Pakistan Studies Past Paper PDF - Class 10

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Federal College of Education H-9 Islamabad

Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore

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This document is a past paper for Pakistan Studies, Class 10, from the Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore. It contains chapter 5 on the history of Pakistan (1971-Till Now). This document includes questions.

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Pakistan Studies TB al PC 10 rs f fo n o e ot io N rs Ve eb W PUNJAB CURRICULUM AND TEXTBOOK BOARD, LAHORE All rights are reserved with the Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore. No part of...

Pakistan Studies TB al PC 10 rs f fo n o e ot io N rs Ve eb W PUNJAB CURRICULUM AND TEXTBOOK BOARD, LAHORE All rights are reserved with the Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore. No part of the Book can be copied, translated, reproduced, or used for preparation of test papers, guide books, keynotes and helping books. TB al PC rs f fo n o e Bibliography and Glossary ot io Authors: 1.Muhammad Hussain Chaudhry 2. Alhaaj Prof. Muhammad Rashid 3.Prof. Anjum James Paul N rs Translated by: Prof. Muhammad Khalid Paracha (R) Govt Science College Lahore. Ve Review Committee:1.Naeem Ahmed, Director Research and Publications, Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust, Lahore 2.Nadia Khushi Assistant Professor, F.C. College University, Lahore eb 3.Qamar Abbas, Assistant Professor, Govt Science College Lahore. 4.Munir Ahmed Bhatti, Lecturer, Govt Science College Lahore. W   5.Parshant Singh, Assistant Controller, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Director (Manuscripts): Fareeda Sadiq Supervisors: Muhammad Shahzad Hashmi, Shamas ur Rehman, Asif Siraa Deputy Director (Graphics): Syeda Anjum Wasif Designer: Minal Tariq Prepared by: Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore Printer: Experimental Edition 010 1 Pakistan Studies History of Pakistan-II 5 (1971-Till Now) Student’s Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter students will be able to: 1. Explain the major aspects of different reforms, achievements & contributions in terms of TB Industrial, Agricultural, Educational, Health, Economic, Social, Constitutional and Administrative reforms of the following: (i) Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Era al PC (ii) Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Era (iii) Benazir Bhutto's Era (I, II) (iv) Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's Era (I, II & III) (v) Pervez Musharraf's Era rs f (vi) Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani's Era fo n o 2. Discuss 2018 elections and formation of new Government. e 3. Identify the key aspects of 1973 constitution. 4. Discuss Pakistan's emergence as Nuclear Power. ot io Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Era 1971-1977 N rs After the separation of East Pakistan, in December 20, 1971 General Yahya Khan handed over power to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Chairman of the Pakistan People's Party. Thus, Ve began the reign of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. After assuming power, he started rebuilding Pakistan. At that time, the people of Pakistan was demoralized and hopeless. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto encouraged the people and eb immediately took revolutionary steps for the betterment of the country. Martial law was lifted in the country on April 21, 1972. W Under the Interim Constitution (1972), Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took over the government and focused on national issues. Realizing the need and importance of the Constitution, a Constitutional Committee consisting of 25 members was formed to prepare Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto constitution representing all the political parties. Industrial Reforms The objective of industrial reforms was to improve the working conditions of the workers and create a better industrial environment. To rebuild the country's economy, and for the revival and development of the industry, the workers were given proper and effective representation in the management of the industries. The share of workers in the profits of industries was increased. Bonus was made mandatory for employees. History of Pakistan-II 2 Chapter 5 (1947-Till Now) Health facilities for workers were increased. Compensation to workers in case of injury, death or accident was increased. Group insurance and social security system were implemented. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto adopted a strategy of nationalization of various institutions. Major industrial units, banks, insurance companies and educational institutions were nationalized. The purpose and importance of this strategy was to gain control of the country's financial matters and pass on its benefits to the common man. State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan was established. TB Do you Know? al PC The Commonwealth is an organization of countries formerly ruled by the United Kingdom. This organization was established in 1926. Many countries including Pakistan, India and Bangladesh are its members. rs f fo n o Agricultural Reforms e Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto announced Agricultural reforms on March 1, 1972. The purpose of these reforms was to improve the agricultural system, the economic ot io conditions of the people who are involved in agriculture sector, increase agricultural production and rebuild the country's economy. The ownership limit of agricultural land N rs was reduced to 150 acres of canal irrigated, and 300 acres of rainfed land. Agricultural reforms redefined land ownership. Exceeding the prescribed limit, the land became the Ve property of the state. The eviction of tenants from the land was stopped. The land acquired from the feudal lords and landlords was distributed free among the landless farmers. Educational Reforms eb Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto announced educational reforms in 1972. Private educational institutions were nationalized due to this the salaries of teachers and other employees W working in those institutions became equal to the employees of government educational institutions. In order to provide affordable transport to the students, special discounts were given on the fare of buses and trains. This significantly increased the number of students in educational institutions. Student scholarships were increased. Many universities were established. In 1974, Allama Iqbal Open University (formerly People's Open University) was established in Islamabad, which provided opportunities for students to acquire education through distance learning. Adult education centres were also set up. Steps were taken to impart higher education. Schools and colleges were upgraded. Training institutes were opened for teachers training. Health Reforms Basic health centres were established for free treatment of the