Research IV Quarter 1 Weeks 5-8 PDF

FOR ZAMBOANGA CITY DIVISION USE0ONLY NOT FOR SALE 10 RESEARCH IV QUARTER 1 Weeks 5-8 Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerme...

FOR ZAMBOANGA CITY DIVISION USE0ONLY NOT FOR SALE 10 RESEARCH IV QUARTER 1 Weeks 5-8 Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerment Toolkit Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula Zamboanga City “Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!” WRITTEN BY: NOREEN T. CATIS, MT-II Regional Science High School  1 SUBJECT & Research QUARTER 1 WEEK 5&6 DAY __________________________________ GRADE/LEVEL 4 dd/mm/yyyy TOPIC Revisiting of the Research Paper : Methodology 1. Utilize the standards (criteria or checklist) in evaluating a research paper (SSP_RS10-ERS-I-a-1) LEARNING 2. Revise/enhance/expand the research project by incorporating COMPETENCY suggestions given by peer/group/experts (SSP_RS10-WRP-1-b-f-2) c. Methodology IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your all answers for the SAQ, Practice and Try items on a separate sheet/s of paper. UNDERSTAND What is Methodology? The Methodology section of the research paper describes in sufficient detail the procedures employed and the raw or processed materials utilized in the research so it can be evaluated and repeated if necessary. It includes how these materials were used, what observations were gathered, and how these observations were processed to formulate a conclusion interpreting essentially their meaning and significance in relation to the problem investigated. The interpretation of the results of the study is taken in light of the methods employed. The validity and reliability of the methods employed enable the reader to put more confidence in the results of the study. The reproducibility of data is a primary consideration in evaluating the reliability of the technique. The validity of the methods ensures that the data gathered are relevant and appropriate to the problem being investigated. In a research proposal, a timetable or Gantt Chart is also included. What are the contents of the methodology? The methodology section informs the reader of the steps undertaken by the researcher and how he made them. It includes the following:  All processes done during actual experimentation  All materials and amounts (precise and specific) used in the study  Description of experimental and control set-ups  Kind of data gathered  Number of trials and replicates done  Description of the samples and reference population  Management of sample plants and/or animals  Sampling technique  Identification and classification of variables  Chemical, physical and microbiological analyses of samples  Manner of data collection, organization, and processing  Statistical analysis (test of significance)  Limitation in the methods that have been discovered during the study WRITTEN BY: NOREEN T. CATIS, MT-II Regional Science High School  2 Organization, Style and Format of Methodology  This must be written in the past tense when discussing what was done under certain conditions and the actions are already completed and future tense when proposing (to be conducted). Present tense is reserved for establishing facts, general truisms, or describing the characteristics of something that holds true.  The procedures are written chronologically, in the order that was done during the actual conduct of the experiment.  It focuses more on the action than the actor, more frequent use of passive voice is acceptable.  Materials used in the study like glassware, equipment, and chemicals are mentioned as the details of the procedure are given. They are not enumerated or listed individually as in a laboratory manual. The amounts of materials indicated are accompanied by appropriate units of measurements.  Standards analyses are not described in great detail. However, modifications/improvements done in such routine analyses are stated in detail. The choice of alternative methods of analysis is also explained.  Photographs or flow diagrams are used to illustrate the samples, equipment, working model of the designed apparatus, and schematic outline of the processes employed.  Abbreviations are never used in the first citations. The same rule applies to scientific names. They are spelled out completely on first citation; however, abbreviations may be used in later citations. E.g., Escherichia coli is abbreviated as E.coli.  In the research report (final paper), the Methodology section is written in the past tense The passive voice is generally used. Personal pronouns are not used and instead, the researchers are alluded to using the third person.  