9th Class Pak Study Notes PDF

PAKISTAN STUDIES CLASS iX Section 1: History of Pakistan Chapter 01: Ideological History of Pakistan Chapter 02: Establishment of Pakistan Chapter 01: Ideological History of Pakistan Short Questions/Answers ideology is a set of values principles and belifs which changes the Q no 1: Give definition of ideology. worldview of a indivisual or a group. Ans: Ideology is a “science of ideas.” An idea is a basic concept on which a system is built. It is a set of ideas, action and set of rules that gives life order and meaning to human actions. ideology makes the country appear live.the national rights of ppl are rexplained through Q no 2: Define importance of ideology.ideology.i.d give ppl strenth to overcome difficulties to achive their goals Ans: Ideology makes countries appear live. The national rights of people are explained through ideology. Ideology gives people the strength to overcome all kinds of difficulties in to order to achieve their goals. Ideology provide path to achieve desire goals and targets. 1. race 2. religion 3.customs 4. language 5. political problems. Q no 3: Explain source of ideology. Ans: Ideology is as long process of development and evolution. It is not formed in a day. Ideology is sourced from a nation’s:  Common Religion  Common Race  Common Language and Residency  Common Political purposes  Common Customs Q no 4: Describe and explain the ideology of Pakistan. Ans: Pakistan is an ideological state. It is based on a specific philosophy of life. Its basis is the religion of Islam. This religion has been in practice for centuries. This is the basis that caused the movement of Pakistan. The ideology of Pakistan means the ideology of Islam. No doubt, the Islamic ideology is the foundation of the ideology of Pakistan. Q no 5: Explain fundamental principles of Pakistan ideology. Ans: The ideology of Pakistan is based on the religion Islam. Islamic faith is based on two fundamental principles: 1. Touheed means Oneness of ALLAH 2. Risalat means finality of last Prophet Hood. Q no 6: Write a short note on the economic basis of Pakistan Movement. Ans: When Muslims lost the war of independence 1857, British deprived them from Government jobs, business, lands and property. Muslim suffered a lot at the hands of Hindus money-lenders. Muslim leaders believed that Muslims would not progress economically unless they were given political independence. So, Muslims were given new sense of direction by the leadership of Sir Syed Ahmed, Allama Iqbal and Quaid- e-Azam. The course of action adopted by the Muslims of India independent for the achievement of a Muslim State, is called “Pakistan Movemnet.” Q no 7 State briefly sir Sayyid role regarding the Two-Nation Theory. Q no 7: Explain role of sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan with reference to Two-Nation theory.  Note: (Both questions have same answer) Ans: Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan (1817-1898) was the first person who warned the British rulers that the British system of democracy was not suitable for Indian condition. He urged that the two major Nations of India the Hindus and Muslims had different religious and cultural background. Sir Sayyid warned the Muslims not to let their identity as a Muslim Nation lost into a multi-national Indian identity. He wanted the Muslims to assert themselves as a separate and distinct nation. Sir Sayyid’s ideas of separate Muslim nationhood, developed into Two-Nation Theory was later, able to guide the Muslims to attainment of a homeland for them. This homeland was name “Pakistan”, and for that matter, Sir Sayyid Ahmed khan deserves the merit of being the real originator of the Two-Nation Theory and the founder of the initiative which subsequently developed into Pakistan Movement. Q no 8: Give statement of Quaid-i-Azam in relation to Non-Muslim minorities in Pakistan. Ans: Quaid-i-Azam said: “You are free; you are free to go to your temples. You are free to go to your Mosques or to any other places of worship in this state of Pakistan. You may belong to any region or caste or creed that has nothing to do with the business of the state…… We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one state.”(August 11, 1947) Q no 9: What is the basis of sources of ideology of Pakistan?  