Lect-3 Advent of Islam (Updated) PDF

3/24/2022 Pakistan Studies Shabana Siddiqui Senior Lecturer & QMS Coordinator School of Public Health, DUHS ADVENT OF ISLAM IN THE SUBCONTINENT Islamic History-An Overview 1  3...

3/24/2022 Pakistan Studies Shabana Siddiqui Senior Lecturer & QMS Coordinator School of Public Health, DUHS ADVENT OF ISLAM IN THE SUBCONTINENT Islamic History-An Overview 1  3/24/2022 OBJECTIVES OF LECTURE-3 Students will be able to: Interpret and memorize the topic and its related knowledge Develop curiousness to knowing things Promotes the interest and value of homeland Improve their knowledge about Muslim Dynasty Able to answer the verbal quizzes Represent and discuss about advent of Islam Ghazni Ghor Panipat Temple of Somnath Muhammad bin qasim Ghori Mahmud of Ghazni Mughals 2  3/24/2022 Muslims Arrival in Subcontinent in three Part. 1-Muslim Arrival as Traders 2-Expanding Wave of Muslim Conquest 1st Phase of Muslim Conquest: 2nd Phase of Muslim Conquest: 3rd Phase of Muslim Conquest: 3-From 11 to 16 Century 4th Phase of Muslim Conquest: 5th Phase of Muslim Conquest: Muslims Arrival in Subcontinent in three Part. 1-Muslim Arrival as Traders. The Holy Prophet Hazrat Mohammad (SAW) (571- 632) Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) (632 - 634) Hazrat Umer (RA) (634 - 644) Hazrat Usman (RA) (645 - 657) Hazrat Ali (RA) (657- 661) Trade relations exist between two before advent of Islam. Arabs used to visit India for trade purpose. With the passage of time Arabs start settling along Malabar. This was in fact start of Indo Muslim civilization 3  3/24/2022 Formation Evaluation of Muslim Society The advent of Islam is an unique feature of world as it brought Arabs and Indians in contact. The earlier contacts of the Muslims with individuals of Malabar coast Umer (R.A) 634- 644 Arabs were famous for their fair dealings in business, piety(‫ )تقوی‬and simplicity on Indian Arabs traders Marriage with native women. Muslims Conquests of Sub Continent Muslim traders at Malabar & Maldeep coast in the era of Hazrat Umer (634- 645) Trading Companies at Gujrat & Dakan First battle between the Muslims and Indians was fought in the reign of Umar (R.A) by Usman bin Aas Saqfi; on west coast of Subcontinent Makran was conquered by Abdullah bin Aamir Sarqafi the governor of Oman sent his troops to “Thana “and “Barouch” a small sea port near Bombay. Kiring Noor (a ruler of a small state)was the first Indian who embraced Islam due to the preaching of “Sheikh Sharaf Bin Malik”. 4  3/24/2022 2- Expanding Wave of Muslim Conquest Ummayahs (662 -750) Abbasids (750 -1258) Fatimids Egypt (909-1117) Ummayahs Spain (756-1492) Hajaj bin Yousuf sent Muhammad bin Qasim to Conquered Sindh in 711. He was successful in conquering area from Sindh to Multan in 712. It was first land link between two communities. Muslims Conquests in Sub-Continent 1st Phase of Muslim Conquest: Ummayyad Dynasty (Al Malik/Abdul Malik) Sindh was ruled by a cruel ruler Raja Dahir The king of Ceylon sent few vessels carrying some Muslim women and children born in Ceylon along with the gifts for Hajjaj Bin Yousaf Ship was attacked by Sea Pirates of Dahir on Debal Hajjaj Bin Yousuf as a strict administrator ordered to let them free but Dahir refused. 5  3/24/2022 Muhammad Bin Qasim The Successor(712 A.D) Governor Hajjaj sent many troops to punish Raja Dahir but all failed At last Muhammad Bin Qasim ( Son –In – Law) was sent to fight against Dahir. Muhammad bin Qasim was well equipped and was containing brave soldiers. He marched towards Debul Via Makran and challenged to Raja Dahir for a battle in 712 A.D Muhammad Bin Qasim-The Successor Muhammad Bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir in battles of Debal and Rawar. Though he kept taking over the possession of areas such as Barhama Abad, (near Rohrdi), then Multan The inhabitants of Multan fought for 2 months at last they lost and the entire possession of Multan handed over to Muhammad Bin Qasim. As the large no of hindu man died in battle so their women burned themselves according to the Hindu customs. 