Period 7: 1898-1945 PPT PDF

Period 7: 1898-1945 AP Exam Weight: 10-17% Imperialism  American Imperialism Essential Question: Explain how imperialists used economic opportunities, racial theories, competing European empires, and the so-called closing of the American fro...

Period 7: 1898-1945 AP Exam Weight: 10-17% Imperialism  American Imperialism Essential Question: Explain how imperialists used economic opportunities, racial theories, competing European empires, and the so-called closing of the American frontier to justify expansion of American power around the world. Explain how anti-imperialists used American traditions of self-determination, racial theories, and a tradition of isolationism to counter imperialist arguments. Thematic Focus: American in the World Historical Reasoning Comparison Contextualization George Washington’s Warning “Entangling Alliances” Early Departures: Monroe Doctrine Perry in Japan (1853) Causes of U.S. Imperialism Economic 🡪 industrialization, competition, new markets F.J. Turner: “frontier thesis” (1894) Desire for world power? Why would the United States choose to enter the competition for foreign lands and markets? Imperialism: Pros & Cons For Imperialism: Anti-Imperialism Economic Growth Economic Expansion Markets / Banana Republics Regional Tension 🡪 War (Investments) Security (European Model) Promote Security Building of navy 🡪 War Expand navy 🡪 military bases US should not oppress foreign peoples Racial Beliefs / American Spirit (Native Americans) Manifest Destiny + Social Darwinism Leaders: + Missionary Impulse William Jennings Bryan Mark Twain Anti-Imperialist League (1898) International Darwinism Imperialism “White Man’s Burden” (Kipling) Missionaries Josiah Strong Naval Power: The Influence of Sea Power upon History (Alfred T. Mahan, 1890) Popular Press Sensationalist journalism U.S. flexes its’ muscle! Alaska Resources: timber, minerals, oil 1867: U.S. purchases from Russia for $7m Venezuelan boundary dispute (1895) U.S. enforces Monroe Doctrine against GB Hawaii U.S. interest E: fruit & sugar P: Pearl Harbor base 1893: U.S. overthrows resistant gov’t 1898: formal annexation Causes for War Despotic Cuban regime & U.S. sympathy Concentration camps Yellow Journalism De Lôme letter McKinley’s honor! Sinking of the Maine Spain, or an accident??? McKinley’s War Message rationale for Cuban intervention Teller Amendment Cuba controls new gov’t HIPPO Practice Historical Context William McKinley, War Message, 1898 Intended Audience See Practice Document For Text! Purpose Point of View Outside Evidence The Spanish-American War (1898) “A splendid little war” The Philippines Manila captured Spanish fleet destroyed Invasion of Cuba Rough Riders on San Juan Hill US & Cuban forces work together San Juan Hill Results of the War Treaty of Paris, (1898) Recognition of Cuban Independence Acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines The Philippine Question Aguinaldo and the Independence Movement War (1899-1902) 🡪 200,000 Civilian Filipinos Killed Independence 🡪 1946 Impact of the War Insular Cases (1901-1904) Does the Constitution follow the flag? Platt Amendment (Cuba) U.S. intervention / no foreign agreements / U.S. naval bases) Puerto Rico Foraker Act (1900) 🡪 U.S. territory Open Door Policy (China) Spheres of Influence Boxer Rebellion  Election of 1900 McKinley (R) Economic prosperity Sp/Am War success Bryan (D) Anti-imperialist Bimetallism Roosevelt: “Big Stick” policy Aggressive, bold, decisive foreign policy Roosevelt Corollary (1904) Result of British involvement in Venezuela Panama Canal Establishment of Canal Zone Dealings with Japan Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) “Gentleman’s Agreement (1907) Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) William H. Taft’s Foreign Policy Dollar Diplomacy Investments would lead to greater stability Railroads in China (1911) Nicaragua 🡪 Marines sent to quell civil war (1912) Lodge Corollary (Monroe Doctrine) (1912) Passed by Senate Non-Europeans excluded from land ownership in Western hem. Taft opposed Woodrow Wilson Moral Diplomacy Respect other nation’s rights, spread democracy Correct wrongs of U.S. imperialist past* Jones