. Instead of roots, nonvascular plants have rhizoids, which are small hairs that insert into the substrate to keep the plant in place. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte Nonvascular plants (cont.) are commonly found in moist environments so that they are always close to a water source and can absorb the water right into the main part of the plant without relying on roots. reproduce sexually by creating single-celled spores or asexually by vegetative propagation. also depend on moisture to reproduce. Sperm produced by a male gametophyte must swim through a layer of rainwater or dew to reach an egg produced by a female gametophyte. The tiny, diploid sporophyte generation then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores. The spores may also need moisture to disperse. The dominant plant generation is the gametophyte. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte Liverworts (Division Hepatophyta) named for the liver-shaped leaves of some species. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/water- plants/liverworts/liverwort-information.htm  Hornworts (Division Anthocerophyta) named for their horn-like sporophytes.. https://earthlingnature.wordpress.com/2017/06/02/friday- fellow-field-hornwort/  Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte https://byjus.com/biology/hornwort/ Mosses (Division Bryophyta) are larger nonvascular plants that have coarser, multicellular rhizoids that are more like roots. have tiny, photosynthetic structures similar to leaves that encircle a central stem-like structure. https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photos-moss-hand-2-image6648223 Alternation of generation -a type of life cycle in which subsequent generation of plants alternate between diploid and haploid organisms. - plants alternate between two different life stages, or generations, in their life cycle; a haploid stage called gametophyte and a diploid stage called sporophyte. Gametophyte - the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. - it is the dominant form in bryophytes. Sporophyte -a diploid, multicellular spore-producing phase which starts from a diploid zygote, and this produces haploid spores by means of meiotic division. -this is the dominant phase in many vascular plants. The life cycle of a moss plant (https://www.carlsonstockart.com/photo/moss- bryophyte-life-cycle-illustration/ Rhizoids  VASCULAR PLANTS A. Seedless Vascular Plants include 1. Club mosses 2. Whisk ferns 3. Horsetails 4. Ferns the diploid sporophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle. The gametophyte is not readily noticeable, but still an independent, organism. seedless vascular plants still depend on water during fertilization, as the sperm must swim on a layer of moisture to reach the egg. This step in reproduction explains why ferns and their relatives are more abundant in damp environments. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte 1. Division Lycophyta consists of close to 1,200 species, which includes the following plants: 1. quillworts 2. club mosses 3. spike mosses- none of which are true mosses or bryophytes. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte  The club mosses are the earliest group of seedless vascular plants. they are the most primitive Bristly club moss https://cortland.edu/waldbauer-trail/10-plant- plants. evolution-I.html Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte A species of club moss in the Philippines, limited to the high mountainous areas of Luzon. (Source: http://www.stuartxchange.org /Licopodio) Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte A quillwort plant. (https://www.chegg.com/flas hcards/lab-4-early-vascular- plants-and-lycopodiopyta- 9a14b6c7-6a75-472c-a882- 359531535463/deck) A spikemoss (Selaginella) plant. (https://www.noahgar dencentre.com.sg/pro ducts/selaginella- plana-asian- spikemoss-0-25m)  Student’s Prayer Our dear Lord God Almighty Heavenly Father, we praise You and thank You for this day. Thank you for giving us a wonderful life. Thank You for providing us with all our needs. Thank You for Your love and protection. Bless our parents and guardians who take care of us and work hard to support us. Bless our teachers who inspire and guide us. Bless our classmates and all the people who care for us. Please grant us wisdom and enlightenment and help us to understand our lessons. Guide us to focus our hearts and minds on what we are about to learn today. Inspire us by your Holy Spirit. We ask all these in the name of your Son, our Dear Holy Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Amen. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte 2. Division Pterophyta Composed of the following plants: 1. Horsetails 2. Whisk ferns 3. Ferns Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte  A. Horsetails The stem of a horsetail is characterized by the presence of joints or nodes, hence the name Arthrophyta (arthro- = “joint”; - phyta = “plant”)..http://pressbooksdev.oer.hawaii.edu/biology/chapter A horsetail plant. (Source: /seedless-vascular-plants/ An equisetum plant (Equisetum ramisissimum) locally known as putod , found in the Cordilleras. (Source: http://www.stuartxchan ge.org/Putod.html ) Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte  B. Whisk Ferns lack both roots and leaves. Photosynthesis takes place in their green stems, and small yellow knobs formed at the tip of the branch stem and contain the sporangia. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte  C. Ferns the most advanced group of seedless vascular plants. They are distinguished by large leaves called fronds and small sporangia- containing structures called sori, which are found on the underside of the fronds. The dominant stage of the life cycle of a fern is the sporophyte, The stem may be buried underground as a rhizome, from which adventitious roots grow to absorb water and nutrients from the soil; or, they may grow above ground as a trunk in tree ferns. Prepared by: Ann G. Malazarte Sori Fern sori (containing the spores) on underside of leaf. https://freerangestock.com/photos/94145/spores-closeup-fern-leaf.html The life cycle of a fern plant (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fhk-Y0duNjg) B. Seed Plants 1. Gymnosperms produces seeds in cones plants without covered seeds 2. Angiosperms produces seeds in ovaries of flowers plants with covered seeds.  Gymnosperms Plants that do not produce flowers and do not bear their seeds in an enclosure such as a fruit. The seeds are produced in the female strobili (cones) that develop at the same time as the smaller male strobili. the life cycle of a gymnosperm involves alternation of generations, with a dominant sporophyte in which reduced male and female gametophytes are found.  Gymnosperms are classified into four divisions: 1. Cycadophyta, which includes the palm-like cycads; 2. Coniferophyta, which includes conifers, 3. Ginkgophyta, which includes the Ginkgo trees; 4. Gnetophyta, which includes the gnetophytes.  A. Division Coniferophyta: conifers (pine trees and evergreens) Pines are the largest genus of conifers. Their leaves are called needles. They are usually arranged in clusters or bundles of two to five leaves (needles) (although some species have as few as one or as many as eight leaves in a cluster). Pine needles/leaves https://lancaster.unl.edu/evergreen-id  Pine tree with cones https://www.meesho.com/Pine% 20trees%20plant/p/3ZESTF  https://www. foxrunenviron mentaleducat ioncenter.org /environment al- education/20 21/7/31/pine cones-9-fun- family- activities  B. Division Cycadophyta: Cycads Cycads are distinguished by crowns of large compound leaves and by cones, which are typically found at the end of the trunk in the center of whorled branches. These plants look like little palm trees. Their cones are quite similar to those of conifers.  C. Division Ginkgophyta Ginkgo trees have small fan- shaped leaves with veins that evenly fork. They have similar reproductive cycles to that of the conifers with the exception that the edible seeds are encased in a fleshy covering. D. Division Gnetophyta consist of three genera: 1. Ephedra, 2. Gnetum 3. Welwitschia. An ephedra plant. http://lifeofplant.blogspot.com/2011/03/gnetophytes.html C. Division Gnetophyta Branch with seeds of Gnetum gnemon, commonly called Bago which is endemic to the Philippines. https://web.facebook.com/lunti.ph/posts/bago-gnetum-gnemon-l-seedlings-exotic-fruit-bearing-tree-edible- young-shootsleav/831448463929537/ C. Division Gnetophyta Welwitschia mirabilis - its straplike leaves are among the largest leaves known. (Source: https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_welwitschia.html)  Life cycle of a pine. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/ 34973334582093763/  Division Anthophyta : Angiosperms — Flowering Seed Plants (Covered Seed Plants) Angiosperms are plants that have seeds encased in a protective covering called the ovary angiosperms are also called flowering plants. the sporophyte is the dominant generation.  The angiosperms may be divided into four groups: 1. Basal angiosperms 2. Magnoliids 3. Monocots 4. Eudicots  A. Basal Angiosperms the most primitive flowering plants. They do not belong to either the monocots or eudicots but were for a long time lumped together with the eudicots into a well-known group called the dicots due to both groups having two embryonic leaves. They also tend to have net-like vein patterns in their leaves as eudicots do, but their pollen has one pore or groove – the same as monocots – and not three as seen in eudicots.  Victoria boliviana is now the world’s largest known giant waterlily species, with leaves that can grow almost ten feet wide in the wild https://www.smiths onianmag.com/smar t-news/new-species- of-giant-waterlily-is- the-largest-in-the- world-180980364/ Water lily (Nymphaea alba) plants with flowers. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera )plants with flowers. (https://unsplash.com/images/nature/water-lily) https://www.istockphoto.com/search/2/image- film?phrase=white+lotus+flower The difference between a lily and a lotus is the shape of the leaves. The water lily grows a big lily pad with a notch (a V-shaped indentation), while the lotus grows a perfectly round lily pad. Water lilies also have leaves that float directly on the water, while lotus leaves hover above the water by six inches or more. Water lily leaves Lotus leaves https://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-357513281/stock- https://www.foodnavigator- photo-water-lily-leaves-float-in-a-pond-nymphaea%2C-water- asia.com/Article/2022/02/15/researchers-develop-bioplastic- lily%2C-lotus-in-nature based-on-lotus-leaf B. Magnoliids Characteristics : 1. two cotyledons 2. netted-veined leaves 3. flower parts in multiples of threes (3’s) 4. scattered vascular bundles in the stem 5. a tap root system 6. pollen grain with one opening  B. Magnoliids -mainly flowering plants that are aromatic. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) plant with unripe fruits (drupe). https://www.agriculture.com.ph/2019/09 /12/good-reasons-for-growing-black- pepper/ The magnolia tree (Magnolia grandiflora) produces scented, simple flowers. https://www.housebeautiful.c om/uk/garden/plants/a35885 789/magnolia-tree The sweet bay tree (Laurus nobilis), source of the bay leaf also called laurel leaf used as a spice in cooking. https://www.philosophersphysicgarden.com/product/bay- laurel-laurus-nobilis/41 https://ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/avocado/ C. Monocots Characteristics : 1. a single cotyledon 2. parallel-veined leaves 3. flower parts in multiples of threes(3’s) 4. scattered vascular bundles in the stem 5. the absence of a cambium 6. a fibrous root system 7. pollen grain with one opening  https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_in_Hawaii_%2 8Daniela_Dutra_Elliott_and_Paula_Mejia_Velasquez%29/09%3A_Ang iosperms/9.02%3A_Monocots_and_eudicots one cotyledon https://www.wiznar.com/?category_id=2692956  Monocots https://schoolbag.info/biology/botany/27.html Monocots About one-quarter (1/4) of angiosperm species are monocots- about 70,000 species. These examples represent some of the largest families. 1. Orchids http://scinet.science.ph/union/Downloads/Fil- 369583_369583.pdf 2. Palms https://www.pinterest.com/pin/47850814763 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/363454632407582900/ 504849/s  3. Lilies https://www.santhionlineplants.com/product/rain-lily-pink/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium_philippinense 4. Grass https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bamboo-grass-tree-lok- sabha-parliament-narendra-modi-bjp-government-forest-act- cabinet-ordinance-1113641-2017-12-20 http://www.stuartxchange.org/Tanglad.html Until recently, angiosperms were divided into two classes: monocots (“one cotyledon”) and dicots (“two cotyledons”) based on the number of embryonic leaves in the seed. Monocots remain as an evolutionary unit of ancestor and descendants, but modern data has led to the removal of several small groups from the dicots. The remaining species are now called eudicots – (“true” dicots) as shown by current data. D. Eudicots Characteristics: 1. two cotyledons 2. netted-veined leaves 3. flower parts in multiples of fours (4’s) or fives (5’s) 4. vascular bundles in the stem form a ring 5. a tap root system 6. pollen grain with three openings  https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_in_Hawaii_%2 8Daniela_Dutra_Elliott_and_Paula_Mejia_Velasquez%29/09%3A_Ang iosperms/9.02%3A_Monocots_and_eudicots two cotyledons https://www.wiznar.com/?category_id=2692956  Eudicots https://schoolbag.info/biology/botany/27.html  Eudicots More than two-thirds of angiosperm species are eudicots- roughly 170,000 species. Below is a sampling of eudicot floral diversity. 1. Roses https://www.thespruce.com/types-of-roses-4069722 2. Beans https://agraryo.com/agriculture/mung-bean-farming-how-to-plant-and-grow-monggo/ 3. Cucurbits Some of the important cucurbit crops, Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) (A), Wax Gourd (Benincasa hispida) (B), Pointed Gourd (Trichosanthes dioica) (C), Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) (D), Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) (E), Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) (F), Canary melon (Cucumis melo L. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) plant with fruits. https://www.asiafarming.com/how-to- Squash (Cucurbita start-cucumber-farming-growing-in- maxima) plant with fruit. Fruits of the bottle gourd philippines-check-how-this-guide- https://reusellcvs.life/product (Lagenaria siceraria). helps-beginners _details/61202549.html https://shopee.ph/Upo- Bottle-Gourd-Seeds-8-seeds- i.287111534.4443844963  As with all plants, angiosperms have a reproductive cycle with two alternating generations :the sporophyte generation and the gametophyte generation. In angiosperms, the sporophyte generation is the dominant generation. The gametophyte generation is microscopic and exists only as a pollen grain for males and within the ovules of flowers for females. The life cycle of an angiosperm Embryo https://pcsstudies.com/plant- kingdom-angiosperms/ Egg  https://todayinsci.com/L/Linnaeus_Carolus/LinnaeusCarolus-Classification- Quotations.htm Stay safe always God bless us  A. Basal Angiosperms the most primitive flowering plants. They do not belong to either the monocots or eudicots but were for a long time lumped together with the eudicots into a well-known group called the dicots due to both groups having two embryonic leaves. They also tend to have net-like vein patterns in their leaves as eudicots do, but their pollen only ever has one pore or groove – the same as monocots – and not three as seen in eudicots. The ANITA basal angiosperms include five orders of plants that include only a few hundred species. Each order is not necessarily closely related to each other. ANITA stands for the five groups of basal angiosperms: Amborella, Nymphaeales , lliciales, Trimeniacea, and Austrobaileya.