6  3/24/2022 Muhammad Bin Qasim - The Successor He ruled Sindh for about 3 years. The civil security and religious rights all and were guaranteed, as he said that your temples will be safe and secure as all others religious groups. It was said that his humble behavior was the reason locals converted to Islam even though they were free to spent their life according to their religion. 7  3/24/2022 2nd Phase of Muslim Conquest: Ghaznavi Rule : Establishment of Turkish Muslim dynasty “Ghazni” Mahmood Ghaznavi s/o “Subuktagin”(997- 1030) 17 Invasions (1000- 1026) Titled as “ Idol Breaker”. 3rd Phase of Muslim Conquest: Shahab-ud-din Ghori (1175,1185 ) Multan, Uch, Sialkot, Lahore Ghouri subdued the Indus valley in 1185 Muslim power was spreaded in North west India , Bihar , Bengal and Central Asia 3- From 11 to 16 Century Ottomans Turkish (1288-1924) Muslims came from North Asia via Afghanistan during Ghazi’s period we can divide Muslims influx into two parts (i) -DEHLI SULTANATE (1206-1526) : established by Qutb- ud-din Aibak. Delhi sultanate was dominated by Turk-afghan elements, who made aloofness from natives of India. 4th Phase of Muslim Conquest: Khilji Dynasty: (1290-1315) Tughlaq Dynasty: (1320-1388) Sadat Family: (1414-1451) Lodhi Family: (1489- 1526) 8  3/24/2022 5th Phase of Muslim Conquest: (ii)-Mughal empire (1526-1857) 1. Zaheerudin Babar (1526-1530) Invaded India 2. Naseer ud din Humayun (1530-1540) 3. Suri Dynasty (1540-1556) 4. Return of Humayun in (1555-1556) 5. Jalaluddidn Akbar (1556-1605) 6. Nooruddin Jahangir (1605-1627) 7. Shahabuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan (1627-1658) 8. Mohidudin Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658-1707) 9. 13 Rulers in Decline of Mughal Rule (1707-1837) 10. Bahadur Shah Zafar (1837-1857) Near about 40 sultans ruled Delhi during the Sultanate period. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-TfaLPbfSE 9  3/24/2022 WHAT WAS MUGHAL EMPIRE? Mughal Empire was dominated by Persian- Khurasani elements. They introduced liberal policies, resulted into indo- Muslim civilization. Mughal tried their best to mix with natives of India. Akbar also brought concept of Deen-e-Illahi and given Hindu Rajput share in administration. * THE MUGHAL RULARS were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. At the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Subcontinent. Decline of Mughal Empire Mughal Empire decline after attaining its highest point of success and stability. The leadership of Shah Jahan and his son Aurangzeb was a successful rule. History records tells that the decline of Mughal Empire began when Aurangzeb died in 1707, he was 88 years old. Even his son Bahadur (63 years), who only ruled for five years before he died too. 10  3/24/2022 Reasons for Decline of Mughals Large Empire/ Expansionist Motives Un-Islamic Traditions and Customs of Akbar Threat from Marhattas, Jutts and Rajputs Disloyalty and Disunity among Muslims. British Influence.(EIC) Invasions of Nadir Shah(1738,1739) & Ahmed Shah Abdali (1747,1749,1756) Lack of competent Successors Corrupt Rulers/Poor Administration Moral Degradation No Navy Lack of Proper Army and War Equipments Deplorable Financial Conditions War of Successions/Rebellions The East India Company & Colonial Rule 1600:Permission for EIC by Queen Elizabeth 1612: Sir Thomas Roe acquired permission by Shah Jehan then Governor Gujrat (Surat, Ahmad Abad). 