Act (1916) Philippines 🡪 Territorial status/male suffrage 🡪 independence Puerto Rico citizenship (1917) Panama Canal exemption ended (1914) *Except Mexico/Central Am./Caribbean Believed military intervention there maintained stability  Progressive Era Essential Question: Explain how reformers, from the middle and upper classes, including many women, worked to effect social changes in cities and among immigrant populations. Explain how some progressives advocated expanding participation in government, regulation of the economy, and general moral reform. Explain how progressive amendments to the Constitution supported their ideals. Thematic Focus: Social Structures Politics and Power Historical Reasoning Comparison Contextualization What were the excesses of the Gilded Age? The expansion of industrialization The growth of cities The development of large-scale immigration from southern and eastern Europe The consolidation of corporations into large trusts The government adherence to laissez-faire economics Growing disparity of wealth and working conditions Political Movements: Greenback Labor Party Populists New Technologies 🡪 Higher Standard of Living Transition from rural 🡪 urban economy U.S. Steel Company 1901 🡪 Communication Ford’s Model T 1908 🡪 Mobility “Moving” Assembly Line 1914 General Motors 1908 🡪 Mobility Frederick Taylor 🡪 Scientific Management Reorganized production process for efficiency Improved Consumer Goods Electric washing machine Vacuums Refrigerators (NINA!) What was the Progressive Era? Middle-class reform movement Inspired by Social Gospel Movement Reaction to Social Darwinism Concerned over changing economic conditions Grassroots Movement: Local 🡪 State 🡪 National level Continuation of the ideas of the Populist Party Causes of the Progressive Era Excesses of the Gilded Age Political machines Deplorable living and working conditions Monopolies / Trusts Approach: Favored pragmatism (practical approach) over Laissez-faire economics Rejected “Rugged Individualism” 🡪 Gov’t aid needed Promoted Scientific Management in gov’t 🡪 eliminate corruption / political bosses Goals of the Progressive Movement Address the plight of the urban poor Protect Social Welfare Improve working conditions Break power of political machines Political Reform Return democratic power to the people Protect consumers Economic Reforms Promote competition in the marketplace Promote Moral Cure vices and societal evils Improvement HIPPO Practice Historical Context “Lincoln Steffens, the Shame of the Cities, Intended 1904” Audience Purpose See Practice Document For Text! Point of View Outside Evidence Muckrakers 🡪 Investigative Journalists 🡪 Publications Goal = Inform public to rouse them to action (sensationalism) Magazines (McClure’s 1893) Steffens 🡪 Boss Tweed 🡪 Pol. Machines. Tarbell 🡪 Standard Oil 🡪 Monopolies Books Riis 🡪 How the Other Half Lives 🡪 Tenements Steffens 🡪 Shame of the Cities 🡪 Corruption Sinclair 🡪 The Jungle 🡪 Meatpacking Organizations: Settlement House Movement 🡪 Jane Adams/Hull House National Child Labor Committee 🡪 Lewis Hine Politicians: Robert Lafollette 🡪 Wisconsin Way → Recall, Initiative, & Referendum The Fight for Women’s Rights Seneca Falls Convention (1848) – Mott, Stanton, Anthony Cult of Domesticity National Women's Loyalty League (1863) Advocated Abolition & Women’s Rights 15th Amendment?? National American Women’s Suffrage Asso. Carrie Chapman Catt State by state March on Washington 🡪 Wilson’s inauguration The Fight for Women’s Rights National Women’s Party (1916) Paul, Burns National Amendment Sentinels of Liberty 🡪 World War I Hunger Strikes Birth Control Margaret Sanger Planned Parenthood Birth Control Education Preservationists & Conservationists Different government responses to the overuse of natural resources: Major Policies / Actions: Yellowstone National Park (1872) Yosemite National Park (1890) Forest Reserve Act (1891) John Muir and the Sierra Club (1892) Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) U.S. Forest Service (1905) Rise of the Socialist Party Third Party: Socialist Party of America More radical reforms than Progressives Wanted public ownership of: Railroads Utilities Oil Steel