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Period 7 Overview: 1898-1945

• This period carries an AP exam weight of 10-17%.

American Imperialism

• Imperialists used economic opportunities, racial theories, competition with European empires and the idea of the closing of the American frontier to justify expansion of American power.
• Anti-imperialists used American traditions of self-determination, racial theories, and a tradition of isolationism as arguments against imperialism.

Contextualization of US Imperialism

• George Washington warned against "entangling Alliances".
• Early departures from isolationism: Monroe Doctrine, Perry opening Japan in 1853.
• Economic industrialization and competition for new markets caused US Imperialism.
• F.J. Turner's "frontier thesis" from 1894 influenced expansionist thinking.
• Desire for world power was another contributing motivating factor.

Pros and Cons of Imperialism

• For Imperialism: economic growth through markets and banana republics (investments).
• For Imperialism: promote security and expand navy and military bases.
• Racial beliefs and American spirit: Manifest Destiny, Social Darwinism, and missionary impulse drove expansionism.
• Against Imperialism: economic expansion led to regional tension and potentially war.
• Against Imperialism: a European model of security through building of navy and making war is not beneficial.
• The US should not oppress foreign peoples and adhere to American ideals, especially regarding Native Americans.
• Leaders against: William Jennings Bryan, Mark Twain, Anti-Imperialist League (1898).

International Darwinism Justifications

• Imperialism was influenced by Rudyard Kipling's concept, the “White Man’s Burden".
• Missionaries like Josiah Strong also advocated expansion and civilization of foreign groups of people.
• Alfred T. Mahan’s 1890 book, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, emphasized the importance of a strong naval military and trade power.
• Sensationalist journalism, or yellow press, was a widely implemented motivation for Imperialism.

US Expansion

• Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7 million and is rich in timber, minerals, and oil.
• The US enforced the Monroe Doctrine against Great Britain in the Venezuelan boundary dispute (1895).
• Hawaii had economic and strategic interest for the US: fruit, sugar, and Pearl Harbor Naval base.
• The U.S. overthrew the resistant Hawaiian government in 1893 and formally annexed Hawaii in 1898.

Causes of the Spanish American War

• Despotic Cuban regime and U.S. sympathy for Cubans fueled interventionist sentiments.
• Concentration camps and yellow journalism inflamed public opinion.
• The sinking of the Maine battleship stirred up war sentiment.
• The De Lôme letter insulted McKinley.
• McKinley's War Message rationalized intervention in Cuba for honor.
• The Teller Amendment pledged that Cuba would control its own new government.

Spanish American War

• Called "a splendid little war".
• In the Philippines, Manila was captured and the Spanish fleet destroyed.
• In Cuba, the Rough Riders fought on San Juan Hill and US & Cuban forces fought together.
• The Treaty of Paris (1898) recognized Cuban Independence.
• The US acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.
• Aguinaldo and the Independence Movement rose in opposition to US presence in the Philippines.
• War in Philippines (1899-1902) resulted in 200,000 Civilian Filipinos Killed.
• The Philippines gained Independence in 1946.

Impact of Spanish American War

• Insular Cases (1901-1904) determined whether the Constitution followed the flag.
• The Platt Amendment in Cuba allowed U.S. intervention, prohibited foreign agreements, and established U.S. naval bases.
• The Foraker Act (1900) established Puerto Rico as a U.S. territory.
• The US implemented the Open Door Policy in China allowing US trade.
• The Boxer Rebellion was related to control of China.

Election of 1900

• William McKinley (Republican) won based on economic prosperity and the success of the Spanish-American War,
• Democrat William Jennings Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist and bimetallism stance.

Roosevelt's "Big Stick" Foreign Policy

• It was considered aggressive, bold, and decisive.
• The Roosevelt Corollary (1904) to the Monroe Doctrine resulted from British involvement in Venezuela.
• The US established the Canal Zone in Panama.
• Dealings with Japan: Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), “Gentleman's Agreement (1907), Root-Takahira Agreement (1908).