poor people and budget for education and health was increased. New medical colleges were established 010 1 Pakistan Studies 3 in the country. Economic Reforms Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took many steps for the revival of country’s economy. These include nationalization of industries, banks, and reforms for labour etc. The reforms agenda was based on the manifesto of Pakistan People's Party. The popular slogan of party was “Roti, Kapra aur Makan (food, clothing and shelter). The direction of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's economic strategy was socialism. His clear slogan was, "Islam is our religion, Socialism is our economy”. A network of roads was laid across the country. Public TB transport sector was promoted to compete with private sector transport. Railway journey was made comfortable. Social Reforms al PC To raise the living standard of the people sincere and effective steps were taken to reduce the difference between the rich and the poor in the society. Z.A Bhutto encouraged the people through his speeches to end the state of unrest in the country. rs f He introduced five (5) Marla Housing Scheme for the homeless people. Government fo n o sent millions of unemployed youths to Middle East. Socially, steps have been taken to e protect women in Pakistan. Under the Public Works Programme, several practical steps were taken for the development of rural areas. Electricity was provided to hundreds of ot io villages. Do you Know? N rs Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the first and the only Civilian Chief Martial-Law administrator of the Pakistan. Ve Constitutional Reforms During the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto regime, the unified constitution 1973 was enacted. The constitutional amendments of this period are as follows: eb First Amendment 1974 In the first amendment, in addition to demarcating the boundaries of the four W provinces, FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Area) was declared a part of Pakistan. Second Amendment 1974 The second Amendment states that a false claimant of prophethood or one who does not consider Hazrat Muhammad as the last prophet, is not a Muslim. Third Amendment 1975 In the Third Amendment, anyone who harmed the integrity of Pakistan was declared an enemy of the country. Fourth Amendment 1975 The Fourth Amendment added six seats in the National Assembly for minorities. Fifth Amendment 1976 The Fifth Amendment states that a member of the National Assembly or a History of Pakistan-II 4 Chapter 5 (1947-Till Now) candidate in a general election cannot be the governor of a province at the same time. Sixth Amendment 1976 The Sixth Amendment fixes the tenure of the job and retirement age of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice of the High Courts. Seventh Amendment 1977 The Seventh Amendment gives the right to Prime Minister to advise President for a referendum on any matter given the situation in the country. Administrative Reforms TB Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Afghanistan, China and Russia in 1972 to establish relations with the leaders of other countries and to give Pakistan a legitimate place al PC among the great nations. He concluded Simla agreement with India. As a result of this agreement، prisoners of war of 1971 in India returned home. The Bhutto government reformed the structure of the Civil Services of Pakistan and police system. In 1974 He convened the Islamic Summit Conference in Lahore and rendered invaluable services for rs f the unity of the Muslim Ummah. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto played a vital role in highlighting the fo n o Kashmir issue to the world. To identify the Pakistani people the creation of a National e Identity Card was started. (ii) General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Era 1977-1988 ot io Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto announced early elections and held elections in March 1977. All the notable opposition N rs parties of that time formed an alliance “Pakistan National Alliance” (PNA) to compete with Pakistan People's Party (PPP). Ve Pakistan People's Party Won the elections, but the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) launched a protest movement accusing Pakistan People's Party of rigging in the elections. eb Talks began between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan National Alliance to resolve the issue. These talks were still going on when General Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law. All W General Muhammad political parties were banned. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was Zia-ul-Haq arrested. In this way, the political scenario changed. Later, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was sentenced to death in Nawab Muhammad Ahmad Khan murder case. In his address to the nation, General Zia-ul-Haq came to power through martial law and promised to hold elections in the country within 90 days, but the elections were postponed due to various reasons. Finally in 1985, elections were held on a non-party basis. Muhammad Khan Junejo from Sindh province was nominated as the Prime Minister. Although Muhammad Khan Junejo was a member of the non-partisan assembly, he revived the party political system in the country by forming a political party called the Muslim League with the help of his supporters within two months. 010 1 Pakistan Studies 5 In 1985, the Eighth Amendment was made to the existing Constitution of Pakistan (1973). The amendment gave the President of Pakistan additional powers and constitutional powers. These powers were included in Article 58 of the Constitution of Pakistan, under which the President of Pakistan had the power to dissolve the National Assembly of Pakistan, while he had no powers to dissolve the Senate. According to Article 58-2B of the Constitution of Pakistan, the President of Pakistan could also remove the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. TB Since Muhammad Khan Junejo, was a man of democratic temperament, he could not get along well with General Zia-ul-Haq. Disagreements arose between the two, al PC which led General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq to use his powers under Article 58-2B of the Constitution of Pakistan to overthrow the government of Muhammad Khan Junejo and Muhammad Khan Junejo rs f dissolve the National and Provincial Assemblies on May 29, 1988. fo n o The reforms of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq are described below: e Industrial Reforms General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq abandoned the policies of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto ot io and returned many industries to their owners. Cotton factories, rice and flour mills etc were prominent among them. Investors were provided protection. Large scale industries N rs were mostly set up in the private sector. The country's exports increased. Agricultural Reforms Ve The agricultural sector was developed. Ushar was applied on agricultural