Eugene V. Debs 🡪 jailed for Pullman Strike; advocated for workers rights Successes = public ownership of utilities, 8 hour work day and pensions for employees Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt President sets legislative agenda 🡪 Progressive reforms Square Deal: Gov’t Mediates disputes (Coal strike) Trust Busting Railroad regulation Conservation Consumer Protection Presidency of William Howard Taft Hand picked by Roosevelt Continued Trust-Busting (double Roosevelt) Bureau of Mines National Forest Reserves Federal Oil Lands Department of Labor Taft Splits Republicans Progressive reformers unimpressed with Taft’s agenda (Conservative) Republican rift: Midterm Elections 🡪 Supported Conservative candidates Bull Moose Party (Progressives) Election of 1912 (Roosevelt against Taft) Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) New Freedom Attacked tariffs, banks, and trust Lowered Tariffs Underwood Tariff Act (1913) Banking Reform Federal Reserve Act (1914) Business Regulation Clayton Antitrust Act Federal Trade Commission Other reforms Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) Child Labor Act (1916) 🡪 unconstitutional Hammer v. Dagenhart HIPPO Practice Historical Context Robert D. Johnston, historian “The Intended Possibilities of Politics,” 2011 Audience Purpose See Practice Document For Text! Point of View Outside Evidence Progressive Research Get Excited!  America in World War I Essential Question: Explain why the United States initially declared its neutrality in World War I and what factors ultimately led the country to war. Explain how Woodrow Wilson’s call for the preservation of democratic principles was used to justify U.S. entrance into World War I. Explain why the U.S. failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles Thematic Focus: America in the World Politics and Power Historical Reasoning Causation Contextualization What was the situation like in Europe? Europe mechanization modernized their militaries. Secret alliances aligned together based on ideological views. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary ascended Europe into war. Unrestricted submarine warfare used by Germany disrupted transportation and shipping in the North Atlantic. America’s movement towards neutrality was difficult to achieve. Factors Testing Neutrality 🡪 Is it Sustainable? Submarine Warfare Lusitania Arabic and Sussex Pledge Economic Ties Great Britain and France Loans to Belligerents Public Opinion Ethnic influences British War Propaganda Cutting of the transatlantic cable 1916: Preparing for war Republicans advocate preparedness: National Defense Act Expanded size of army Naval Act Spent $500 million to enlarge/modernize navy Council of National Defense transportation, industry, and farm production oversaw Committee for Public Information **Initially opposed by West/Midwest Populists/Progressives/Socialists  The Election of 1916 Wilson’s campaign slogan: “He Kept Us Out of War” Early attempts at negotiated peace treaty: “Peace without victory” The Decision for War 🡪 Immediate Causes Unrestricted submarine warfare (Germany) Zimmerman telegram Germany/Mexico alliance 🡪 TX, NM, AZ Russian Revolution Czar overthrown 🡪 Wilson okay with alliance April 6, 1917 – Congress declares war on Germany HIPPO Practice Historical Context “Woodrow Wilson, Address to Congress’s Intended War, April 2 1917” Audience Purpose See Practice Document For Text! Point of View Outside Evidence Mobilizing for War = expanded gov’t power War Industries Board Efficiency, standardization, price controls National War Labor Board Helped avoid strikes Conscription Act (1917) 24 M registered, 2.7 drafted Paying for war: $33b raised in 2 years! Liberty Loans and bonds Expanded gov’t power = controlling public opinion Committee on Public Information Propaganda posters/films/pamphlets Espionage (1917) & Sedition (1918) Acts Prohibited disloyal speech, attacks on war effort, etc. Upheld in Schenck v. U.S. Fighting the War U.S. Navy convoy 🡪 protect merchant ships American Expeditionary Forces (Gen. Pershing) Trench warfare (Western front) Support British/French efforts Included 400,000 African American troops Army segregation