Parts of a Research Paper PDF

Parts of a Research Paper Instructor: Nicole M. David, CRP.,CREP.,CRDC.,MAEd.,CRS.,LPT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION a. Introduction This section provides an overview of the study, typically written in 2-4 paragraphs, and includes the background and context of the resea...

Parts of a Research Paper Instructor: Nicole M. David, CRP.,CREP.,CRDC.,MAEd.,CRS.,LPT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION a. Introduction This section provides an overview of the study, typically written in 2-4 paragraphs, and includes the background and context of the research. It should follow the “TIOC” structure (Trends, Issues, Objectives, and Contributions) to establish the significance of the study. Trends: Discuss the current developments or emerging patterns in the field related to your research. Highlight any relevant practices, technologies, or methodologies that support the relevance of your study. Example: In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of blended learning models in secondary education. This shift is driven by the growing availability of online resources and the need for more flexible learning environments, especially in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Issues: Identify the specific problems or challenges highlighted by previous studies. This section outlines the gap in knowledge or unresolved issues that your research aims to address. Example: Despite the rise of blended learning, many teachers face difficulties in integrating technology effectively in the classroom. Studies show that insufficient training and lack of resources hinder the full implementation of these models. Objectives: State the primary goals of your research, focusing on what you aim to accomplish. These objectives are based on related studies and indicate the focus of your inquiry. Example: This research aims to explore the impact of blended learning on student engagement and performance in Junior High School. Specifically, it will assess how blended learning environments influence student motivation and learning outcomes. Contribution: Every research should provide a meaningful contribution to the body of knowledge. This section explains how your research will add value to the field and potentially influence future studies or applications. Example: The study will contribute to the body of knowledge by providing insights into how blended learning can be optimized in a Philippine classroom setting. It will offer recommendations for improving teacher training and resource allocation to enhance blended learning implementation. Actual example: From the Research titled: Teacher Attrition in Select Higher Education Institutions towards a Retention Program b. Review of Related Literature and Studies This section synthesizes previous research and literature relevant to your study, typically covering a span of the last 5-10 years. The review supports the overall foundation of your research and ensures that it is grounded in existing knowledge. The literature review can be divided into subtopics based on your study’s variables or research themes, aligning with APA style guidelines. Example RRL1: A study by Smith (2020) found that students in blended learning environments performed better in standardized tests than those in traditional classrooms. Similarly, research by Lopez and Martinez (2021) concluded that student engagement is significantly higher when technology is integrated into the learning process. Implication/ Voice of the Researcher: Based on the findings of Smith (2020) and Lopez and Martinez (2021), it can be inferred that the integration of technology in education positively influences both student performance and engagement. The improved standardized test scores in blended learning environments suggest that a combination of traditional and digital instructional methods enhances comprehension and retention. Furthermore, the increased student engagement observed by Lopez and Martinez (2021) indicates that technology plays a crucial role in creating an interactive and stimulating learning experience. These findings highlight the potential benefits of technology-enhanced instruction in modern educational settings. Example RRL2: According to Carreon (2023), good and healthy relationships with colleagues, like their respect for each other, support, cooperation, and the way working together in order to complete the given task together, are the reasons to define and determine themselves to have a better and good working relationship. In addition, if teachers build a negative working environment, this may harm not just themselves but also the institutions. Having this one also may lead to favoritism due to job satisfaction from the school head. Implication 2:This research states that fostering excellent collegial relationships in higher education is profound. By creating and nurturing a supportive and collaborative culture, institutions can ensure a motivated and engaged faculty. This, in turn, enhances teacher retention and the quality of education provided to students. Prioritizing these relationships is essential for the sustained success and effectiveness of educational institutions. NOTE: Importance of Related Literature and Studies (RRL/RS) Establishes Theoretical and Research Foundations – Provides a strong background by linking the study to existing theories and frameworks. Identifies Research Gaps – Highlights areas that need further exploration, justifying the study’s significance. Prevents Duplication – Ensures the research contributes new knowledge rather than repeating existing studies. Enhances Credibility – Supports arguments with evidence from reliable sources. Guides Methodology – Helps in choosing appropriate research methods based on past studies. Strengthens Interpretation – Provides context for analyzing findings by comparing them with previous research. At the end of this section, include the following: Synthesis: Summarize the key findings from the literature, identifying what has already been studied and established in your field. Example: Previous studies consistently show the