production, at the rate of 10 percent in rained areas and 5 percent in canal areas. Educational Reforms eb Islamiat and Pakistan studies were made compulsory subjects up to the graduation level. Government took steps to establish separate women university. Islamic Ideology Council was reconstituted. Newspapers, radio and television were used to W promote Islamic values. Steps were taken to publish error free Holy Quran. Educational Development and Adult Education programmes were launched to increase the literacy rate in the country. Health Reforms A program was launched to provide health facilities in the country. Basic health centers were established in rural areas. The provision of medical facilities through Lady Health Workers was also started. Economic Reforms The Zakat system has been implemented at the government level since 1980. On the first of Ramadan, Zakat began to be deducted from the accounts of the Muslim account holders of the banks at the rate of 2.5% per annum. Interest free banking History of Pakistan-II 6 Chapter 5 (1947-Till Now) system was launched. Accounts were opened in all the banks on the basis of profit and loss sharing. Social Reforms During his era (1977-88) General Zia-ul-Haq took several steps to establish an Islamic society in Pakistan. Objectives Resolution which was a part of preamble of 1956 and 1962 constitutions were formally incorporated into 1973 Constitution. Sharia Courts were established in the country. A programme to replace un-Islamic laws with Islamic laws was initiated. Islamic punishments (Hadood) were enforced in crimes like theft and TB drinking etc. Orders were issued for controlling drugs. Many adequate measures were taken to regulate and promote Namaz or Salaat (Prayer System). In short, all efforts were made to establish an Islamic environment in the country. al PC Constitutional Reforms The following amendments were made to the constitution of Pakistan during the tenure of General Zia-ul-Haq. rs f Eighth Amendment 1985 fo n o Under the Eighth Amendment, the next president will be elected by an electoral e body consisting of both houses of parliament and the four provincial assemblies. After the amendment, the president gained extraordinary powers and the status of prime ot io minister became secondary. Term of the upper house (Senate) was extended to six years. Nineth amendment 1985 N rs Article 2 of the constitution adds that Islamic injunctions derived from the Quran and Sunnah will be the source of the highest law and guidance. Ve Tenth Amendment 1987 The Tenth Amendment sets a minimum of 130 working days for the National Assembly and the Senate. Administrative Reforms eb In 1979, Russian forces entered Afghanistan. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq adopted a blunt policy with great confidence and courage and stood firm against the W intervention of Russian Forces. The people of Afghanistan rose up against the Russian invasion and began to resist. The moral support of the government of Pakistan raised the spirits of the Afghan Mujahideen. The Mujahideen surprisingly defeated the Russian forces on every front. By 1986, Russia was completely disappointed. When he saw his defeat clearly, he went to the negotiating table. As a ceasefire agreement was reached between the United States and Russia in Geneva (city of Switzerland) in April 1988, Pakistan was also a part of the agreement. Russia conceded defeat and withdrew its troops from Afghanistan on 15th February 1989, as promised. Due to the bad situation in Afghanistan, millions of Afghan refugees migrated to Pakistan. Hundreds of Afghan refugee camps have been set up in Pakistan. Relations between the people of the two countries became stronger. Due to the successful Afghan policy, Pakistan has received a lot of international acclaim. Pakistan's relations with 010 1 Pakistan Studies 7 democracies became stronger. Pak-Afghan diplomatic relations have also improved significantly. Pakistan gained a special place in the world for its condemnation of Russian domination and atrocities in Afghanistan. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's services on the Afghan issue were appreciated internationally. He fully participated in the activities related to the Islamic Summit Conference and the unity of the Muslim Ummah. He also addressed the UN General Assembly as a representative of the Islamic Conference. TB (iii) Benazir Bhutto's First Term 1988-90 General Zia-ul-Haq along with his companions died in a plane crash on August17, 1988 on their way back from Bahawalpur. Thus al PC the General Zia-ul-Haq 11 years rule ended. Senate Chairman Ghulam Ishaq Khan immediately took over as President and resolved the leadership crisis in the country. President Ghulam Ishaq Khan held party-based elections in rs f 1988. A large number of political parties, including the fo n o e Pakistan people's party, participated in the elections. In the elections, the PPP led by Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto won in the center, Sindh Province and NWFP (Khyber Pukhtoon ot io Khwa). Thus the PPP government was formed in the center and in the two provinces. Benazir Bhutto was sworn in as the Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto N rs first female Prime Minister of the Islamic world on 2nd December 1988. The Islamic Democratic Union formed the government in Punjab. The formation of the government Ve of Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto was termed as the restoration of the people's government in the true sense of the word. The details of the reforms of this period are as follows: Industrial Reforms eb During the era of Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto, many new industries were set up in the country. The automobile and textile industries flourished. Agricultural Reforms W The agricultural sector was developed. To increase agricultural production, loans were given to farmers on easy terms to buy seeds, fertilizers and pesticides etc. Educational Reforms A number of facilities were provided in educational institutions and special attention was paid to women's education. Health Reforms Many programmes were launched to provide health facilities in urban and rural areas. Economic Reforms Benazir Bhutto's government set up an institution called the “Placement Bureau” History of Pakistan-II 8 Chapter 5 (1947-Till Now) which provided thousands of jobs. Social Reforms Benazir Bhutto's government launched the "People's Works Program" to improve the living standards, social welfare of the people and development of the country. Constitutional Reforms The Eleventh Amendment was introduced in 1989 during the first term of Benazir TB Bhutto's government. It was about women's seats in National and Provincial Assemblies. Administrative Reforms Pakistan left Commonwealth in 1972 in Z.A. Bhutto's era. Benazir Bhutto decided al PC to resume its membership in 1989. Benazir Bhutto's government pursued a policy of establishing good relations with neighboring countries. Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi attended the 4th SAARC Summit in Pakistan. On the occasion, the government expressed its desire for better relations with all neighboring countries, including India. rs f Presidential elections were held in 1988. Ghulam Ishaq Khan was elected as president of fo n o Pakistan. e The end of the government This government could not last more than 20 months. President Ghulam Ishaq ot io Khan made many allegations against Benazir Bhutto's government. Using Articles 58-2B of the Constitution, he overthrew her government and dissolved the Central and the N rs Provincial Assemblies. Benazir Bhutto's Second Term 1993-96 Ve In the 1993 general election, the Pakistan People's Party won a majority. The Pakistan People's Party, along with other allies, formed governments in the center, Sindh, Punjab and NWFP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). The government of Benazir Bhutto was more eb confident and stable this time. She advanced the process of national development through various reforms. Here are some of them: W Industrial Reforms Many concessions were announced for setting up industries in the country, but heavy taxes were imposed on the people. Thus, the country remained a victim of industrial and economic crisis. Agricultural Reforms In the second term of Benazir Bhutto's government, Kisan Bank was set up to provide loans to farmers and tractors were provided to farmers through Public Tractor Scheme. Agricultural Development Bank and other commercial banks also issued agricultural loans. Farmers were able to buy seeds, fertilizers and pesticides with these loans. Educational Reforms Primary Education and Women (girls) Education were area of attention during 010 1 Pakistan Studies 9 this period. Steps were taken for the benefit of teachers. Government made an effort to increase facilities in educational institutions. Health Reforms Public Health Scheme was introduced in this period. Under this scheme Lady Health Workers were recruited. They were given the task to visit the women at their homes and give them information on health related issues. Under the social security scheme, many dispensaries were set up in the country. Polio eradication campaign was started in this term. TB Economic Reforms The government launched eighth Development Plan. It aimed at accelerating al PC economic growth rate in the country. The government announced a new energy policy in 1994 to overcome energy shortage and load shedding issues. A large number of gas connections were provided to large number of people. Pakistan steel mills became a profitable organization. Port Qasim in Karachi was extended. Social Reforms rs f fo n o People’s Works Programme was launched with the objective of social uplift and e improvement in standard of living. Special targets were set for the welfare of women. Women Police stations and First Women Bank were established. ot io Constitutional Reforms In Benazir Bhutto's second term, no significant constitutional reforms took place. N rs Administrative Reforms Presidential elections were held in 1993, in which Pakistan People's Party leader Ve Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari was elected President. Thus, both the Prime Minister and the President belonged to the same political party. Steps were taken to establish good relations with other countries. eb The End of the Government Although, Benazir Bhutto's second term was more confident and better but even this time, his government did not last long. This time, Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan W Leghari, the self-elected president of the Pakistan People's Party, made several allegations and using Article 58-2B of the Constitution overthrew the government of Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto on November 5, 1996, dissolved the National and Provincial Assemblies and announced new elections. (iv) Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's first term 1990-93 After the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's first government, caretaker governments were formed in the country and elections were held in 1990. In these elections, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) was elected Prime Minister. After becoming the Prime Minister, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif made several reforms to strengthen his government and get the country out of the political and economic crisis, some of which are as follows: History of Pakistan-II 10 Chapter 5 (1947-Till Now) Industrial Reforms  An industrial policy was announced in 1990, which encouraged the private sector. In 1991, a privatization commission was set up. Its purpose was to advance the process of privatization of the national units running in loss. Agricultural Reforms In 1991, the government announced an agricultural TB policy for farmers and allocated amounts Rs. 10 crores (100 million) for the development of farmers. Import duty on agricultural machinery, medicines and other agricultural Mian Muhammad al PC equipment was waived. Millions of acres of land were Nawaz Sharif distributed among the tenants and they were given ownership. Educational Reforms The Nawaz Sharif government announced a ten-year education plan in 1992. rs f Special attention was paid to opening of new educational institutions in the country. The fo n o buildings of educational institutions were improved. Millions of teachers were trained. e Health Reforms Nawaz Sharif paid special attention to the health sector. Improved the quality of ot io government hospitals and recruited more medical staff. Economic Reforms N rs Under Nawaz Sharif government, a self-employment scheme was launched to end unemployment. Under this scheme, loans ranging from Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 300,000 Ve were provided to the youth so that they could arrange their own employment. The government launched a development program in the name of “Tameer-i-Wattan” in the country. The government launched major projects like Motorways which proved to be eb very successful. Social Reforms W To provide financial assistance to the poor, the Nawaz Sharif government established the Bait-ul-Maal in 1992 through a Presidential Ordinance. Steps were taken to make the Social Security Scheme more useful and purposeful. A scheme of financial help was announced for the workers who died or got injured during work. Government announced grant in case of illness and funeral expenses in case of death. Constitutional Reforms 12Th Amendment in the Constitution of Pakistan was made in 1991. A special committee on the judiciary was formed in this amendment. Special courts were set up for cases of serious crimes. Administrative Reforms Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's government arranged an agreement between the provinces, which ended the dispute over the distribution of water. The provinces 010 1 Pakistan Studies 11 were given a share of the divisible pool through the National Financial Award (NFC). Many positive changes were made in Pakistan's foreign policy. Talks were held with various Afghan leaders