Barred from Marines Armistice day: 11/11/18 at 11am (Veteran’s Day) Sebastian Milardo Mr. Burgess’ great-great-uncle Died in France, 1917 The War at Home Women More economic freedom/public roles 19th Amendment African Americans 400,000 serve “Great Migration” in U.S. Also Mexican immigrants Increase in racial violence in north (riots/lynching) Labor unions General wage increase 🡪 radicalism decreases Ending the War Paris Peace Conference (Versailles) President Wilson’s Fourteen Points No secret treaties No arms races Freedom of the seas for neutrals Free trade among all nations End colonialism Self-determination for ethnic groups Ethnic homelands League of Nations “The Big Four” 14 Points not popular in Europe Lloyd George (GB), Orlando (It), Clemenceau (Fr), Wilson (US) Want revenge and compensation 1919 - Treaty of Versailles (another one) Dictated peace → Central Powers accept it, or else Terms: German “War Guilt” Disarmed $33b in war reparations Self-determination Defeated empires broken up, new countries created Ex. Poland, Finland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia League of Nations: Article X Opposition to the Treaty Article X unpopular U.S. sovereignty??? Monroe Doctrine??? Irreconcilables NO to League Reservationists (Sen. H.C. Lodge) YES to League IF reservations are added Wilson’s Western tour & stroke Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles Post-War Challenges Demobilization 🡪 economic downturn Labor Conflicts Fear of revolution 🡪 gov’t breaks strikes Communism + Labor unrest = “Red Scare” Palmer raids – FBI raids target: Anarchists Socialists Labor agitators HIPPO Practice Historical Context Intended Audience Purpose Point of View Outside Evidence  The Roaring 20s Essential Question: Explain how the U.S. economy after World War I focused on the production of consumer goods, which contributed to changing living standards, greater mobility, and better communication. Explain how and why Americans debated gender roles, modernism, science, religion, and issues related to race and immigration during the 1920s. Thematic Focus: American and Regional Culture Social Structures Historical Reasoning Continuity and Change Contextualization What major trends shifted America between 1890-1920? U.S. economy 🡪 moved from mostly agricultural to more industrialized Foreign policy straddled between isolationism and unilateralism to multilateral. Continued push towards westward expansion 🡪 raw materials / immigration= U.S. women and people of color continued to fight discrimination despite initial gains during the war. 1920s Politics: What now, after WWI? “America’s present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality.” ~President Warren G. Harding What does this mean in practice? Disarmament and Peace Washington Naval Conference (1921) Dawes Plan (1924) Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) Do not use war to resolve disputes Overall policy: ISOLATIONISM How did these policies… Secure peace? differ from America’s traditional policies? 1920s Politics: Policies at Home Two Presidents: Warren G. Harding (1921-1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) One Goal: Economic Growth Laissez-faire policies for corporations Increased assistance for farmers “Civilization and profits go hand in hand.” Unemployment fell by 10% Political Scandal: Ohio Gang & Teapot Dome Ohio Gang How did they make things difficult for Harding? Teapot Dome Scandal Illegal lease of govt. land to private company Company sold govt. oil to Navy at inflated price Nativism Emergency Quota Act (1921) 3% of 1910 Census National Origins Act (1924) Restricted Southern and Eastern Europeans & Asians Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan Birth of a Nation Targeted “Un-Americans” Sacco and Vanzetti (1921) Sentenced to death Religion v. Science Religious groups reject (response to modernization): consumerism evolution Fundamentalism: supporting traditional Christian ideas God inspired the Bible, so it is FACT! Scopes Monkey Trial: Law forbade public school instructors to teach theory or evolution Scopes convicted, then overturned Evolutionist victory? (laws rarely enforced) The Lost Generation Generations of artists, writers and intellectuals. F. Scott Fitzgerald = The Great Gatsby Gertrude Stein = “Lost Generation” Returning soldiers = difficulty transitioning from unprecedented carnage and destruction of war. Many expressed doubt and cynicism towards democracy, peace and prosperity.  