Taft's Foreign Policy

• Known as Dollar Diplomacy.
• The policy included the US investment in foreign economies would lead to stability.
• Railroads in China (1911) exemplified Dollar Diplomacy.
• Marines were sent to Nicaragua to quell civil war in 1912.
• His administration would not support the Lodge Corollary (Monroe Doctrine) (1912).
• The Senate passed the Lodge Corollary and non-Europeans were excluded from land ownership in the Western hemisphere.

Wilson's Foreign Policy

• Known as Moral Diplomacy.
• Respect other nations' rights and spread democracy.
• Correct the wrongs of U.S. imperialist past.
• Jones Act (1916) gave the Philippines territorial status/male suffrage/eventual Independence.
• Gave Puerto Rico citizenship in 1917.
• Military intervention was still welcomed in Mexico and Central America to maintain stability.

Progressive Era Overview

• Reform was pursued by middle and upper classes, including many women, to effect social change.
• Reformers advocated expanding participation in government and regulation of the economy and moral reform.
• Progressive amendments to the Constitution supported their ideals.

Contextualization of the Progressive Era

• The Gilded Age had excesses that needed to be addressed.
• There was an expansion of industrialization.
• There was growth and overpopulation of the cities. Southern and eastern European immigration.
• Big corporations in large trusts.
• The government adhered to Laissez-faire economics.
• Wealth and working conditions were highly disparate.
• Populist and Greenback Labor Parties sought to address the unequal conditions.

New Technologies and Standard of Living

• Transition from a rural to an urban economy due to new technologies.
• U.S. Steel Company (1901) led production and innovation.
• Ford's Model T (1908) and the "Moving" Assembly Line (1914) changed the economy.
• General Motors (1908) provided additional mobility.
• Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management reorganized production process for efficiency.
• Improved consumer goods such as electric washing machines, vacuums, and refrigerators were now available to the average consumer.

Overview of the Progressive Era

• Middle-class reform movement.
• This progressivism was inspired by Social Gospel Movement.
• Progressives looked against Social Darwinism.
• They addressed changing economic conditions.
• There was a grassroots movement at the Local, State, and National level.
• The Progressive Era was a continuation of Populist Party ideas.

Causes of the Progressive Era

• There were excesses of the Gilded Age.
• Specifically, political machines, deplorable living and working conditions, and monopolies/trusts.
• Progressivism favored pragmatism over Laissez-faire economics.
• Rejected "Rugged Individualism" and the assumption that Gov't aid wasn't needed.
• Promoted Scientific Management in gov't to eliminate corruption / political bosses.

Goals of the Progressive Movement

• Protect Social Reformers fought for social welfare for people.
• Political reformers addressed social problems.
• Economic changes were made, as well as, consumer protection.
• Societal evils were attempted to be cured, as well.

Muckrakers

• Muckrakers were investigate journalists who roused the public to action (sensationalism).
• Magazines such as McClure's (1893) published Muckraker journalism, as well as, books.
• Lincoln Steffens covered Boss Tweed and political machines.
• Ida Tarbell wrote about Standard Oil and its monopolies.
• Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives which is about Tenements.
• Lincoln Steffens wrote Shame of the Cities which covers instances of corruption.
• Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle which reveals the ills of meatpacking.
• The Settlement House Movement led by Jane Adams at the Hull House fought against housing issues.
• The National Child Labor Committee led by Lewis Hine brought the topic of labor to light. People such as Robert Lafollette in Wisconsin influenced Recall, Initiative, & Referendum actions.

Womens Rights

• Seneca Falls Convention (1848) led by Mott, Stanton, and Anthony and began the movement against the Cult of Domesticity
• The National Women's Loyalty League (1863) advocated Abolition & Women's Rights.
• Women began questioning the 15th Amendment.
• The National American Women's Suffrage Association led by Carrie Chapman Catt fought for suffrage state by state. The March on Washington during Wilson's inauguration increased the pressure for changes.
• The National Women's Party (1916) led by Paul and Burns fought for Womens Suffrage by any means like Hunger Strikes. Birth control was a large topic of conversation in regards to Margaret Sanger and Planned Parenthood.