regarding peace in Afghanistan. India was formally invited to resolve the Kashmir issue. The government of Pakistan made great efforts to establish good relations with the United States and other countries of the world. The End of the Government Despite various measures taken by Nawaz Sharif government, he could not complete its term. The political situation in Karachi and interior Sindh was deteriorated. TB Relations between Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan became also strained, with the result that President Ghulam Ishaq al PC Khan dismissed the government of Muhammad Nawaz Sharif on April 18, 1993, using Article 58-2B of the Constitution and dissolved the National and Provincial Assemblies. Thus, the government of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif came to an end. Due to the ongoing political condition in the country, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan also had to rs f resign from the post of President of Pakistan. fo n o Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's Second Term 1997-99 e General elections were held in the country in 1997. As a result, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif became the Prime Minister in the Center and Mian Shahbaz Sharif became ot io the Chief Minister of Punjab. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar was made the President of Pakistan. In this way, Nawaz N rs Sharif created a strong and confident atmosphere in Punjab and the Centre. Mian Nawaz Sharif, with the help of the opposition, made the 13th amendment to the Ve constitution, which limited the discretionary powers of the president. The powers of the Prime Minister were enhanced. Thus, Article 58-2B was removed from the Constitution, by which any President could dismiss any Assembly at any time. The important reforms eb of this Government were as follows: Industrial Reforms Nawaz government imposed general sales tax on large number of goods. Large W number of officers and officials were recruited for the purpose of tax collection. Assets of thousands of traders were scrutinized. Consumers had to bear the burden of rising commodity prices. Agricultural Reforms Special measures were taken for the development of agriculture. Apart from providing loans to the farmers, fertilizers and seeds were also provided at subsidized rates. Educational Reforms In 1998, the government announced a new education policy, which included a program to open several new educational institutions. Second shift teaching (Evening Classes) was arranged in thousands of schools. The teaching of the Holy Qur'an and History of Pakistan-II 12 Chapter 5 (1947-Till Now) translation of the Holy Quran was announced in educational institutions. It was also announced to make the subject of Islamiat compulsory up to BA, B.Sc. classes. Health Reforms Many new hospitals and dispensaries were opened to provide medical treatment to the people. Training of medical staff on modern lines was arranged. Economic Reforms The government arranged loans for the construction of small houses for the TB people. The Lahore-Islamabad Motorway project which was started during the first term of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, was completed in the second term. In 1998, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif al PC inaugurated the motorway. The government conducted a census in 1998, according to which the population of Pakistan was about 130 million. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, in his rs f second term, launched a campaign called “Qarz fo n o Utaro Mulk Sanwaro” scheme and appealed to e the nation for Qarz-e-Hasna (Loan) to pay off foreign debts. Billions of rupees were collected Lahore Islamabad Motorway ot io under this scheme. Social Reforms N rs In 1998 the government launched “Khidmat Committee” scheme to promote the welfare of the people and solve problems at the local level across the country. In Ve every “Khidmat Committee” one seat was reserved for women to ensure women representation. Constitutional Reforms eb The following amendments were made in the Constitution of Pakistan during this tenure of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif: Thirteenth Amendment 1997 W Powers of the president to dismiss government and dissolve assemblies were withdrawn through the Thirteenth Amendment. 14th Amendment 1997 This amendment was undertaken to ensure party loyalty and discipline. Under this amendment floor crossing was (changing party) made unlawful. It stipulated that if a member of parliamentary party was found indulging in illegal activities, legal action could be taken against him in seven days. 15th Amendment 1998 This amendment was made to make the office of the Prime Minister more powerful. It was approved by National Assembly. However, it did not win approval of Senate. 010 1 Pakistan Studies 13 16th Amendment1999 The 16th Amendment discussed the tenure of government employees. The quota system was extended for further 20 years. Administrative Reforms The Nawaz Sharif government formed “Khidmat Committees” to solve the problems of the people at the grassroot and local level. In 1997, Pakistanis living abroad were given the right to vote. The Nawaz Sharif government detonated nuclear bombs in response to India's nuclear blasts on May 28 and 30, 1998 which makes Pakistan the TB world's 7th nuclear Power. To commemorate this day, “Yom-e-Takbir” is celebrated on May 28 every year. In 1999, Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee came to Lahore. al PC Several steps were announced to normalize relations between the two countries. A joint declaration was also signed, which was named as the “Lahore Declaration”. The government deployed Army personnel in WAPDA in 1999 to reduce the growing load shedding, which has yielded good results. rs f The End of the Government fo n o The Kargil incident had caused some differences between Prime Minister Mian e Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and Chief of Army Staff, General Pervez Musharraf. General Pervez Musharraf was abroad on an official visit. In his absence, Prime Minister Nawaz ot io Sharif appointed General Zia-ud-Din as Chief of Army Staff, but senior army officials refused to recognize him as Chief of Army Staff. On October 12, 1999, General Pervez N rs Musharraf overthrew the government of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and the National and Provincial Assemblies were dissolved. Ve Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's Third Term 2013-17 Pakistan Muslim League (N) made a good comeback in the elections of 2013. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif took oath as the Prime Minister for the third term. eb Following were his main achievements: Industrial Reforms This term of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's government began with W confidence. Significant steps were taken to set up and develop new industries in the country. Agricultural Reforms Steps were taken to provide cheap electricity, seeds and fertilizers to the farmers at subsidised prices. Special measures were also taken to promote the use of modern machinery for the development of agriculture. Educational Reforms A program was launched to open new educational institutions and upgrade old schools. Special attention was paid to Islamic education. Health Reforms Patients in government hospitals were provided free emergency treatment and History of Pakistan-II 14 Chapter 5 (1947-Till Now) medicines. Modern facilities were provided in hospitals and dispensaries. Economic Reforms Numerous measures were taken to improve the economy and to eliminate load shedding. Social Reforms Many steps were taken for the social welfare, development and for solving problems of people at the local level. Constitutional Reforms TB Following constitutional reforms were executed in this period: 21st Amendment 2015 Military courts were set up after the tragedy of Army Public School in Peshawar (APS) al PC 22nd Amendment 2016 This amendment was executed to reform election commission of Pakistan and redefine powers and functions of the commission. After this amendment a bureaucrat and technocrat can become member of election commission. 23rd Amendment 2017rs f fo n o e In 2015, the National Assembly established military courts for two years through 21st Amendment. This two year term ended on January 6, 2017. The Amendment extended the term of military courts for another two years until January 6, 2019. ot io 24th Amendment 2017 Constituencies were reconstituted based on the census results. N rs th 25 Amendment 2018 The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) were annexed to Khyber Ve Pakhtunkhwa Province. Administrative Reforms Nawaz Sharif government took many steps to bring the country to normalcy and eb restore peace in the country. Prime minister visited America in 2013. There he met American president Barak Obama. Both the leaders expressed their desire to have more cordial and closer relations between the two countries. Military action “Zarb-e-Azb” was W started in the wake of tragedy of Army Public school (APS) Peshawar. The action was focused against militants active in Waziristan, Swat and Bara. The operation against the militants was a great success. Change of Prime Minister On July28, 2017 Supreme court of Pakistan declared Nawaz Sharif incompetent to hold the office of prime minister. So, he has to quit. He was replaced by Shahid Khaqan Abbasi in 2017. (V) General Pervez Musharraf's Era 1999-2008 In October 1999, General Pervez Musharraf overthrew the PML-N government and became the Chief Executive of Pakistan. On June 20, 2001, he became the President of Pakistan. National and provincial assemblies were dissolved. A state of emergency was declared in the country and a new administration was formed. General Pervez 010 1 Pakistan Studies 15 Musharraf obtained permission from the Supreme Court to rule for three years. He also promised to hold early elections in the country. The key reforms of General Pervez Musharraf are described below: Industrial Reforms General Pervez Musharraf took a number of steps to move the country on the path of economic growth and to accelerate the process of industrial development in the TB country, including revival of industries and encouraging of General Pervez investment, as well as protecting investors. During Musharraf's Musharraf al PC rule, many new industries were established in the country, including automotive industry, motorcycle industry, sugar industry, chemical industry, basic necessities manufacturing industries, electronics manufacturing industry, cement industry and the steel industry The establishment of these industries improved the Pakistan economy. rs f Plans were made to convert thermal plants into gas and coal plants for uninterrupted fo n o power supply. During this period, the share of industries in GDP was around 13%. e General Pervez Musharraf established a privatization commission to expedite the process of privatization. The commission enabled the process of privatization of large ot io industries through privatization. Thus, privatization of educational institutions, PTCL and financial institutions was carried out. These efforts were aimed at advancing the N rs country's economic development process. Agricultural Reforms Ve Innovation was introduced for the development of agriculture sector. Special incentives were given to the farmers. Government gave policy package for the repair and pavement of watering channels to irrigate the fields. eb Educational Reforms Under Enlighted Moderation, the curriculum was changed. For the first time, students of deeni Madaris (Islamic education institutions) were taught computer, W science and other science subjects. Health Reforms The government took steps to organize health sector on modern lines. Many steps were taken to provide better treatment facilities to the people. A special ambulance service (Rescue 1122) was launched to carry patients to the hospital. Economic Reforms During the rule of General Pervez Musharraf, the entire strategy was towards economic development. When General Pervez Musharraf came to power, the global response to Pakistan's nuclear blasts was having a negative impact on the economy. Pakistan's economic situation has improved despite the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, threats from India and the civil war in History of Pakistan-II 16 Chapter 5 (1947-Till Now) Afghanistan. Due to the terrorist incidents in the United States, Pakistan became important. Due to the assistance of Western countries, Pakistan's economy was supported and the pace of economic growth was about seven (7) percent. Overall, this period can be called an economically stable period. Social Reforms During the tenure of General Pervez Musharraf, terms like Enlighted and Moderation were very popular. He adopted an independent policy in Pakistan. This was a time when, on the one hand, American intervention in Afghanistan worsened the TB situation after the withdrawal of Russia, and on the other, terrorism and extremism were rampant in the country. Many private television channels were introduced in the al PC country, many newspapers and new magazines were launched. For the first time, women were joined in the Air Force as flying fighters. Apart from the medical corps, women were recruited as cadets and engineers for the first time in the army. Women were recruited as "traffic wardens". A woman Dr. Shamshad Akhtar was made the rs f Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan. During Musharraf's rule, seats in the National fo n o and Provincial Assemblies were reserved for women. Under the self-sufficiency and e employment scheme, women were given loans from banks on easy terms. Constitutional Reforms ot io During the rule of General Pervez Musharraf, the 17th Amendment was made in the Constitution of Pakistan in 2003, giving the President the powers to dissolve the N rs National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies. Administrative Reforms Ve General Pervez Musharraf implemented the Local Government System from August 14, 2001. The