If the sentence starts with a number, the number is spelled out. SAQ1: What is the difference between a methodology of a research proposal and a final research paper? SAQ2: Why should you describe in sufficient detail all processes of the experimentation? What is Experimental Design? Experimental design refers to the complete sequence of steps undertaken to answer the research problem. It involves the logical structure and organization of an experiment. It is a detailed plan of the sampling procedures, data collection, and analysis followed by the investigator during the actual experimentation. It also includes the variables under study. The design of the experiment depends on the type of research undertaken and the nature of the conditions under which the study was done. The design of the experiment is dictated by the question it is to answer. There is no blueprint that will serve as a guide for writing an experimental design. Each problem requires its own unique design. What are the functions of the Experimental Design? The functions of the experimental design:  It provides direction during the actual experimentation.  It allows a gain of maximum information relevant to the problem at a minimum cost.  It makes the statistical test of significance valid because it takes into consideration all the assumptions that went into deriving various statistics. WRITTEN BY: NOREEN T. CATIS, MT-II Regional Science High School  3 What are the Principles of Research Design? The principles which are always present in research design are replication, randomization, local control, and control of extraneous variables.  Replication refers to the repetition of the basic experiment. It is done to provide an estimate of variation among the observations on units treated alike, assessing the significance of observed differences.  Randomization refers to the assignment of experimental units or subjects of the study to the treatments or vice versa by chance. It is done to create equivalent groups prior to the experiment. It ensures a valid or unbiased estimate of population parameters and the validity of the statistical test of significance.  Local Control refers to the balancing, grouping, and blocking of the experimental units that are employed in the adopted design. Blocking is the allocation of experimental units to a block in such a way that the units within the block are relatively homogeneous.  The control of extraneous variables is necessary. Identical conditions must be provided for the control and experimental groups. These two groups should differ only in terms of the absence (control) or presence of the treatment (experimental). SAQ3: How did you randomly assign your experimental units or subjects to the treatments? SAQ4: How many times did you replicate your experiment last year? Why is it important to replicate when performing scientific investigation? What are the Basic Types of Design? There are basically two types of designs, namely: Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Completely Randomized Design (CRD)  Treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental subjects without restrictions.  Subjects or experimental units are homogeneous  Experiments are done in a place where environmental factors can be controlled like the laboratory.  Rarely used in field experiments Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD  Experimental subjects are divided into more or less homogeneous groups called blocks.  Blocking is done to have experimental subjects in a group, all of which have similar characteristics, so that observed differences will be largely due to treatments.  Most widely used experimental designs in field researchers SAQ5: What experimental research design did you use in your prior research study? Why did you use that experimental design? WRITTEN BY: NOREEN T. CATIS, MT-II Regional Science High School  4 What are the standards (criteria / checklist) used in evaluating Methodology? The following are the criteria/checklist used in evaluating a research paper. Table 4: CHECKLIST FOR EVALUATING METHODOLOGY (Direction: Evaluate the research topic using the following criteria. Place a check mark (/) on the appropriate box (YES/NO) and beside justify/ explain your answer.) Criteria Yes No Explanation 1. Does the study define the variables in the research? 2. Does the study classify the variables in the research? 3. Are the sources of samples in the study given? 4. Is the sampling procedure defined in the research/ 5. Are the treatments given to the samples defined in the study? 6. Is the research design defined in the study? 7. Is the data-gathering procedure defined in the study? 8. Are the procedures appropriate for the study? 9. Is the statistical treatment of data stated in the study? 10. Did the study provide for the principles of research design (i.e. replication, randomization, control of variables)? 11. Are the description and size for all experimental and control groups included? 12. Is there a description of how to change the independent variable and how to measure that change? 13. Is there an explanation of how the controlled variables maintained at a constant value? 