Preservationists and Conservationists

• Differing responses to the overuse of natural resources by the government were implemented.
• The government passed the Yellowstone National Park in 1872.
• The government passed the Yosemite National Park in 1890.
• The government passed the Forest Reserve Act in 1891.
• John Muir created the Sierra Club in 1892.
• The government passed the Newlands Reclamation Act in 1902.
• The U.S. Forest Service was created in 1905.

The Rise of the Socialist Party

• The Socialist Party formed as a Third Party in resistance to capitalistic norms.
• This party was more radical than the Progressives.
• They also wanted public ownership of Railroads, Utilities, Oil, and Steel. Eugene V. Debs jailed for the Pullman Strike.

Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt

• The president sets legislative agenda and progressive reforms are put in place.
• The president's square deal mediates disputes, like the Coal strike.
• The president has trusts busted and railroad regulating practices implemented.
• The president also begins conservationist movements and focuses on consumer protection.

Presidency of William Howard Taft

• Hand picked by Roosevelt and continues the Trust-Busting.
• Establishes Bureau of Mines, National Forest Reserves, Federal Oil Lands, and the Department of Labor.

Taft Split of Republican Party

• Progressive Republicans and Taft (Conservatives) have different opinions on politics.
• Midterm Elections led to the support Conservative positions.
• Elections of 1912 saw Roosevelt run against Taft in the Bull Moose Party.

Presidency of Woodrow Wilson

• Implemented New Freedom policies that attacked tariffs, banks, and trusts.
• Underwood Tariff Act (1913) lowered tariffs.
• Federal Reserve Act (1914) led to banking reform Business regulation was Clayton Antitrust Act.
• Federal Trade Commission focused on smaller business matters.
• Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) provided aid to farmers. Child Labor Act (1916) faced unconstitutionality challenges with Hammer v Dagenhart.

America in World War I Overview

• The U.S. initially declared neutrality in World War I.
• Factors ultimately led the country to war.
• The call by Woodrow Wilson for the preservation of democratic principles was what helped to sway voters.
• The US failed to ratify the end Treaty of Versailles.

Contextualization of WWI

• New Europe mechanization modernized their militaries.
• Secret alliances aligned together based on ideological views.
• Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary was assassinated in 1914 with conflict and War looming.
• Germany disrupted travel with use of unrestricted submarine warfare to the North Atlantic .
• United States struggled to maintain neutrality.

Factors for US Entry to WWI

• The German Submarine Warfare was a large impact factor.
• Particularly the Lusitania and the Arabic pledges to stay out of conflict.
• Great Britain and France had economic impact factors.
• Propaganda efforts was huge in the US as well as, public opinion.

Preparing for War

• Republicans advocated preparedness with National Defense Act and expaned sizes of army. The 1916 Naval Acts spent 500,000 to enlarge Navy.

Election of 1916

• Wilson was reelected with war looming and attempted to negotiate a treaty.
• His campaign slogan was "He Kept Us Out of War".

WWI and the US Decision for War

• Use of submarines and warfare from Germany.
• Zimmerman telegram alliance between Germany and Mexico.
• Political turmoil in Russia during the Russian Revolution.
• The US declares war on April 6, 1917.

Mobilizing & Expanding Wartime Government Power

• War Industries Board enacted efficiency, standardization, price controls.
• National War Labor Board helped make rules and avoid disputes.
• Conscription Act enacted with 24 M registered and 2.7 drafted.

Paying of War

• A large $33 billion in two years through bonds and loans.

Controlling Public Opinion through Gov'T Action

• Propaganda
• The passage of Espionage (1917) & Sedition (1918) Acts.
• Schenck v. U.S. upheld the limitations of free speech.

Fighting and WWI

• Convey was used for protection and to protect merch ships
• The United States sends American Expeditionary Forces led by Gen. Pershing.
• Trench warfare was the Western Front.

Wartime Changes During WWI

• 400,000 African Americans served in War that were segregated.
• Armistice in 1918.

The WWI Home Front

• 19th Amendment lead to more work in public as women joined work forces.
• African Americans moved north as they went to war.
• Unions had an increased wage increase.
• There was also increased racial tension.

Ending the War

• Paris Peace Conference took place during the Versailles period.
• This was under Wilson's 14 Points of peace and treaties are gone.