Belief and Prayers  Justice and Equality  Promotion of democracy  Fraternity and Brotherhood  Rights and duties of citizens Q no 10: Write the reasons of social, economic and political deprivation (disparities) of Muslims in Sub-Continent before Partition. Ans: When the war of 1857 was over, the Muslims were oppressed very badly. Although the Hindus supported the Muslims in this war, but they declared that only the Muslims were responsible for all their actions in the war. 1. The British dismissed all the Muslims from government jobs, especially from army and shut the doors of employment to the Muslims. 2. The Muslims were deprived of their properties. Their properties were confiscated. Their The Muslims lost their properties, which were taken away and given to lands were allotted to the Non-Muslims. Non-Muslims. 3. The business of the Muslims was ruined. In order to get the support of the Hindus, the British gave them special business privileges. 4. While Muslims had some representation in legislative bodies, is did not reflect their real population. Q no 11: Quote Allama Iqbals’ famous presidential address at Allahabad in 1930. Ans: “The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India. I therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim State in the best interest of India and Islam”. Q no 12: When did Chaudhary Rehmat Ali propose the word “Pakistan”? Ans: In January 1933, during his stay at England, Chaudhary Rehmat Ali along with some of his friend published a pamphlet named “Now or Never”. It was also distributed among Indian politicians. In this pamphlet, the name of the separate state for the Muslims was proposed as “Pakistan.” Q no 13: How Iqbal advised to go with “Ijtehad” for the Muslims’ progress? Ans: Allama Iqbal suggested “The only course open to us is to approach modern knowledge with a respect but independent attitude and to appreciate the teachings of Islam in the light of this knowledge , even though we may be led to differ with those have before us.” Q no 14: Define “Colonialism” and “imprialism.” Ans: Colony is a country or area ruled by another country, the practice of occupying other countries for rule is called colonialism. The policy of extending the rule of a country over other countries is called imperialism. continue from here Q no 15: Discuss any three objectives of Aligarh Movement. i. Promotion of Modern Education: One primary objective was to promote modern education among Muslims. Sir Syed believed that education was crucial for the progress and empowerment of the community. ii. Cultural Renaissance: It aimed to cultivate a sense of pride in Muslim heritage while adapting to contemporary challenges. iii. Political Awareness and Empowerment: The Aligarh Movement aimed to awaken political consciousness among Muslims. Sir Syed advocated for political cooperation and participation within the framework of British rule, emphasizing the importance of education and economic stability as prerequisites for political empowerment. Q no 16: What is meant by “Two-nation Theory?” Ans: In the perspective of the Sub-continent, Two-Nation Theory means that two major nations, the Muslims and the Hindus, were settled there. Two nations were entirely different from each other in their religious ideas, the way of living and collective thinking. Their basic principles and the way of living are so different that despite living together for centuries, they could not intermingle with each other. Q no 17: How did the Ideology of Pakistan influence the country’s establishment? Ans: Pakistan’s Ideology refers to the establishment of a separate state in which Muslims of the sub- continent can preserve Islamic values and ideals in accordance with the Quran and Sunnah and conduct their lives in accordance with the wonderful principles of Islam. It is the ideological foundation upon which the Muslims of the sub-continent fought for their ideology, rights, separate country, and national welfare. Q no 18: How did Allama Iqbal’s emphasis on individual and group self-awareness align with Pakistan’s goal for national advancement? Ans: Iqbal exhorted Muslims to work on their self-realization and personal growth. He felt that Muslims might overcome socioeconomic and political obstacles by promoting both individual and group self- awareness. Q no 19: Define British colonialism. Ans: Colonialism refers to when one nation seizes control of another country or area for its own profit. The colonial nation sends people to reside in the colonized country and profits from its resources and economy. They may also attempt to modify the language, culture, and governance of the existing residents. The era of direct British regulation over the Indian subcontinent, which lasted from 1858 until the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, is referred to as British colonialism. Q no 20: Recognize