Perez_Fundamentals-reviewer-1.pdf

Fundamentals reviewer #1 USES OF A COMPUTER: store important data. COMPUTER communicate with people - initially referred to as “one who...

Fundamentals reviewer #1 USES OF A COMPUTER: store important data. COMPUTER communicate with people - initially referred to as “one who used for the educational system calculates”. - 1897, it was called the “Calculating used for office works Machine” used in banking, finance, and marketing. -1945, it was indicated as used in government sectors. “programmable digital electronic used in sports. computer” used for press and publishing - programmable electronic machine used for entertainment. designed to take input, perform prescribed arithmetic and logical CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS: operations at fast speeds, and provide the output of these operations. - acronym for “Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research” - derived from the Latin word “computare” - device that performs computation. Computare - calculate, to count, to sum up Calculating Machine - machine for performing arithmetical ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS: operations that are usually more ✓ Amazing speed complex ✓ Accuracy ✓ Huge Storage CHARLES BABBAGE ✓ Multitasking Support - Father of Computers ✓ Data Security - designed the first mechanical computer ✓ Automation in 1837. ✓ Reduced Cost - called the “Analytical Engine” and was the first general-purpose computer DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS: ✓ Unemployment BASIC FUNCTIONS OF A COMPUTER: ✓ Health Issues ✓ Cyber Crimes Virus and Hacking Attacks ✓ Improper Use ✓ Spread of False or Inappropriate Content ✓ Negative Impact on the Environment COMPUTER HARDWARE -Physical components or parts -can be installed inside or outside of the computer physical body. COMPUTER SOFTWARE -consisted of nearly 20,000 -group of programming instructions vacuum tubes, as well as 10,000 designed to instruct the computer to capacitors and 70,000 resistors perform specific tasks. -weighed over 30 -computer system is useless without a software. Characteristics of first generation computers: COMPUTER SCIENCE vacuum tube technology -systematic study of the concepts, machine language only foundations and applications of no multitasking support software, hardware, and intelligent took days or even weeks to complete systems. them “giant calculators” INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -Use of computing via various SECOND GENERATION (1956-1963) components to develop, manage, -use of transistors transform, share and store information in -IBM 7070, Philco Transac S-1000, and different forms. RCA 501 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION Transistors TECHNOLOGY (ICT) -smaller than vacuum tubes and allowed -technologies that provide access to computers to be smaller in size, faster in information through telecommunications speed, and cheaper to build -semiconductor device that helps DATA amplify or switch electronic signals and -represents raw elements or electric power. unprocessed facts, including numbers -invented at Bell Labs by William and symbols to text and images. Shockley, Walter Houser Brattain, and John Bardeen in 1947. INFORMATION -You get information when data is TX-0 processed, organized, interpreted, and -first computer to use transistors structured. -introduced in 1956 FIRST GENERATION (1940-1956) Characteristics of second generation -used vacuum tubes computers: -EDSAC, IBM 701, and Manchester use of transistors Mark 1 generated a lot of heat used telephone line access for Vacuum tubes communication -larger components and resulted in first assembly language and high-level generation computers being quite large programming languages in size -took up an entire room THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971) -device that helps amplify signals by -use of IC (integrated circuits) controlling the motion of electrons in an -ICs are still used in computers today evacuated space. -invented by Lee de Forest integrated circuit -helped reduce the size of computers ENIAC even more compared to second- -great example of a first generation computer  generation computers, as well as make AI (artificial intelligence) them faster -exciting technology that has many -small electronic device developed using potential applications around the world. semiconductor materials. -invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Characteristics of fifth generation Noyce around 1958-1959. computers: ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) Characteristics of third generation technology computers: AI-Based technology integrated circuits high user-friendly interfaces keyboards and monitors as the input advancement in storage capacity and and output speed high-level programming languages for its programming FOURTH GENERATION (1972-2010) -took advantage of the invention of the microprocessor (CPU) -Altair 8800, IBM 5100, and Micral. -considered to have ended in 2010 Microprocessors -helped make it possible for computers to fit easily on a desk and for the introduction of the laptop -small chip that can perform arithmetic- logical operations and help communicate with other connected devices -invented by Federico Faggin, Marcian (Ted) Hoff, Stanley Mazor and Masatoshi Shima -was called Intel 4004 Characteristics of fourth generation computers: microprocessors Graphic User Interface (GUI) widespread use of personal computers (PCs) FIFTH GENERATION (2010 TO PRESENT) -use AI (artificial intelligence) -well-known examples of AI in computers is IBM's Watson, which was featured on the TV show Jeopardy as a contestant. -Apple's Siri on the iPhone and Microsoft's Cortana on Windows 8 and Windows 10 computers