system was introduced to ensure the establishment of local governments eb and the devolution of power to lower levels. The system had three main objectives: 1. Availability of resources at the district level 2. Resolving local issues at the local level 3. Transfer of powers to lower level W The basic unit of this system was the Union Council. The head of the union council was called Nazim. The status of Tehsil / Town Council was higher than that of Union Council. All Naib Nazim of Union Councils of Tehsil or Town were members of this council. At the district level, a District Council was established. The Nazim of all the union councils of the district were members of the district council. The district council was headed by a Nazim. General Elections 2002 General Pervez Musharraf held general elections in 2002 after completing three years of his rule. The elections were held under a presidential order. In these elections, 342 members of the National Assembly were elected, (272 members elected directly, 60 seats for women and 10 for minorities seats were allocated by quota). The basic 010 1 Pakistan Studies 17 qualification to participate in the election was at least a BA (Graduation). In addition, the requirement to be a Muslim to participate in the general elections was abolished. The Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam) won the majority in these elections. Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali from Balochistan was elected Prime Minister. Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali's government lasted only one and a half year and he resigned as per the decision of his political party. He was replaced by interim Prime Minister Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain. Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, taking oath as the Prime Minister, announced that he has become the Prime Minister only for the interim term and the future Prime TB Minister will be his Finance Minister Shaukat Aziz. Shaukat Aziz became the Prime Minister after being elected a member of the National Assembly. al PC Do you Know? Mir Zaffarullah Khan Jamali was the only person from Balochistan who became Prime Minister of Pakistan after the general elections of 2002. rs f (VI) Syed Yousaf Raza Gilliani's Era 2008-2012 fo n o In the 2008 elections, the Pakistan People's Party won a majority and Syed Yousuf e Raza Gillani became the Prime Minister. He served as Prime Minister until 2012. The important reforms of this period were as follows: ot io Industrial Reforms The government took many steps for industrial development, but there was a N rs severe crisis of electricity and gas. Oil prices were rose. Ve Agricultural Reforms Under farmer friendly measures, subsidized tractors were provided to ten thousand small farmers. Crops prices were increased and other measures were taken. eb Educational Reforms The government, in collaboration with the National W Commission for Human Development, launched the Adult Education Programme to provide education to adults. Steps were taken to rebuild destroyed educational institutions in terror-hit areas. Health Reforms Syez Yousaf Raza Gillani To improve the health related services for the people in hospitals, doctors, nurses and other medical staff were recruited and their salaries were increased. Economic Reforms Key initiatives during this period included the Seventh National Financial Award, the Benazir Income Support Programme, the Waseela-e-Haq Programme, development and protection of women, and the allocation of 10% quota in government jobs for History of Pakistan-II 18 Chapter 5 (1947-Till Now) women. Do you Know? Mr. Yousaf Gillani enjoyed longest term as Prime Minister of Pakistan. Social Reforms The government took steps for the welfare and protection of women like protection from household torture and harassment at workplace. Laws and rules were TB made in this respect. The government showed its interest in poverty alleviation in the country. Constitutional Reforms al PC The following amendments were made in the Constitution of Pakistan during the tenure of Syed Yousuf Raza Gillani: th 18 Amendment: The 18th Amendment was passed in 2010, through which the name of North- rs f West Frontier Province (NWFP) was changed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The concurrent list fo n o between the federation and the provinces has been abolished. A Judicial Commission of e Pakistan and a Parliamentary Committee were formed for the appointment of judges of the Higher Courts. ot io 19th Amendment: Under this amendment number of members of Judicial commission was N rs increased from 7 to 9. 20th Amendment 2012: Ve The amendment was intended to provide legal protection to the by-elections of 28 members of the Senate, National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies. Administrative Reforms eb The war on terror continued successfully. Under Aghaz-e-Haqooq-e- Balochistan, legitimate rights were given to Balochistan province. Several administrative measures were taken, including the internal autonomy of Gilgit Baltistan. W End of the Government On June 19, 2012, Syed Yousuf Raza Gillani had to resign from his office following a Supreme Court decision in a contempt of court case. After that, Raja Pervez Ashraf remained the Prime Minister till 2013. General Elections 2018 General elections were held in Pakistan on July 25, 2018 to elect members of the National Assembly and four Provincial Assemblies. In these general elections, Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party won and Imran Khan became the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) succeeded in forming governments in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab besides the Centre. This government initiated a number of reforms given as under: 010 1 Pakistan Studies 19 Industrial Reforms Industries were in crisis due to the energy problem. Electricity, gas and oil prices were controlled for development of industries. To provide affordable electricity to consumers on a regular basis, the government began negotiations with Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to review the basic agreement. TB Agricultural Reforms Loans were provided to the farmers to speed up agriculture sector development. Paved roads were built from Imran Khan al PC the fields to the commercial markets. Educational Reforms For the development of education, a new curriculum was formulated on the principle of one nation one curriculum. In the first phase, uniform curriculum and books rs f were introduced from Grade one to Grade five. fo n o e The second phase includes the curriculum and books for the Grade 6th to 8th, while the third phase includes the curriculum and books for ot io the Grade 9th to 12th. The new curriculum will meet the modern educational needs of N rs children besides promoting character building, morality and patriotism. The Ve traditional rote learning system will be discouraged and students' ability to think and Scene of Educational Activity in a School understand will be enhanced. eb