Pathfit 1 Movement Enhancement (Skeletal System) PDF

PATHFIT 1 MOVEMENT COMPETENCIES MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT THE SKELETAL SYSTEM FIRST FUNCTION SECOND FUNCTION THIRD FUNCTION FOURTH FUNCTION FIFTH FUNCTION FUNCTIONS 1. PROTECTS Our delicate organs need protection. a. The skull protects the brain b. The vertebral column prote...

PATHFIT 1 MOVEMENT COMPETENCIES MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT THE SKELETAL SYSTEM FIRST FUNCTION SECOND FUNCTION THIRD FUNCTION FOURTH FUNCTION FIFTH FUNCTION FUNCTIONS 1. PROTECTS Our delicate organs need protection. a. The skull protects the brain b. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord. c. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs. FUNCTIONS 2. SUPPORT Our body needs a framework a. The skeleton gives shape to our bodies. b. It holds our vital organs in place c. It enables us to achieve a good posture. FUNCTIONS 3. MOVES Our muscles use our bones to cause movement: a. The skeleton provides attachment for the muscles b. The skeleton is jointed, which allows a wide range of movement c. Different joints allow different types of movement. FUNCTIONS 4. PRODUCES BLOOD Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of the ribs, humerus, vertebrae and femur CLASSIFFICATIONS OF BONES The 206 bones that compose the adult skeleton are divided into five categories based on their shapes. Their shapes and their functions are related such that each categorical shape of bone has a distinct function. 1. LONG BONES It is a long bone that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide. Long bnes are found in the arms (humerus, ulna and radius) and legs (femur, tibia and fibula), as well as in the fingers (metacarpals, phalanges) and toes (metatarsals and phalanges.) 2. SHORT BONES It is short bone that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, witdth, and thickness. The inly short bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles. We use them in fine movements of ur body. Short bones can provide stability and support as well as some limited motion. 3. FLAT BONES A flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the cranial (skill) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone ), and the ribs. We use them to protect the organs of our body. Flat bones serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect our organs. 4. IRREGULAR BONES It is an irregular bone that not have any easily characterized shaped and therefore does not fit any other classification. These nones tend to have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces. We use them to give our body protection and shape. Many facial bones particularly the ones containing the sinuses, are classified as irregular bones. 5. SESAMOID BONES A sesamoid bone is small, round bone that, as the name suggests, it shaped like a sesame seed. These bones form in tendons (the sheaths of tissue that connects bones to muscles)where a graet deal of pressure is generated in a joint. These bones protect tentons by helping them overcome compressive forces. These vary in number and placement from person to person but typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands, and knees. The patellae (singular-patella) are the only sesamoid bones found in common with every person. BONE CLASSIFICATION FEATURES FUNCTION/S EXAMPLE/S LONG Cylinder-like shape, Leverage Femur, tibia, fibula, longer than it is wide metatarsals, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges SHORT Cube-like shape, Provide stability support, Carpals, tarsals approximately equal in while allowing for some length, width and motion thickness FLAT Thin and curved Points of attachment Sternum,, ribs, scapulae, for muscles, protectors cranial bones of internal organs IRREGULAR Complex shape Protect internal organs Vertebrae, facial bones SESAMOID Small and rounds; Protect tendons from Patellae embedded in tendons compressive forces  MAIN PARTS OF A SKELETON Our skeleton is divided into two parts: AXIAL skeleton and the APPENDICULAR skeleton. APPENDICULAR SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON Shoulder Girdle Skull 1. Made up of two clavicles and two 1. Made up of 28 bones scapulas 2. Only linked by muscles to our vertebral 2. There are also 14 bones in the face and column, this gives us great flexibility in our six in the ears. arms and shoulder. However, it limits the force we use. 3. Fused together in early childhood 4. Protects the brain, eyes and ears. 5. Balance mechanism found in the ears  APPENDICULAR SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON ARMS STERNUM 1. Humerus, radius and ulna 1. A large flat bone at the front of the ribcage 2There are 8 carpal bones in the wrist 2. Helps to make the rib cage stronger 3. Five metacarpal bones in the hand 4. Fourteen (14) phalanges in each hand  APPENDICULAR SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON HIP GIRDLE RIBS 1. Made up of two halves, each formed by three 1. Made up of 12 pairs joined to the vertebral bones, which are fused together on each side column 2. Forms a very stable jint with the vertebral 2. Seven pairs are joined to the sternum column and passes the weight of the body to the legs. 3. Supports the lower abdomen and provides a 3. Three pairs are joined to the seventh rib strong joint for the femur. (false ribs) 4. The female pelvis is wider and shallower than 4. Two ribs are unattached (Floating ribs) the male pelvis. This is to make childbearing easier, but it does make running less efficient. 5. The ribcage protects our lungs and heart.  APPENDICULAR SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON LEGS 1. Femur, tibia, and fibula 2. There are seven tarsals in each foot 3. Five metatarsals in each foot 4. 