American Imperialism 1900-1917 PDF

American Imperialism:Isolation or World’s Stage: Part 2 1900-1917 The government overrun by warlords and the population struggling with opium addiction, China was in a weakened state by the end of the 19th Century and vulnerable to the imperialistic tendencies of Western and European power...

American Imperialism:Isolation or World’s Stage: Part 2 1900-1917 The government overrun by warlords and the population struggling with opium addiction, China was in a weakened state by the end of the 19th Century and vulnerable to the imperialistic tendencies of Western and European powers. By the late 19th Century, European and Western countries became aggressive in trying to influence policy in the Far East in order to take a piece of the lucrative trade promise of countries such as China. V CHINA AND OPEN DOOR POLICY Overview: The U.S. was not seeking colonies on the mainland of Asia. However, it did seek new markets for American products and opportunities for American investors. The U.S. did join the other nations in demanding China trading rights. (A) Open Door Policy (1) U.S. wanted to ensure that: ALL COUNTRIES WOULD HAVE EQUAL ACCESS TO TRADE IN CHINA (2) Sec. of State John Hay issued a policy: *Called for: OPEN ACCESS TO CHINESE PORTS *Also called for: GUARANTEE OF CHINESE INDEPENDENCE John Hay, who composed the Open Door Note/Open Door Policy John Hay’s Open Door Note was meant to allow for all countries to have equal access to trade in China (and to ensure the US would (B) The Boxer Rebellion (1) By 1900, there was widespread anti-western (foreign) feelings in China. Result: *A Chinese rebellion by a: SECRET SOCIETY- "BOXERS" *1,000's of :FOREIGNERS & CHINESE CHRISTIANS DIED *International army: SENT TO CHINA TO PUT IT DOWN *Lasted only 2 months. (2) Result? China feared a foreign takeover but U.S. Secretary of State John Hay moved to prevent it stating American policy as: "to preserve Chinese territory and government" -Nations agreed not to occupy more land. -The result is that America: BECOMES ONE OF THE WORLD'S POWERS Left: Boxers destroy telegraph lines, burn buildings and murder opponents throughout the Peking district June 1900 Right: Executions of people with Western views Lower Right: executions of Chinese Christians Empress Tsu His saw the Boxers as the ‘protectors of China despite their radical actions targeting foreigners, Western Businessmen, and Chinese Christians. Soldiers from 8 different nations came together to suppress the bloody and chaotic Boxer Rebellion Far Right: A Chinese ‘Boxer’ Right: An international army was called into action to stop the Boxer Rebellion Above: US troops stop Chinese Boxers who believed themselves The Boxer Rebellion was put down swiftly, and dozens of Americans in the US Embassy in China were saved. The US’ role in putting down the rebellion helped solidify the country’s status as a leader in Uncle Sam providing infrastructure to the Far East. The election of 1900 led to a convincing victory for McKinley. Just a few months after his inauguration, McKinley was shot and killed by Leon Czolgosz at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo.  Leon Czolgosz mug shot after the assassination Above: Pictures of McKinley just before the assassination. Top: Newspaper headlines of the assassination attempt and an artist rendition of the assassination. Teddy Roosevelt rode into the presidency after McKinley was assassinated. ‘Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick’ encapsulated his ideology in both foreign and domestic policy during his 7.5 years as president. VI The United States: A New World Power Overview: As a result of the Spanish-American War and its role in Chinese affairs, America found itself among the community of "world powers". Several events increased America's position in the world. (A) Russo-Japanese War: (1) American President Theodore Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace prize for negotiating an end to a war between Japan and Russia. (B) Panama Canal: *This was the last remaining part of Adm. Mahan's ideas yet to be achieved- building a canal through Panama. (1) Building and controlling a canal here would be: VITAL TO AMERICAN INTERESTS AND PROJECTION OF POWER * In 1903 Colombia rejected: AN OFFER TO LEASE IT (6 mile strip @ $250,000/year rent) (2) Strange. Soon after a rebellion began in Panama and America moved in to : "PROTECT OUR INTERESTS IN THE REGION" -Panama became-AN INDEPENDENT COUNTRY -Panama makes a treaty with the U.S.: AND LEASED AMERICA THE LAND NEEDED TO BUILD THE CANAL (3) Canal Facts: - took 10 yrs. to build -40 miles long by 300 feet wide -Cost: $400 MILLION -5600 workers: DIED-DISEASE - Completed in 1914. Roosevelt’s negotiation to end the Russo Japanese War earned him the Nobel Prize. The Treaty of Portsmouth also led to resentment between Japan and the United States in The USS Nashville was sent to Panama to ‘protect American interests’ in Latin America during the Panamanian Revolt in 1903 – a clear example of ‘Gunboat Diplomacy’ The US supported Panamanian Rebels in order to gain access to the Panama Canal Zone in 1903- 04. The use of warships blocked the Colombian army from stopping Panama’s claims for independence. Malaria, Yellow Fever, torrential rains, and engineering difficulties ended