Urbanization RURAL and URBAN POPULATIONS in the UNITED STATES Year Rural Urban Population Population 1860 25,225,803 6,216,518 1870 28,656,010 9,902,361 1880 36,059,474 14,129,735 1890 40,873,501 22,106,265 1900 45,997,336 30,214,832 1910 50,164,495 42,064,001 1920 51,768,255 54,253,282 The Economic “Boom” Factory production up 50% U.S. income went from $64B to $87B Stock market soaring Installment plan allowed people to purchase new stoves, refrigerators, radios, and more Layaway Credit Some industries struggled Iron, railroads 🡪 oversaturation Over-production 🡪 products sat on shelves Farmers suffered After WWI 🡪 demand and prices dropped Prohibition 18th amendment Outlawed the sale, transport, and manufacture of alcohol in the U.S. Volstead Act Enforced the 18th Amendment Economic Impacts: Job losses Revenue losses (billions) Millions spent to enforce Rise of Organized Crime Al Capone / bootlegging Speakeasies Flappers Women 🡪 disposable income to due work as well as freedom from a domestic prison Movie stars breakdown the modest and chaste image expected of women Flappers reflect the developing social equality with men Symbolized the revolution of rapid change New Mass Media 🡪 Radio / Cinema 🡪 Regional Culture Impact of the Radio (KDKA) War of the Worlds (1938) Motion Picture Industry Charles Chaplin Gloria Swanson Nickelodeons Indoor early theaters Walt Disney Steamboat Willie (1928) Who coined the Harlem Renaissance? Alain LeRoy Locke wrote The New Negro in 1925. Locke described the northward migration of blacks as "something like a spiritual emancipation." Black urban migration, combined with trends in American society as a whole toward experimentation during the 1920s…” The Appeal of Harlem Literature Langston Hughes & Zora Hurston Jazz and Blues Duke Ellington & Louis Armstrong Art Aaron Douglas & Augusta Savage NAACP W.E.B DuBois White Fascination Cotton Club The Harlem Renaissance Goal: National Platform to promote racial pride that promoted political movements to rectify racial discrimination through culture. United Negro Improvement Association (1916) Marcus’ Garvey’s Back to Africa Movement Summer of 1919 Race Riots HIPPO Practice Historical Context “Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and Intended the Racial Mountain," The Nation, 1926 Jazz” Audience Purpose See Practice Document For Text! Point of View Outside Evidence HIPPO Practice Historical Context Hiram Wesley Evans, "The Klan's Fight for Intended Americanism," The North American Review, Audience March 1926 Purpose Point of View See Practice Document For Text! Outside Evidence  The Great Depression Essential Question: Explain why the Great Depression led to calls for a stronger financial regulatory system. Explain how the New Deal tried to end the Great Depression by using government power to provide economic relief, recovery, and reform. Explain how movements from the left and right pushed Roosevelt to amend the New Deal. Thematic Focus: Work, Exchange, and Technology Politics and Power Historical Reasoning Causation Contextualization Herbert Hoover elected president (1928) Promises economic prosperity What caused the Depression? Stock market crash (1929) 🡪 prices drop Speculation Banks can’t guarantee deposits European depression (post-Versailles) Post-war overproduction 🡪 deflation 🡪 unemployment Laissez-faire gov’t policies 🡪 concentration of wealth + business failure = unemployment Effects of the Depression Economic: Bankrupt employers 🡪 unemployment (25%) Banks fail 🡪 life savings lost 🡪 homes lost Political: End of Republican dominance 🡪 move toward larger government Social “Hoovervilles” Homeless shantytowns Poverty, foreclosures, evictions The Dust Bowl Produce prices drop 50+% Midwestern drought 🡪 famine Unrest in the Midwest! Farmers fight gov’t enforcement of foreclosure and eviction Auction conspiracies Farmer’s Holiday Association: organizes