the significant role of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan as an important reformer of his time. Ans: Sir Syed worked as a reformer was a big part of why the Pakistan Movement was so successful. At first, he tried to bring Hindus and Muslims together, but later he became a leader of Muslim nationalism in India. His focus on education and development helped create new generation of educated Muslims who were better prepared to face the difficulties of the modern world. ----------------------------------------------- Chapter 2 “Establishment of Pakistan” Model Textbook and National book Foundation The Indian National Congress 1 1885 1886 1986 1870 was founded in The demand of separate 2 electorates presented in Simla 1906 1909 1911 1913 deputation was accepted in The All India Muslim League 3 1906 1901 1910 1911 was founded in Dhaka On Muhammad ali Jinnah joined 4 1909 1944 1913 1916 the Muslim League in the year Lucknow pact was 5 1916 1920 1922 1913 signed/outline in The All India Muslim League 6 Lahore Karachi Dhaka Mumbai was founded at. In Quaid e 7 1913 1918 1916 1920 Azam resigned from congress. Muslim League was 8 30th Sept, 1906 30th Nov 1906 30th Dec 1906 established on 30th July, 1906 Viceroy lord divided 9 Curzon Minto Wavell Mount Batten the provice of Bengal into two part. President of All India Muslim Hassan 10 Waqar-ul-Mulk Agha Khan Amir Ali League Bilgrami Communal Award was 11 1930 1987 1932 1909 announced in. Muhammadan Educational 12 1840 1842 1844 1886 conference was established in 13 The world war II broke out in 1914 1919 1939 1945 14 Second world war was ended in 1942 1945 1946 1947 Who gave the idea of a Sir Syed 15 Sir Agha Khan Allama Iqbal Quaid-e-Azam separate state for the Muslims Ahme in 1930? d Khan In the cabinet mission plan, 16 provinces were allowed to 6 8 10 12 separate after a period of years. The Cripps Mission came to 17 1940 1942 1944 1946 India in the year. The 3rd June 1947, plan 18 Punjab Bengal Orrisa NWFP announced referendum in When did the Quaid-e- 19 Azam present his famous 1909 1919 1929 1939 fourteen points? A mission of the British Government came to Sub- Sir Stafford Me A.V 20 Sir Pethic Lord Wavell Continent in 1942 under the Cripps Alexander headship of: Lawrence How many ministers from the 21 Muslim League were included 2 3 4 5 in the Interim Government of 1946? The last viceroy of the Indo- Lord 22 Lord Minto Lord Mountbatten Lord Curzon Pak Subcontinent was Montague The Congress Committee Jawarlal 23 which prepared the Nehru Motilal Nehru Raj Gopal Gandhi Nehru Report (1928) was headed by Liaqat Which one of the following Simon, Gandhi, Ali, Lord Pethic, 24 group members were a part Chelmsford,Lin Nehru, Patel Ghulam Stafford, of Cabinet Mission Plan? lithgow M, Alexander Khawaja Nizamudin Convention of the Muslim 25 Representatives was held in Delhi karachi Lahore Madras in 1946. When was Simla Conference 26 1942 1945 1946 1947 called by Lord Wavell? The manifesto of the Muslim 27 League was revised and 1913 1920 1921 1923 amended in the year Congress nominated Moulana as a member of the 28 Hasrat Mohani Zafar Ali Khan Abdul Kalam Azad Fazl-ul-haque cabinet for the interim government in 1947 Non-Cooperation movement 29 1920 1921 1922 1923 was started in On the British 15th July, 30 Government approved the 15th July, 1946 15th July, 1947 15th July, 1948 1945 Indian Independence Act. The Provincial Legislature 31 1944 1945 1946 1947 elections were held in: 32 CR Formula was presented by: Gandhi Motilal Nehru Raj Gopal 33 CR Formula was finalized in: March 1942 March 1944 March 1946 March 1948 Muslim League declared 34 14th Aug, 1945 16th Aug, 1946 18th Aug, 1947 16th Dec 1946 as direct Action Day: Day of deliverance was 35 21st Dec, 1940 22nd Dec,1940 23rd Dec, 1940 24th Dec, 1940 observed on On 20th February 1947, the British Prime Minister announced 36 that the May 1948 June 1948 July 1948 Aug 1948 British rule in the Sub- continent will come to an end by Head of Boundary 37 Lord hasting Lord Atlee Sir Stafford Sir Radcliff Commission was What is the significance of the Economic Independence 38 Social welfare None Third June Plan in 1947? reforms of India On what basis was the partition Geographical 39 to take place according to the Linguistic lines Religious lines Caste lines lines Mountbatten Plan? What was the proposed fate of Annexation by Integration with Continued 40 princely states under the Independence neighboring either India or colonial rule Mountbatten Plan? countries Pakistan Vamesh 41 Founder of Congress was A.O. Hume Sir Agha Khan Lord