French efforts to build the canal. However, advances in medicine, engineering, and the emerging power of the United States allowed for successful completion of the canal after a decade long Machinery and manpower were needed to build the Panama Canal. Workers came from the US, nearby islands, and Panama itself. Left: The Calebra Cut would eventually Teddy Roosevelt visits the Canal and poses for a picture on Bucyrus heavy equipment The completion of the Panama Canal completed the vision put forth by Admiral Mahan decades earlier and had an incalculable The Panama Canal was finally completed in 1914 after a decade of blasting, digging, and shoveling. Considered one of the Wonders of the World, the building of the Canal was another feat of ingenuity, innovation, engineering, and brute manpower displayed by the emerging world power of the United States (C) Roosevelt Corollary (1) The U.S. now found itself to have its own "sphere of influence" SPHERE OF INFLUENCE= AN AREA IN WHICH ONE NATION EXERTS CONTROL OR INFLUENCE OVER ANOTHER *This sphere located in Central & South America. (2) The U.S. felt that foreign countries would try to take advantage of the weak Latin American and Caribbean countries as: "EASY PICKINGS" (3) Consequently, President Roosevelt introduced an "expanded" version of the Monroe Doctrine called the: "ROOSEVELT COROLLARY" (4) It stated: "The only country that would "interfere" with Latin America would be: THE U.S. - US ASSUMED INTERNATIONAL POLICE POWER *"speak softly and carry a big stick..." “Gunboat Diplomacy” The Roosevelt Corollary served as a state of US foreign policy in Latin America. The US would exert its will and power in the region to serve its best interests while keeping European The Roosevelt Corollary would have the United States assume international police power, particularly as it related to The map above illustrates the new role of the United States and ‘Big Stick Diplomacy’, as the US had become significantly more active in foreign affairs in their ‘sphere of influence’ as laid out by This cartoon illustrates the new role of the United States in foreign policy, particularly Latin America. Debt Collector, Receiver, Sheriff etc. in places such as the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, and Cuba. The increased presence of Japanese immigrants on the Pacific Coast of the United States led to the Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907. This agreement limited Japanese immigration, forced states to allow Japanese children to The route of the Great White Fleet Gunboat Diplomacy (D) Dollar Diplomacy (1) Foreign policy of- WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT (2) Philosophy of this policy was that - DOLLARS CAN BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN BULLETS WHEN DEALING WITH FOREIGN NATIONS (3) This policy failed to accomplish anything significant. Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy had a less aggressive tone than TR’s Gunboat Diplomacy. Dollar Diplomacy had far reaching impacts in the economies of Latin American countries. While DD led to the promotion of infrastructure in many countries, it also allowed for US companies to dominate the region instead of allowing these countries to develop their own. (E) MISSION DIPLOMACY (1) Foreign policy of- WOODROW WILSON (2) Wilson, devoutly religious, believed that America should- INTRODUCE THE IDEALS OF LIBERTY, JUSTICE & HUMANITY WHEREVER IT GOES. (3) Also called "moralism". (4) End of Imperialism – US involvement in WWI. (F) THE PURSUIT OF PANCHO VILLA (1) MEXICAN BANDIT PANCHO VILLA RAIDED US BORDER TOWNS (2) VILLA WAS BELIEVED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEATHS OF UP TO 35 AMERICANS (3) WOODROW WILSON SENT GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING INTO MEXICO TO CAPTURE VILLA AND HIS GANG (4) WHILE THE CAPTURE OF VILLA WAS UNSUCCESSFUL, THE GANG WAS BROKEN UP AND THE BORDER TOWN RAIDS ENDED (5) ILLUSTRATED THE MORE AGGRESSIVE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES DURING THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY Wilson’s Mission Diplomacy sought to spread the ideals of Democracy and freedom to other parts of the globe. In practice, his US intervention in Mexico to stop Pancho Villa was unsuccessful in capturing Villa but the actions stopped further The US issued the Neutrality Proclamation in 1914, staying out of the war in an official military capacity. The US continued to trade with both sides during the first year of the war, but afterward the British blockade forced the US to trade much more with the Entente Powers. Suspicio ns over the autocrat ic govt led by Kaiser Wilhelm in German y along with the British blockad e of the Central powers led the US to foster stronger ties with Great Britain and France The submarine war zone as declared by Germany in 1915 The sinking of British ocean liner Lusitania led to public outcry in the United States as over one thousand people (and 128 Americans) perished as a result of German torpedoes. Eventually the sinking of the Lusitania would be used to encourage young me to enlist in the military. The sinking of French ship Sussex (upper right) led to the Sussex Pledge by Germany (right). Above, the eventual repeal of the Sussex Pledge is believed to have been a major catalyst for US entry