1658: Formation of EIC 1662: EIC headquarters established Bombay 1690: EIC trading post set up at Calcutta 1751: Battle’s against French by Robert Clive “Arcot” Nizam of Hyderabad and Nawab of the Carnatic, Chanda Sahib, 1757: Plessey (The Battle of Plessey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757.) Siraj ud Daulah Nawab of Bengal: Mir Jaffaer (traitor, betrayer) https://www.britishbattles.com/anglo-french-wars-in- india/battle-of-plassey/ 11  3/24/2022 1764: (22 Oct)After Battle of Buxer EIC. It took control of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa & Oudh (anarchy, bribery & corruption) British Government intervenes: 1773: An act passed for good governance and than 1782- First Governor General Warren Hastings; extend influence through Marhatta treaty. 1784: India act passed. Took control directly, Appointed Governor General, Control of three Presidencies, EIC continued trades but lost administrative powers. Police force, legal system, civil service introduced. British Control Expanded 1799-G G Wellesly attacked Mysore. Killed Tipu Sultan and took control 1799- Nawabs of Oudh were also defeated. 1803- British entered Dehli. Forced Shah Alam Sani to rule under British protection. 1818- Marhatha were defeated. 1843: Takeover of Sindh, although Peace treaty(1809) existed with Amirs. 12  3/24/2022 1857: The War of Independence Reasons: Doctrine of lapse (1848 Lord Dalhousie) https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/ncert-notes-doctrine-of-lapse/ Mistreatment of Mughal emperor Red Fort to Qutub Sahib. Replacement of Persian by English as official language Cultural & Religious Degradation. Social & Economic Aspect. Greased Cartridges (Immediate Cause). EVENTS Refusal of Soldiers to using Cartridges Mangal Pandey executed, Soldiers arrested in Meerut. May 1857 General Revolt started, Soldiers unified against British, Captured Delhi and reinstated Bahdur Shah Zafar. British Lost Control in of North Central India(uttar Pardesh) September 1857 Delhi & Lucknow regained Jhansi under Lakshmibai(Rani of Jhansi) proved to be last Resistance. 13  3/24/2022 OUTCOME: Confirmed Dominance of British over India. EIC Completely Abolished. Governor General became Viceroy who administrated with help of ICS (Indian Civil Service). Proclamation (‫) اعالن‬of British Might at Allahabad (1858). Target Killing of Royal Family. Persecution of Muslims. Further Degradation of life and opportunities for Muslims. Indians Realized there Weakness. Beginning of Revolutionary Movements. Video Link :”The raise and fall of Mughal Empire” https://youtu.be/rap7egq3Xdo Educational Movements Aligarh Movement (Sir Syed Ahmad Khan 1817-1898) Haji Muhammad Abid Hussian started Tehrik-i-Deoband (1866 UP-Saharanpure District) Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi Nadwa-tul-Ulema, Lucknow-UP (1894) was the group of Indian Islamic Scholars. It was on Western And Religion trends of Education (Shibli Nomani) Darululoom is the educational body of Nadwat-ul-Ulama which was formed in Kanpur in 1893. It was eventually shifted to Lucknow in 1898 and the Islamic curriculum was updated with modern sciences, mathematics, vocational training and the addition of an English Department Anjuman-i-Himayat-e-Islam, Lahore (1884) Maulana Qazi Hamid-ud-Din Islamia college for men(1913) and for women (1938) Sindh Madrassah-tul-Islam, Karachi(1885) Sind Muslim College(1943) Ali Garh Syed Hasan Ali Afandi. Islamia College, Peshawar (1902)Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum 14  3/24/2022 References http://indiaopines.com/mughal-emperors-india-list-photos https://www.google.com.pk/#q=decline+of+mughal+empir e http://indiaopines.com/mughal-emperor-akbar-facts- history-wikipedia/ Azam, D. M. (2010). Pakistan studies. Karachi: Ghazanfar Academy Pakistan. Nataq, P. A. (2012). Mutalia Pakistan. Karachi: Tahir Sons. Rabbani, M. (2008). Introduction to Pakistan Studies Lahore: Caravan Book House. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (n. d.) Retrieved January 24, 2014, 15