14. Is there a specified number of times the experiment repeated (should be at least three times), and is the number of repetitions sufficient to give reliable data? 15. Can another individual duplicate the experiment based on the written methodology?. Let’s Practice!. Week 5: For ALL: Use the research methodology of your research study last year, and evaluate it using the checklist evaluating methodology on table 4. Attached the methodology to the checklist and submit to your research teacher. Table 4: CHECKLIST FOR EVALUATING METHODOLOGY (Direction: Evaluate the research topic using the following criteria. Place a check mark (/) on the appropriate box (YES/NO) and beside justify/ explain your answer.) Criteria Yes No Explanation 1. Does the study define the variables in the research? 2. Does the study classify the variables in the research? 3. Are the sources of samples in the study given? 4. Is the sampling procedure defined in the research? 5. Are the treatments given to the samples defined in the study? WRITTEN BY: NOREEN T. CATIS, MT-II Regional Science High School  5 6. Is the research design defined in the study? 7. Is the data-gathering procedure defined in the study? 8. Are the procedures appropriate for the study? 9. Is the statistical treatment of data stated in the study? 10. Did the study provide for the principles of research design (i.e. replication, randomization, control of variables)? 11. Are the description and size for all experimental and control groups included? 12. Is there a description on how to change the independent variable and how to measure that change? 13. Is there an explanation on how the controlled variables maintained at a constant value? 14. Is there a specified number of times the experiment repeated (should be at least three times) , and is the number of repetitions sufficient to give reliable data? 15. Can another individual duplicate the experiment based on the written methodology? REMEMBER Key Point  The Methodology section of the research paper describes in sufficient detail the procedures employed and the raw or processed materials utilized in the research so it can be evaluated and repeated if necessary. It is being written in future tense when part of the research proposal and written in the past tense for the final paper.  It must include the research design (CRD or RCBD), variables being investigated and how it will be measured, treatments, sampling and data-gathering procedure. TRY (Answer on a separate sheet of paper/bond paper). Do the following and submit your outputs on Week 6. Group A: Use the checklist on table 4 and guidelines on writing the methodology, and write the enhanced methodology of your research paper. Group B: Use the checklist on table 4 and guidelines on writing the methodology, and write a new methodology for your new research study. For All: Write an enhanced/revised/ expanded research methodology based on the suggestions/comments of your research teacher. Make sure that your research methodology is evaluated and approved on or before the end of week 8 or prior to your research experimentation. WRITTEN BY: NOREEN T. CATIS, MT-II Regional Science High School  6 Brigham Young University Research & Writing Center. 2019. “Scientific Writing: IMRAD format”. Accessed September 10, 2020 https://rwc.byu.edu/files/2019/08/Scientific-Writing-IMRAD-Format.pdf Caintic, Helen E. and Juanita M. Cruz. 2008. “Scientific Research Manual” C&E Publishing, Inc. Excelsior Online Writing Lab (OWL). 2020. “IMRaD Outlining”. Accessed September 12, 2020. https://owl.excelsior.edu/research/outlining/outlining-imrad/ George Mason University. 2020. “The Writing Center: Writing a Scientific Research Report (IMRaD)”. Accessed September 12, 2020. https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/guides/writing-an-imrad-report REFERENCE/S NcState University. “The IMRaD Format: What goes where?” Accessed September 11, 2020 https://projects.ncsu.edu/eslglobe/nmswishe/IMRAD%20Handout.pdf Standford University. IMRad stands for…Adapted from http://writingcenter.byu.edu/sites/default/files/handouts/imrad.pdf. Accessed September 11, 2020 https://stanford.edu/class/ee267/WIM/writing_report_structure.pdf Science Education Institute DOST and Engineering and Science Education Project (ESEP). 2000. “Research II: A Guide to Investigatory Projects”. This learning resource contains copyrighted materials. The use of which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are developing this CapSLET in our efforts to provide printed and e-copy learning resources available for the learners in reference to the learning continuity plan of this DISCLAIMER division in this time of pandemic. This material is not intended for uploading nor for commercial use but purely for educational purposes and for the utilization of Zamboanga City Division only. WRITTEN BY: NOREEN T. CATIS, MT-II Regional Science High School