demonstrations/threatens farm walkout unless prices are raised Pres. Hoover: slow to act Relief violates “rugged individualism” Depression worsens 🡪 assistance programs Federal Farm Board Federal works projects (Hoover Dam) Hawley-Smoot Tariff (FAILS) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Bailouts for banks/large companies who could afford to repay later The end of Hoover: the Bonus Army 1932: Bonus Expeditionary Force Congress considers early benefit payments for WWI vets Impoverished vets/families march to lobby for bill Bill defeated 🡪 Bonus army refuses to leave! Army ordered to expel Election of 1932 H. Hoover (R) Traditional conservative values Repeal of Prohibition F. Roosevelt (D) Gov’t intervention – relief to unemployed FDR’s expanded federal government “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself – nameless, unreasoning, unjustified fear.” FDR, 1st inaugural address “The New Deal” Relief, Recovery, Reform Expanded presidential power Gains public confidence through “fireside chats” – national radio programs The First New Deal Recovery plan - first 100 days Re-establish bank confidence Emergency Banking Relief bill – banks controlled by US Treasury Dept. 1933 bank holiday People re-deposit money! Banking Act of 1933 (Glass-Steagall) FDIC created Intentional inflation Raise prices to put more money into economy Prohibition repealed (1933) The “New Deal Coalition” Union members Urbanites Underclass African Americans Band together to vote Democrat and sweep FDR back into office in 1936… The Second New Deal Relief and Reform Emergency Relief Appropriations Act WPA created 8m gov’t funded jobs: public works, arts, local history & travel Social Security Administration Retirement benefits, incl. for disabled and widowed families FDR’s strategy: Keynesian economics Based on theory: People see bad economy 🡪 People don’t spend 🡪 businesses fail 🡪 (repeat!) How to fix it: Gov’t spends money 🡪 people buy 🡪 businesses succeed 🡪 jobs created 🡪 people make & spend money 🡪 (repeat) New Deal “Alphabet programs” Alphabet soup Barbie is excited for research…are you? HIPPO Practice Historical Context Franklin D. Roosevelt, radio address, April 28, Intended 1935 Audience Purpose See Practice Document For Text! Point of View Outside Evidence Was the New Deal popular? First New Deal = success! Conservatives: 1934: Democrats increase BIG gov’t & high taxes & deficit Congressional majority spending = BAD! Fr. Charles Coughlin – Nat’l Union for Social Justice Leftists (super-liberals): Gov’t too nice to business Socialists gain in popularity – call for nationalization Sen. Huey Long “Share Our Weatlth” New Deal v. the Supreme Court Schecter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935) Invalidates parts of NIRA Only Congress can make laws “Executive legislation” is beyond exec. power United States v. Butler (1936) Struck down AAA FDR and the Court-Packing Scheme SCOTUS overturns New Deal policies… Judicial Reorganization Bill Proposal to enlarge SCOTUS (9🡪15) and Federal court system Ensure judges friendly to FDR’s policies Reaction REJECTED by Congress FDR criticized for perceived power grab Challenges & Success of FDR’s 2nd term Challenges: 1937: gov’t programs cut back + Fed. Reserve tightens credit = recession & unemployment 1938: war brewing in Europe 🡪 $ diverted from federal programs into military buildup Successes: New AAA passed Fair Labor Standards Act Minimum wage 40 hour work week Did the New Deal work? YES! Immediate relief for impoverished First New Deal Reforms in banking/finance, and management/union relations NO! Didn’t solve unemployment (conservative) Too small and too short-lived (liberal) Gender inequality in programming Minority population not supported  America Enters World War II Essential Question: Explain why the rise of fascism and totalitarianism concerned many citizens in the United States. Explain why war production and labor during World War II further drew many Americans to migrate to American cities. Explain how reactions to World War II challenged civil liberties. Thematic Focus: Social Structures Politics and Power Historical Reasoning Comparison Hoover’s Foreign Policy Problems