Health Reforms The Sehat Insaf Card was issued under the Sehat Sahulat Programme for the treatment of the people, under W which the poor and needy people was provided the facility of treatment in the hospitals. Millions of families benefited from this programme. Sehat Insaf Card Economic Reforms The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government launched a number of schemes and programmes for the welfare of the poor, employment of youth, providing equal opportunities to women and empowering them. Several steps were taken to strengthen the country's economy. The projects and programmes launched by Prime Minister Imran Khan include construction of Diamer Bhasha Dam, Ehsaas Kafaalat Programme, Youth Skills Development Programme, Naya Pakistan Housing Programme, Plant for Pakistan (10 Billion Tree Tsunami), Ehsaas saylani langar, Panahgah(s) (Shelters Homes), History of Pakistan-II 20 Chapter 5 (1947-Till Now) Digital Pakistan and many other projects. Do you Know? On July 4, 2018 Supereme Court of Pakistan ordered the government to start work on the construction of Diamir Bhasha and Mehmand dams. A committee headed by chairman WAPDA was also constituted to oversee the matter. TB Social Reforms In order to provide food, shelter and protection to the poor and the needy “Langar al PC Khaney” (food points) and shelter homes have been opened in large cities of the country. Administrative Reforms Citizens of many countries, including China, Malaysia, Turkey, United Kingdom rs f fo n o and the United Arab Emirates, were granted visa on arrival in Pakistan. The Pakistan e Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government took significant steps in the field of tourism and in this regard, a National Coordination Board were constituted under the Pakistan Tourism ot io Development Corporation to promote tourism in the country. N rs Do you Know? Ve Gilgit Baltistan legislature consists of 33 members. Out of these 24 are directly elected by popular vote, 6 seats are reserved for women and 3 are reserved for technocrats. eb Constitution of Pakistan 1973 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto formed a 25 member committee with W the support of all major political parties to draft the constitution of Pakistan. This committee proceeded with the process of drafting the constitution. In the preparation of the constitution, the thinking and suggestions of the opposition were given special place. The report of the Constitutional Committee was debated in the Assembly. In the light of this report, a few more suggestions were Constitution of incorporated in the draft proposal. Thus, the constitution making Islamic Republic process was completed. It was formally enacted on August 14, of Pakistan 1973. Key points The following are some of the key points of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan: 010 1 Pakistan Studies 21 (i) The constitution is of Islamic nature. No law can be made against Islamic principles. (ii) Federal system was established in the country. Pakistan will be a federal state consisting of four provinces Punjab, Sindh, NWFP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Balochistan and Federal Territory. (iii) The issue of provincial autonomy was resolved by devolving powers between the Centre and the provinces. (iv) Under the Constitution, two bicameral legislatures were established in the TB country. The upper house was renamed the Senate while the lower house was renamed the National Assembly. (v) Provincial Assemblies were established in the provinces. al PC (vi) An independent and sovereign judiciary was established under the Constitution. The Supreme Court was established at the Centre while four High Courts were established in the four provinces. (vii) rs f A parliamentary system has been established in the country. The President of fo n o Pakistan is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of the e government. (viii) The party which commands majority in National Assembly shall form the Federal ot io Government. (ix) It has been declared mandatory for the President and the Prime Minister to be N rs Muslims. (x) Fundamental Human rights are guaranteed. Ve Pakistan as Nuclear Power May 28, 1998 is a very important day for Pakistan. On this day, Pakistan shattered India's dream of supremacy by detonating nuclear explosions. Pakistan's nuclear eb explosions were in response to India's nuclear explosions (May 11 and 13, 1998). Pakistan was put under a lot of pressure by the world powers to refrain from carrying out W a nuclear blast, but the government of Pakistan rejected the pressure of the world powers. Pakistan endured sanctions imposed by the United States and the Western world, but made its defense invincible. On May 28, 1998, Pakistan detonated nuclear explosions in the mountainous region of Chaghi in Balochistan province. Thus, Scene of Nuclear Explosions in Pakistan has joined the list of nuclear powers. Chagai (Balochistan) Pakistan is the first nuclear power in the Islamic world. In the wake of these nuclear explosions, May 28 is celebrated as Youm-e-Takbeer every year in Pakistan. History of Pakistan-II 22 Chapter 5 (1947-Till Now) Exercise 1. Four possible options are given for each statement. Mark ( ) on the correct option: (i) Holding office of Prime minister during the period 1985-88: (a) Muhammad Khan Junejo (b) Mian Nawaz Sharif (c) Mir Zaffarullah Jamali (d) Shaukat Aziz (ii) Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in: TB (a) 1996    (b) 1999 (c) 1997 (d) 1998 (iii) World Trade Centre incident (9/11) happened: al PC (a) In 2001   (b) In 2003 (c) In 2005    (d) In 2007 (iv) Elected as president of Pakistan in 1988: (a)Fazal Elahi Chaudhry (b) Ghulam Ishaq Khan rs f fo n o (c) Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari (d) Muhammad Rafiq Tarar e (v) The amendment in the Constitution 1973 made floor crossing unlawful: th th (a) 8 amendment (b) 13 Amendment ot io (c) 14th amendment (d) 18th amendment 2. Write the short answers. N rs I) What is Yaum-e-Takbeer? ii) Write three basic objectives of Local Government system enforced by General Pervez Ve Musharraf? iii) State five main projects initiated by Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Government. iv) What is significance of Motorway? v) How president of Pakistan is elected? eb 3. Give detailed answer to the following questions: i) Describe Agricultural and Industrial Reforms enforced by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. W ii) What industrial, economic and social reforms were introduced by Pervez Musharraf? iii) In the context of Benazir Bhutto's both terms as Prime minister, which era was better for people? iv) Give a description of economic reforms of Mian Nawaz Sharif. v) Write some salient features of 1973 constitution of Pakistan. Activity for the Students · Organize an essay competition with reference to Yaum-e-Takbir. Instructions for teachers Ÿ Enlighten the students about merits and demerits of nationalization of educational institutions.

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