Research Methodology & Statistics PDF GNS 224 Nov 2024

Research Methodology & Statistics GNS 224 Second Year (Second Semester) Unit 1 Lecture Note Design by Oluyimide Ifeoluwa Ph.D. Seventh Day...

Research Methodology & Statistics GNS 224 Second Year (Second Semester) Unit 1 Lecture Note Design by Oluyimide Ifeoluwa Ph.D. Seventh Day School Of Nursing Ile Ife Learning Outcomes At the end of this section, you should be able to: To define research. To critically explain the different types of research. To differentiate between different types of research. GNS and To critically discuss population, sample, 224 sampling techniques. Second To discuss ethics and ethical Year (SecondinSemester) considerations research. To understand data collection tools  Let’s Interact What is Research in your own words? What is research? A systematic inquiry (ability to ask questions). Search previous studies and make implications from them. Solve problems (pragmatism). Make recommendations. Reaching new conclusions  Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge“. Research is a systematic inquiry process that entails data collection; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, by suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2019). Qualitative vs. Quantitative Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Collection of non-numerical data. Numerical data are collected for analysis. Interpretivism. The analysis of multiple realities and content. Positivism and pragmatism Theory building through observations and interpretation of Measurement of figures and data is done. Numerical data. data. Findings are based on a very small population. It allows for the collection of large data cutting across many people. Interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. Surveys, standardized tests, and questionaries (close-ended). Open-ended tools are used for data collection. Close-ended tools are used for data collection. Thematic/content analytic tools. Descriptive and/or inferential analytic tools. (Ahmad et al., 2019) Quantitative research design Experimental research design The experimental research design definition is a research method used to investigate the interaction between independent and dependent variables, which can be used to determine a cause-and-effect relationship. Experimental research is commonly Pre-experimental research happens even before used within the framework of the the true experiment starts. A true experimental method is an experiment scientific method. conducted to prove or disprove a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. Quasi-experiments are studies that aim to evaluate interventions using humans and societies as our laboratory. Quantitative research design Non-Experimental research design Descriptive research design Scientists and researchers use descriptive research design to gather information about a particular group or phenomenon. It provides a detailed and accurate picture of the characteristics and behaviors of a particular population or subject. Cross-sectional research design It is a type of observational study design. The researcher measures the outcome and the exposures in the study participants at the same time. Longitudinal research design A research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time Quantitative research design Non-Experimental research design Correlational research design Investigates relationships/interaction between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. Explanatory research design An approach used to discover details about why something occurs. Uses interpretive philosophy Retrospective research design The researcher collects data using existing records. Prospective research design A prospective study watches for outcomes. An instance is the development of the COVID-19 pandemic vaccine by Pfizer. Population, Sample and Sampling Techniques Let us discuss … what do you think about this picture? Population, Sample and Sampling Techniques Population, Sample and Sampling Techniques Probability Sampling Simple random sampling is a type of probability sampling in which the researcher randomly selects a subset of participants from a population. Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method in which a random sample from a larger population is selected. Stratified random sampling is the process of creating subgroups in a dataset according to various factors, such as age, gender, income level, or education. Cluster sampling involves dividing a population into clusters, and then randomly selecting a sample of these clusters. Population, Sample and Sampling Techniques Non-Probability Sampling Convenience sampling is a non- probability sampling method where units are selected for inclusion in the sample because they are the easiest for the researcher to access Purposive sampling refers to a group of non-probability sampling techniques in which units are selected because they have characteristics that you need in your sample. Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling method that relies on the non-random selection of a predetermined number or proportion of units. Snowball sampling is a non- probability sampling method where new units are recruited by other units to form part of the sample.  Let us Discuss …. How do you determine the sampling technique for your study? The problem you are solving? Objectives? Respondents? Ethical Considerations Ethics is an important part of every research. It is a moral philosophy that helps in ensuring that data collection is thorough and viable (Cox, 2020). Ethical Considerations Will your research (delete as appropriate): 1 Involve human participants? NO 2 Utilise data that is not publically available. NO 3 Create a risk that individuals and/or organisations could be NO identified in the outputs? 4 Involve participants whose responses could be influenced by NO your relationship with them or by any perceived, or real, conflicts of interest? 5 Involve the co-operation of a ‘gatekeeper’ to gain access to NO participants? 6 Offer financial or other forms of incentives to participants? NO 7 Involve the possibility that any incidental health issues relating NO to participants could be identified? 8 Involve the discussion of topics that participants may find NO distressing? 9 Take place outside of the country where you work and/or are NO enrolled to study? 10 Cause a negative impact on the environment (over and above NO that of normal daily activity)?  Assessment Discuss your understanding of research. Think about an issue in your profession (such as poor work environment, inadequate staff motivation, relapse among patients, and robotics among others). Raise three objectives to investigate the issue. Who are your intended respondents? What sampling technique will you apply? Note: The assignment should be 500 words. The assignment should be submitted on Nov 27, 2024.  References Ahmad, S., Wasim, S., Irfan, S., Gogoi, S., Srivastava, A., & Farheen, Z. (2019). Qualitative v/s Quantitative Research. 6, 2828–2832. https://doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2019/587 Cox, D. (2020, August). Moral philosophy, ethical theories, and applied ethics. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20697.75361 Saunders, M. N. K., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students (Eighth Edition). New York: Pearson.