positive effects of blended learning on student achievement and engagement. However, most of these studies have been conducted in developed countries, and there is a lack of research in developing nations like the Philippines, particularly in secondary education. Research Gap: Highlight the gaps or unaddressed areas in the existing literature. Specify what issues your study seeks to explore or resolve. Example: While existing literature highlights the benefits of blended learning, there is limited research on how it affects Filipino students in Junior High School. This study seeks to address this gap by examining the effectiveness of blended learning models in the local context. c. Theoretical Framework Theoretical Framework (for Qualitative Research): Theoretical frameworks are rooted in established theories that support and guide your study. Theories chosen should be relevant to the research topic and serve as a foundation for interpreting your findings. Example: This research is guided by Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, which emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural tools in learning. The study posits that technology serves as a cultural tool that enhances learning through collaboration and interaction in a blended learning environment. Actual Sample: Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of the study was interconnected with the human capital theory, which was developed by Gary Becker and Theodore Schultz (1962). According to Ross (2021), Human Capital Theory is an intangible economic placing of value and care on every worker's experience and expertise, including their skills, education, training, intelligence, and highest educational attainment. It is said that to increase every employee's productivity is to give them the proper education and train their skills to the next level. It was defined in Labor book 4 that Human Capital is the knowledge or wisdom the worker possesses that can be innate to his nature or acquired through years of experience that highly affects the quality of their productivity. In addition, Robinson and Pope (2023) mentioned that the Human Capital Theory to provide quality services and products is to invest primarily in education, training, vacations, incentives, and salary to boost every worker and take good care of the company. This explains that those who are educated desire to become more of themselves, for they desire specific and important knowledge that they can use to boost their productivity. According to the argument given by Korres (2008) that any poor countries lacking investment for their human capital will prevent them from catching up with the first world- or first-class countries. It was also proven that educational Attainment and public investment in education corroborate positively on the economic growth of a certain country and even companies. Furthermore, Piketty (2014) mentioned that the theory of teacher attrition discussed in the research must be the understanding of teacher attrition recognizing a change in an individual teacher that causes a reversal of an earlier decision to remain in the classroom. To restrict job mobility, occupation-specific capital works in two ways. The theory of Teacher Attrition discussed leads to a path of every teacher's teaching career, such as the marriage, birth of their children, location of their homes from the schools, and retirement both early and late; these are some of the factors of teacher attrition. Our teachers do have their way of encouraging themselves in working; normal career progression in every institution and our educational sector is pivotal and significant for them, which includes a higher position to gain a higher salary, a better working environment, pursuing professional development, and growth by attending seminars and training and even pursuing postgraduate studies. Other factors that influence Teacher Attrition in the educational sector are monetary factors such as higher salary, promotion chances, and retirement packages; on the other hand, the non-monetary include the Working Environment and conditions, Cooperation from colleagues who share responsibility, flexible work schedule to spend more time for their family and leisure, the student's attitude and the support of every guardian and parents in the community. According to the Human Capital Theory, individuals invest in education and training to increase their productivity and earning potential. Faculty personnel in higher education institutions devote significant time and effort to earning additional degrees and specialized expertise. Understanding how attrition affects this investment and subsequent returns is critical for assessing educational resource efficiency and the long-term viability of faculty retention initiatives. Additionally, Human Capital Theory posits that humans make decisions based on a logical assessment of costs and benefits. By using this perspective on teacher attrition in higher education, researchers can investigate the factors that impact faculty members' decisions to stay or quit academic employment. This includes salary, workload, job satisfaction, and opportunities for advancement. The Theory of Human Capital supports the current study as the Teachers in educational institutions are the center and front liners of the workforce of the education system; they are the focus of the study, and they serve as the human resources that play pivotal and significant roles in the academe. Teachers must receive the proper recognition in society, and the government should ensure that their needs are being met; in line with this, the Human Capital Theory states that every employer should invest something in relation to its employees, including training, seminars, workshops, professional development, salary increase, benefits, and incentives. If the teachers feel that they are valued, they will also value their work and perform their duties and responsibilities beyond the expected outcome. As the management and educational leaders invest in the teachers and their needs, retention rate may increase and decrease the turnover or attrition rate in