PPN101 Week 2 Philosophical Frameworks (2024) PDF

PROGRAM PHILOSOPHIES AND PROFESSIONAL VALUES PPN 101 WEEK 2, 2024  WEEKLY OBJECTIVES 1. Compare and contrast the two program philosophies. Demonstrate a beginning understanding of critical social theory (CST) and phenomenology and their relationship to nursing and Can...

PROGRAM PHILOSOPHIES AND PROFESSIONAL VALUES PPN 101 WEEK 2, 2024  WEEKLY OBJECTIVES 1. Compare and contrast the two program philosophies. Demonstrate a beginning understanding of critical social theory (CST) and phenomenology and their relationship to nursing and Canadian healthcare. Discuss CST in relation to social justice. 2. Discuss Ways of Knowing in nursing. Consider how different ways of knowing can help you reflect on your nursing practice. 3. Examine personal and professional values and beliefs in relation to self- awareness and the nursing profession. 4. Characterize nursing as a profession. Identify the criteria of a profession. 2 Identify professional behaviours and link them to academic behaviours.  PROGRAM PHILOSOPHIES Phenomenology - understanding the meaning of clients’ lived experience of health and healing - actualized through the nurse-client relationship Critical Social Theory (CST) - exposing underlying social relationships that are often concealed - addressing unequal social, economic and power relations within health care and society 3 Collaborative Student PHENOMENOLOGY (MORE BROADLY) IS: the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness. a theoretical approach/framework focused on deep human understanding a method for describing phenomena as they appear or are perceived by a person. a qualitative research approach that seeks to understand human experiences rather than determine cause and effect relationships 4  PHENOMENOLOGICAL QUESTIONS (EXAMPLES) As a nurse, what questions would you ask to understand: the lived experience of a person who has a chronic illness? the lived experience of a victim of domestic violence? the lived experience of a first year nursing student? the lived experience of a parent caring for a child with a disability? What specific questions would you ask to 5 understand  CRITICAL SOCIAL THEORY (MORE BROADLY) IS: A theoretical approach/framework, used to: uncover constraints on human freedom challenge power imbalances and inequities that marginalize vulnerable people/cultures expose the underlying social, economic and political circumstances that perpetuate inequities and cause oppression disrupt the status quo and taken-for-granted assumptions effect positive change in the conditions that affect peoples’ lives Gregory et al., 2015 6  HOW DO WE COME TO KNOW WHAT WE (THINK) WE KNOW? Social norms / expectations can provide structure within society, but may also promote forms of social control. Social norms (as social control) can be perpetuated overtly, covertly and inadvertently. Social discourses shape what we come to know (or believe) to be normal, right or wrong, through written/spoken language, media and literature. What do social norms and discourses have to do with 7  EXAMINE THESE IMAGES What social norms do you recognize? What are your assumptions? 8  IMAGES CONTINUED Who might be overlooked, marginalized or oppressed as you examine these images? 9  IMAGES CONTINUED As a nurse, what questions would you ask these people using Critical Social Theory as your framework? 10  OPPRESSION AND MARGINALIZATION Take a moment to think about what oppression and marginalization mean to you. Discuss. Observe this video: Explain Oppression in Five Minutes or Less or it Doesn’t Exist. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42HlmkyN-OE Have your thoughts about oppression and marginalization changed? If so, how? 11 OPPRESSION Control exhibited by people who have status or power System of forces that can reduce, immobilize and mold people who belong to a certain group to affect their subordination to another group (Gregory et al., 2015, p. 1028, 1031) 12 MARGINALIZATION Being outside of the ‘main circle’ of the dominant groups of society Limited or little access to resources and opportunities Loss of voice Thrives on stereotypes and assumptions Identify groups of people who are typically marginalized in Western societies. Is this the same globally? (Gregory et al., 2015, p. 1028, 1031) 13 https://www.thisishowyoucan.com/post/__wheel_of_power_and_privilege 14  SOCIAL JUSTICE A social justice approach is concerned with fairness in society, and advocates for equity in terms of distribution of society’s benefits and burdens Nurses must champion social justice and promote public policies that improve the health of marginalized populations by addressing social inequities Equality ensures that there is equal sharing amongst people Equity requires a redistribution of access, opportunities and resources for vulnerable people. 15 Myllkoski, 2011;  SOCCER PAY EQUITY https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/canada-soccer-women-pay-equity-parliament-1.6773010 16 I AM MALALA Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtROMdwltJE 17  IF YOU WERE MALALA’S NURSE… What questions would you ask her, using a: 1) phenomenological approach? 2) a critical social theory approach? 3) a social justice theory approach? Drawing on her story, how do these theoretical frameworks overlap? How do they contrast? Why does her story continue to resonate so powerfully, years later? 18 “THE MOST POTENT WEAPON IN THE HANDS OF THE OPPRESSOR IS THE MIND OF THE OPPRESSED” (STEPHEN BIKO, ANTI-APARTHEID ACTIVIST) HTTPS://WWW.BRITANNICA.COM/BIOGRAPHY/STEVE-BIKO 19  CHALLENGING THE STATUS QUO Ask questions! Use a critical social approach to reveal oppression, marginalization and inequities Use a phenomenological approach to understand the lived experiences of others Use a social justice approach to advocate for the redistribution of opportunities and resources for vulnerable people Make changes, even small changes 20 CHALLENGERS OF THE STATUS QUO 21 ROSA PARKS “People always say that I didn't give up my seat because I was tired, but that isn't true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. I was forty-two. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in….I would have to know for once and for all what rights I had as a 22 human being and a citizen.”  SOCIAL JUSTICE AND VALUES From the previous discussions about social justice, do you have a sense of the values that enhance your understanding about social justice issues? How does this relate to the profession of nursing? Let’s take a closer look at personal and professional values. 23 PERSONAL VS PROFESSIONAL VALUES We develop our personal values from early childhood and these values are part of our self concept. Our professional values develop as we socialize into the nursing profession. At times our personal values are challenged when there is a conflict in a professional context. Ethical reasoning and decision making are needed to help the nurse work through these times of challenge. (Mallette & Yonge, 2022, 24 p. 56 )  PERSONAL VALUES What are your personal values? How have your personal choices influenced your choice of nursing as a career? 25  SEVEN CORE NURSING PROFESSIONAL VALUES AND ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES 1. Providing safe, compassionate, competent, and ethical care 2. Promoting health and well-being 3. Promoting and respecting informed decision- making 4. Honouring dignity 5. Maintaining privacy and confidentiality 6. Promoting justice 7. Being accountable (Mallette & Yonge, 2022, p. 56) 26  WAYS OF KNOWING Why is it important to acknowledge what we know as nurses? Provides the rationale for nursing practice Enables us to provide safe, effective and personalized care Carper (1978) was the first to categorize four ways in which nurses come to “know” Chinn & Kramer (2011) identified socio-political and economic ways of knowing, and described this as emancipatory knowing. 27 EMPIRICAL KNOWING Assumes that what is to be known can be accessed through the five senses Reality is known primarily by observation and can be verified by others Empirical knowing is expressed in practice through nurse scientific competence (Mallette & Yonge, 2022, p. 7) 28 ETHICAL KNOWING Encompasses knowledge of what is right and wrong Attends to standards and codes in making moral choices Demands responsibility for one’s actions Protects client’s autonomy and rights (Mallette & Yonge, 2022, p. 8) 29 PERSONAL KNOWING Characterized as subjective, concrete, existential and relational A pattern of knowing about self and other, which occurs when nurses connect with the humanness of the client experience Develops as nurses intuitively understand and connect with clients as unique human beings (Mallette & Yonge, 2022, p. 8) 30 AESTHETIC KNOWING Demands a deeper appreciation of the whole person or situation Moves beyond the superficial to see the experience as part of a larger whole Enables nurses to experientially relate to their clients by intuitively and creatively responding to unforeseen parts of their stories. This allows everyone, including the patient, to learn new information. Can be enhanced through story telling, poetry, music or art (Mallette & Yonge, 2022,31 p. 8) EMANCIPATORY KNOWING Enables nurses to recognize social and political problems of injustice or inequity Facilitates the identification of social and structural changes that need to be made to ‘right the wrong’ Allows nurses to be in a better position to act as advocates in helping identify and reduce the inequities in health care (Mallette & Yonge, 2022, p. 8) 32 REFLECTIVE PRACTICE AS A WAY OF KNOWING There are many models to help nurses learn about reflective practice and apply it to their practice. Common to all models is the requirement for nurses to think about their part in, interpretation of, and meaning gained from practical experience - and how this thinking contributes to knowledge development. Reflective practice can be considered a Way of Knowing. You will learn more about reflective practice in your NSE 101 (Communication) course and NSE 33 PROFESSIONAL NURSING AS A PRACTICE DISCIPLINE? Professional nursing represents a practice discipline. There are many definitions of what a profession is. “Attributes that describe professionalism include knowledge, accountability, autonomy, self-regulation, inquiry, collegiality, collaboration, innovation, ethics and values.” (Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario, 2007) “Professional Nursing combines specialized knowledge and critical thinking and judgement to meet person, family and community health care needs.” (Mallette & Yonge, 2022, p. 7) What does professional nursing practice mean to you? What kind of professional do you aspire to be? 34  NURSING ATTRIBUTES Knowledge Spirit of Inquiry Accountability Autonomy Advocacy Innovation and Visionary Collegiality and Collaboration Ethics and Values https://rnao.ca/bpg/guidelines/professionalism-nursing How do your personal attributes impact your academic and professional attributes? 35  CRITERIA AND BEHAVIOURS Criteria of a profession requires specialized knowledge, skills, scientific methods, and values based on research is taught in an institution of higher education advocates high ethical standards of its members engages in expanding its body of knowledge through research Professional behaviours members function autonomously members are committed to advanced study members are motivated by service to society 36  COLLEGE OF NURSES OF ONTARIO (CNO) The College of Nurses is responsible for regulating the approximately 160,000 nurses in Ontario. Its mission is regulating nursing in the public interest Every member of the College is responsible for practicing in accordance with the standards of the profession, and for keeping current and competent throughout her or his nursing career CNO Fact Sheet: Introduction: About the College of Nurses 37 STANDARDS OF NURSING PRACTICE Accountability Continuing competence Ethics Knowledge Knowledge application Leadership Relationships Therapeutic nurse-client relationships Professional relationships 38  NEXT WEEK Week 3 Critical Thinking & Introduction to the Nursing Process 39