14 phalanges in each foot HOW DO WE MOVE? The skeleton has many joints. A joint, also called an articulation is any place where adjacent bones or bone and cartilage come together (articulate with each other) to form a connection. Two classifications of joints 1. Structural classifications of joints take into account whether the adjacent bones are strongly anchored to each other by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the adjacent bones articulate with each other within the fluid-filled space called joint cavity. HOW DO WE MOVE? 2. Functional classifications describe the degree of movement available between the bones, ranging from immobile, to slightly mobile, to freely moveable joints. The amount of movement available at a particular joint of the body is related to the functional requirements for that joint. This, immobile or slightly moveable joints serve to protect internal organs, give stability to the body, and allow for limited body movement. In contrast, freely moveable joints allow for much more extensive movements of the body and limbs. HOW DO WE MOVE? Immovable joints. A formulation of two bones that had been fused together. Such joints are capable of movement by muscular force. For all practical purposes, they could as well not exist, except that they do serve a protective function. Slight movement might occur in joints, resulting in a cushioning effect when external force is applied. For example, if a blow is struck on the head, the immovable joints of the cranium will permit slight movement. HOW DO WE MOVE? Slightly Movable Joints. These joints are not fixed as are immovable joint, but the structure of bones and connective tissues in and around the joints restricts the range of motion to only few degrees. Examples of slightly movable joints are those located in the spine. It is also found between the sacrum and ilia, and and at the front and back attachments of the ribs. HOW DO WE MOVE? Free Movable Joints. These joints have a comparatively large of movements and are of prime importance in motor performances. They are located in upper and lower extremities. Examples of freely movable joints are the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, and knee joints. PLANES OF THE BODY 1. S A G IT TA L P L A N E. I s a v e r t i c a l p l a n e e x t e n d i n g i n a n anteroposterior direction dividing the body into right and left parts, effectively the forward and backward plane. A sagittal plane is any plane parallel to the medial plane. 2. CORONAL (or frontal) plane. Is a vertical plane at right angle to the sagittal plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions; effectively the side movement plane. 3. TRANSVERSE (or horizontal) plane. Is a horizontal cross-section dividing the body into upper and lower sections, and lies at right angles to the other two planes, effectively the rotational. KINDS OF JOINT MOVEMENTS The following are descriptions of all the movements that occur in the body joints. The descriptions are based on the assumption that the body is in standard anatomical position, that is, the erect position with the palms forward. 1. FLEXION (Bending) is movement of a segment of the body causing a decrease in the angle at the point, such as bending the arm at the elbow or the leg at the knee. The trunk and neck can flex forward. 2. LATERAL FLEXION is bending sideways, and it can occur to both the right and the left. The trunk and neck can also flex sideways. 3. HORIZONTAL FLEXION is a body segment flexes through the horizontal flexion at the shoulder joint in throwing the discus or in the sidearm pitch. KINDS OF JOINT MOVEMENTS 4. DORSIFLEX (dorsal flex) is when the ankle is flexed, causing the top of the foot to draw closer to the tibia. 5. PLANTAR FLEXION (actually extension)is the opposite movement at the ankle. 6. EXTENSION (Straightening) is movement in the opposite direction of flexion which causes an increase in the angle at the joint, such as straightening the elbow or the knee. 7. HORIZONTAL EXTENSION (Horizontal Abduction) occurs when the body segment extends through the horizontal plane. In putting the shot, the opposite arms move through the horizontal extension. KINDS OF JOINT MOVEMENTS 8. HYPEREXTENSION is extension of the body segment to a position beyond its normal extended position such as arching the back or extending the leg at the hip beyond its vertical position. (movement is limited by the strong anterior cruciate ligament,) 9. ABDUCTION Is the movement of a body segment in the lateral plane away from the midline of the body, such as raising the leg or arm sideways. 10. ADDUCTION Is movement of a body segment toward the midline as moving arm from the outward horizontal position downward to the vertical position. 11. ROTATION is movement of a segment around its own longitudinal axis. A body segment may be rotated inward (medially) or outward (laterally). The scapula may be rotated upward or downward and the spine may rotate to the right or the left. KINDS OF JOINT MOVEMENTS 12. PRONATION is rotation of the hand and forearm downward resulting in a “palm -down” position. 13. SUPINATION is rotation of the hand and forearm upward resulting in a “palm- up” position. 14. INVERSION is rotating of the foot turning the sole inward. 15. EVERSION is rotation of the foot turning the sole outward. 16. CIRCUMDUCTION is a circular or cone-like movement of a body segment, such as swinging the arm in a circular movement about the shoulder joint. The kind of movement is also possible in the wrist trunk, neck, hip, shoulder girdle, and ankle joint. KINDS OF JOINT MOVEMENTS 17. ELEVATION is when the shoulder is lifted upward as in shrugging the shoulder. 18. DEPRESSION is when lowering of the shoulder girdle. 19. PROTRACTION (abduction) is movement of the shoulder girdle away from the midline of the body, resulting in broadening of the shoulder. 20. RETRACTION (ADDUCTION) Is movement of the shoulder girdle toward the midline of the body, resulting in narrowing of the shoulders. The clavicle is capable of some rotation at the sternum and accompanies scapular upward and downward rotation