every academe. d. Research Problem The research problem serves as the focal point of your study. This section includes the research objectives, which can be presented in the form of statements or research questions. General Objective: This describes the overall aim or goal of the research, outlining what you hope to achieve by the end of the study. Example: The general objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of blended learning on student academic performance in Junior High School. Specific Objectives: These are more detailed goals that break down the general objective into smaller, manageable tasks. These are often presented in bullet points for clarity. Example: a. To assess the level of student engagement in blended learning environments. b. To identify the challenges faced by teachers in implementing blended learning. c. To analyze the relationship between access to technology and student performance in blended learning classrooms. Statement of the Problem: The study examined the lived experiences of educators regarding attrition in selected higher education institutions, aimed to inform the development of an effective retention program. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the factors that contribute to the meaningful experiences of the educators in Higher Education Institutions? 2. What are the factors that contribute to the challenging experiences of the educators in Higher Education Institutions? 3. What coping mechanisms do educators in Higher Education Institutions employ to deal with the challenging experiences? 4. What are the triggering factors which lead the educators to leave the teaching work in Higher Education Institutions? 5. Based on the results of the study, what retention program may be proposed? e. Significance of the Study This section discusses the potential impact and importance of your research. It answers the question, "Who will benefit from this study?" Consider the different stakeholders, such as scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and specific communities, and explain how they stand to gain from your findings. Example: This study will be valuable to educators and policymakers by providing evidence-based recommendations for improving blended learning models in the Philippine education system. Teachers will benefit from the insights on integrating technology, while students will gain from a more engaging learning environment. Policymakers may use the findings to develop strategies for enhancing the country's digital education infrastructure. Significance of the Study The new knowledge that will be revealed in the undertaking of this study is expected to benefit the following: Teachers. The teachers form HEI are the main focus of this research, the results of this study will enlighten teachers of their plans and their purpose. This will help teachers to identify the reasons for Teachers’ attrition and be able to identify the career path and plan for their own professional development. Learners. The findings of this study will be beneficial to the learners since their needs are the primary concern. Supposed teachers can intensify their competencies by addressing their emerging needs and venturing on their skills. Change of Instructors may affect their needs in the quest of knowledge. HEI Officials. Having school with diverse teachers is very challenging. With the help of this study, the administrators can plan collaborative efforts with regards to the designation of duties and responsibilities, rewards system and for motivating teachers to further enhance the teaching and learning process that will help the learners to develop their skills. CHED Officials/Administrators. The results of this study can be use as their frame of reference in further improving the retention programs in the Higher Education Institutions and for the improvement of the career advancement program in Commission on Higher Education. MAEd Educational Management Students. This research paper may serve as a reference for their research as they quest for new research gaps and providing supplemental data for their future research. Future Researchers. By providing valuable reference, data, and information, the results of the study will give comprehensive understanding in the quest of providing imperative data to  support the study of other researchers for their future study. Researchers may use this as a reference for further study. f. Scope and Delimitation The scope defines the boundaries of your research, including the parameters and limitations. This section clarifies what is included in the study and what is deliberately excluded, detailing the study's extent in terms of time, location, population, and methodology. Example: The study will focus on Junior High School students in public schools within Metro Manila, specifically those enrolled in the school year 2024-2025. The research will examine blended learning environments that combine face-to-face instruction with online learning. The Delimitations refer to the factors that might limit the applicability or generalizability of the research, such as sample size, geographic constraints, or specific variables that are not being considered. Example: The study will not include private school students or those enrolled in fully online programs. Additionally, the research will focus only on academic performance in English and Mathematics subjects, excluding other subjects due to time constraints. Scope and Delimitation The scope of the research will cover the resigned teachers of the Selected Higher Education Institutions in Pampanga, the respondents should be from a government own State University and Colleges run by the community or local government, private HEI will not be included in the study. Current faculty members and teaching staff from the educational sector are not included. Participants of the study should be a graduate of master’s degree for it is the minimum requirement of the HEI and at least tenured for 3 years and up, participants who doesn’t possess the said qualifications will be excluded in the study, RRL states that to have deepen understanding and of the work, the employees they should be tenure at least 3 years and beyond. The resigned teachers may be Instructors to Professorial positions as long as they resigned in State University and Colleges. The resigned teachers must also be tenured in between the Academic Year 2018-2019 to Academic Year 2022-2023, teachers who resigned before the said academic years are not included in the study.  