Treaty of Versailles

• Dictated peace and "War Guilt".
• Germany was disarmed and pay $33 billion.
• Defeated empires broken and led to new countries. Article X created the League of Nations.

Opposition of Treaties

• UNpopular Article X saw the fall of support.
• Irreconciables opposed these actions which led to loss of power from leadership.
• The Senate rejected theTreaty of Versaille.

Challenges in US Post War

• Economic downtown and Dembozilation struck America with great loss.
• Labor workers caused much political strife and division.
• Palmer Raids went after Anarchists, socialists and labor activists.

Post WWI America Politics

• There was a focus to improve better communication and living conditions.
• The discussion of immigrants came into play.
• In the election Warren G Harding won with a back to normalcy platform
• US economy moved from agricultural to industrial and westward expansion continued. The US continued to try and fight and avoid the need to discriminate.

US Disarmament and Peace

• Washington Naval Conference (1921) was held to discuss.
• The international Financial System discussed with Dawes Plan (1924).
• The Kellogg Briand and isolate themselves.

US 1920 Politics

• Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge served terms, and economic growth was the major topic.
• Increase assistance for farmers but laissez faire for cooperation.
• Unemployment fell.

Political Scandals

• The Ohio Gang was a political scandal.
• The Ohio Gang and Teapot Dome led to illegal lease of govt land to private company.

Us Anti Immigration

• The Emergency Quota Act (1921) was for non-Euro immigrants.
• This was influenced by the Ku Klux Klan and there were more executions.

Religion vs Science

• Religious and scientific groups found new and creative reasons to hate new modernity for both sides.

US Great Author

• Returning warriors suffered which led to problems transitioning and many began to not trust world peace.

US Great War Economic Downfall

• 1860 US had an economy with 25 and 6 with RURAL and urban.
• 1920 has roughly double those numbers of new numbers.

Economic Problems in US

• The industry slowed with market soaring and Installment rates dropping which led to many more problems
• US factory production would continue slow if not halted.

Volstead Act

• The 18 amendment introduced a law against alcohol but led to the problem
• Many people would begin to drink again in Speakesties during an enforcement act..

Women in the Roaring 20s

• The Women's Roaring 20s introduced more freedom.
• Fashion would change in the 20s.
• The US would enter the Radio and Cinema.

Harlem Renessance

• Alain Leroy looked to make a new new world for African America with no restriction to expression. The Harlem world would influence art and jazz with NAACP support and clubs.

Great Depression Intro

• Government regulation had to be called in to help.
• There was a need to provide economic relief, recovery.

Intro to the Context of The Great Depression

• Herbert declared economic and good times and caused problems.
• Many economic problems rose from it like the bank runs,
• Banks shut down the markets crashed.

Effects of The Depression

• The employment market crashed into employers.
• Many people were left homeless with over 25 % underemployeed.

The Dust Bowl

• Farm prices in the Market crashed.
• Mid West droughts would turn the land into harsh times with farmers fighting.

Hoover and The Great War

• Hoover tried to violated the situation claiming things were ok
• His programs made things worse as the situation began to plumit.

1932 Bonus Amy

• There was a bonus expedition force as the military struggled and marched to be heard.

1932 Hoover and the Election

• Hoover with economic stress was not reelected.
• Hoover was beaten out by Franklin Roosevelt who ran with economic relif.

Frankin Expansion

• FDr expanded many things in govt. He also started a new area of work, called "the New Deal".

The New Deal

• Focuses on bringing America to a more prosperous time.
• Focus will be put on FDR to fix these massive issues.

New Deal Coalitions

• Banded to getehr union members would push the "new deal".
• With great help from minority communities a new change to the "New Deal coalition.

New Economic Work

• Emergency would be used for new people to pass the test.

Great Economits

• An economic plan to see how things would proceed for future.
• Gov would spend money instead.

Alphabelt Program

• Abc government would be more in control.
• FDR tried to pass a Supreme court Bill to have the people on his sides.

Secound Deal

• The deal would be to popular success among all sides.

WW II Inroduction

• The economic state took many roles with some of those roles came into play.

Intro to WW II

• The rise of facisim and other ideologies lead for the people. War labor helped lead Americans migrate to American cities.