with Japan Invasion of China (1937) Stimson Doctrine Goodwill in Latin America (1929): Removal of U.S. troops: Nicaragua (1933) Haiti (1934) Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy “Good Neighbor Policy” Dollar diplomacy not feasible Defend region from European militarism Implementation: Pan-American Conferences (1933, 1936) Repudiates Roosevelt Corollary Platt Amendment nullified Negotiated settlement with Mexico (oil) Independence for Philippines Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) Reciprocal trade agreements 🡪 lower tariffs 1930s-1940s: spread of fascism & militarism Isolationists in the U.S. Entry into WWI = mistake Served greed of banks/arms manuf. Neutrality Acts (1935, ‘36, ’37) prohibit: Arms shipments to belligerents Travel on ships “ ” Loans/credits “ ” America First Committee (1940) Mobilize public opinion against war Charles Lindbergh Prelude to war, 1935-38 Aggressive actions by foreign fascists 🡪 APPEASEMENT! (Munich conference) FDR’s response: “Quarantine” aggressors! (unpopular) Increased defense spending Hitler violates Munich conference: Czech, Poland, Denmark, Norway, France Election of 1940 Roosevelt (D) Wilkie (R) FDR wins again! (3rd term!) Strong economic recovery Experienced leader with war looming WWII: Mobilization – “Arsenal of Democracy” Countering isolationism… “Cash and carry” (1939) Destroyers-for-bases (1940) “Four Freedoms:” speech, religion, want, fear Lend-Lease Act (1941) Atlantic Charter (1941) Shoot-on-sight (1941) Building military capacity… Selective Service Act (1940) Peacetime draft registration (21-35) WWII: Mobilization – Issues with Japan Economic actions: Japanese expansion violates Open Door Policy – FDR responds! Steel/iron exports prohibited to Eastern hemisphere Japanese credits in U.S. banks frozen Japanese access to U.S. oil blocked Diplomacy fails Pearl Harbor 1,200 wounded – 2,400 killed – 20 ships/150 planes destroyed 12/8: U.S. declares war on Japan 12/11: Germany & Italy declare war on U.S. WWII: The Home Front - mobilization People + industry + creative/science = success! Federal spending increases 1000% 1939-1945 Manufacturing War contractors Military buildup R&D Radar & sonar Medicine Manhattan Project Propaganda Posters Songs News bulletins WWII: The Home Front - societal impact Military open to all minorities, but segregated African Americans Migration 🡪 employment/military service 🡪 racial tension NAACP & CORE membership increases Smith v. Allwright (1944) Japanese Americans 20,000 serve in military Executive Order 9066 (west coast only) Korematsu v. United States (1944) HIPPO Practice Historical Context Ted Nakashima, “Concentration Camp: U.S. Intended Style,” The New Republic, 1942. Audience Purpose See Practice Document For Text! Point of View Outside Evidence WWII: The Home Front – societal impact Women 200,000 serve in military (noncombatant) 5 million enter workforce industry and defense Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) Mr. Burgess’ great-aunt Jane Women's Army Corps Amenta (WACS) (Manhattan Project) WWII: Military campaigns – European front U.S. Europe strategy: Submarine warfare & aerial bombings Ground war: North Africa/Italy D-Day invasion May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders WWII: Military campaigns – Pacific front U.S. Pacific strategy: Naval war – Midway (stop Japan expansion) Island hopping – advance on Japan Atomic bombs (Fat Man & Little Boy) September 2, 1945: Japan surrenders 1944 Election Roosevelt (D) Dewey (R) Roosevelt wins 4th term! New VP: Harry Truman WWII: Wartime Conferences “The Big Three” Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Strategy conferences: Casablanca Planned invasion of Italy Tehran Planned invasion of France Yalta Divide Germany into occ. Zones UN will be created Potsdam (Stalin/Truman/Atlee) Demand Japan’s unconditional surrender Nazi war-crimes trials WWII: Aftermath FDR dies April 1945 🡪 Truman 50 mil military personnel dead (300,000 U.S.) Holocaust (~11mil dead) More war debt United Nations Allies + China lead proposal San Francisco conference Senate ratifies U.S. involvement Americans look forward to a more peaceful & democratic world…