The study investigated the lived experiences of the resigned teachers, the meaningful experiences during their tenure in the HEI, the challenging experiences they’ve experienced together with their coping mechanism during the challenging time, lastly, this study implored the reasons or factors that affects their decision to leave the Institution. This study applied Qualitative Research Method, specifically the researcher implored Phenomenological study to acquire in- depth responses based on the lived experiences of the participants using semi-structured interview guide. The study excluded faculty members who resigned with no further advanced studies or currently pursuing Graduate school studies. Teachers with 1-2 years of experience as well as teachers employed and planning to resign are not included in the study. In addition, State Universities and Colleges outside the Locale of the study are excluded from the qualifications of the study as well the Universities or Colleges that are privately own by individuals or corporate group. g. Definition of Terms This section provides clear definitions of key terms used throughout the research to ensure that readers have a precise understanding of their meaning. Theoretical/Conceptual Meaning: This refers to the accepted or standard definitions used by other researchers and scholars in your field. Example: Blended Learning – As defined by Horn and Staker (2015), blended learning is an educational model that combines traditional classroom teaching with online instruction, allowing students to control the time, place, and pace of their learning. Operational Meaning: This refers to how the researcher defines or uses specific terms within the context of their own study. It ensures clarity and helps avoid ambiguity. Example: Blended Learning – In this study, blended learning refers to the teaching method implemented in Junior High Schools where face-to-face instruction is supplemented by online activities and resources. The operational definition is specific to the context of the research. Definition of Terms For better understanding of this study, the following terms were conceptually and operationally defined. Teacher Attrition. Teacher attrition is a phenomenon in the education system where teachers leave the teaching profession due to some reason, either leaving for another career path or leaving the workplace, (Sorensen and Mckim, 2014). In the context of this study, Teachers Attrition is a situation where teachers are leaving the teaching profession other than retirement. It is the declining or diminishing numbers of teachers staying in an institution and leaving the profession for another career path or workplace. Teachers Retention. Teacher retention is described as relates to the goal of the government in keeping and retaining teachers inside the classroom and workplace and pertaining to reducing employee turnover or attrition (Hawthorne, 2021). In this study, Teacher retention is the continued program of the government to keep and let teachers stays in the institutions and continue to the teaching profession together with performing their duties and responsibilities with different benefits and compensation applying different programs to keep teachers. Turnover. Turnover refers to the rate of teachers leaving the educational institutions because of many reasons. Either voluntarily or involuntarily. It is oftentimes observed in a span of time or season (Wang, 2019). In this research, turnover refers to the rate of teacher in a certain academic school years observed in an educational institution. Retention Program. Retention Program are programs formulated and created as a sort of initiative in addressing or inculcating a solution for the different challenges faced by educational institutions with their needs, such as providing different support and resources needed, mentoring programs and the career paths for the professional development of the teachers and considering the work condition of the institutions and the compensation, (Carver and Darling, 2017). In the context of this study, the Retention program in this research program used an initiative for the growing problem of attrition in Higher Education Institutions applied due to many reasons and applying solutions such as improving the quality of workplace, the compensation and the different support from the institutions. Higher Education Institutions. Higher Education Institutions are education institutions in the Philippines that offer bachelor’s degree or graduate studies, they are authorized by the government (Alvarez, et al., 2017). In this study, HEIs are institutions whose primary concern is in preparing future professionals and training them for their profession that offer different bachelor’s degree courses managed by the national government and local government units. State University and Colleges. State Universities and Colleges are higher education institutions whose primary roots were established by the national government and led independently by their own board of trustees (Alvarez,et al., 2017). In this study, SUCs are educational institutions that are owned by the government and under the supervision of the Commission of Higher Education Institutions and managed through their board of trustees offering different degrees. h. Acronyms List the acronyms used in your research, along with their full meanings. This ensures that readers unfamiliar with certain abbreviations or technical terms can follow along easily. Example: ICT – Information and Communications Technology JHS – Junior High School BL – Blended Learning Acronyms CHED a- aaCommission on Higher Education HEIs aa -aa Higher Education Institutions HCTaaa - aaHuman Capital Theory SUCs aa- aaState Universities and Colleges