Minto Chandra Vamesh 42 President of Congress was A.O. Hume Sir Agha Khan Lord Minto Chandra In 1945-46 provincial elections 43 482 492 504 582 seats reserved for Muslims. British government honored Chakravarti Raj 44 with distinction of Ch Rehmat Ali S.P Singha Abdul Kalam “Dewan Bahadur.” Viceroy decided to annul 45 Minto Curzon Hardige Wavell the partition of Bengal in 1911. Cawnpur Incident took place in 46 1911 1912 1913 1914 In 1911 occupied Tripoli 47 and committed slaughter of Russia America Japan Italy Muslim population. Elections of provincial 48 assemblies 1936 1937 1938 1939 under the government of Indian Act 1935 were held in ML was able to form Punjab and Sindh and Punjab and 49 governments in Muslim majority Punjab and Sindh NWFP Baluchistan provinces NWFP except Khizar Hayat Tiwana (Unionist 50 Punjab Sindh NWFP Baluchistan Party) formed government in: Dr. Khan Sahib 51 Punjab Sindh NWFP Baluchistan formed government in ML won seats out of 52 432 446 450 468 total 495 in provincial assemblies. M Ali Jinnah entered into 53 1857 1867 1887 1897 active politics in Who gave the title of 54 “Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Mr Gandhi Moti Lal Nehru Sarojni Naidur Raj Gopal Unity” to Quaid-e- Azam? About central and 55 provincial members attend the 400 500 600 700 Delhi Convention 1946. Sir Syed 56 ------- was the first president of Quaid-e-Azam Sir Agha Khan Salimullah Ahmed ML. After second round table Communal 57 conference Brits government Act of 1935 Wardha Scheme Cripps Mission Award announced: On 3rd September,1939 British 58 France Russia USA Germany declared war against: Congress Ministries resigned in-- 59 1933 1935 1937 1939 -- 60 Fatima Jinnah died on 9th July, 1967 10th July, 1967 11th July, 1967 12th July, 1967 Chapter 02: Establishment of Pakistan Short Questions/Answers Model Textbook (National Book) Q 1:Describe the importance of Simla Deputation 1906. i. A delegation consisting of 35 eminent Muslim leaders called on the Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla on October1, 1906 and briefed him about the demands of the Muslim community of India. ii. The Viceroy’s attitude was very encouraging. He sympathized with the Muslim demands, including the demand for separate electorates and promised to take them up with the British government. iii. Most of the demands were accepted under the Minto- Morley Reforms 1909. A committee led by Motilal Nehru was formed to create proposals everyone could agree on. However, the committee ignored the interests of the Muslim community and released a report Q 2: Analyze Nehru report of 1928. called the Nehru Report Ans: A committee established to prepare unanimous proposals with Moti Lal Nehru as its head. Committee ignored the interest of the Muslim community and passed a report known as Nehru Report. i. The method of separate electorates should be replaced with Joint electorates. ii. One-Fourth (1/4) of seats should be reserved for Muslims in central legislative assembly. iii. Sindh should be separate province. iv. Baluchistan and NWFP should be granted more powers. v. Hindi Should be declared as official language. Q3.What were the primary objectives of the Muslim League? Ans: At the time of its formation the Muslim League had set three points agenda i. To safeguard and protect the interests of the Indian Muslims, to convey their demands to the British government in a peaceful manner and through constitutional means. ii. To create feelings of respect and goodwill for the government amongst Muslims and to remove any misunderstanding they might have regarding government policies. iii. To create feelings of brotherhood between Muslims and other Indian communities. Q 4: Describe the importance of the 14 points presented by Quaid-e-Azam. Ans: The Quaid‟s points were a prompt and appropriate response to the Nehru report. These were moderate and genuine demands of the Muslims community presented at the right time. Quaid‟s points played a vital role in the freedom movement of British India and aspiration for Muslim community. Q 5.Analyze Allama Iqbal’s address of 1930. Ans. : Allahabad Session presided by Allama Iqbal in 1930. Main points of session are: i. He presented the idea of separate homeland for Muslims. ii. He expressed Islam is a complete code of life. He emphasized on the concept of Two- Nation theory. iii. He strongly rejected the idea of one nation. iv. Comparing India with western world would be inaccurate. v. Demanded for North-West and eastern zones of Sub-continent for Muslim‟s separate homeland. Q 6. Write the failure of Simla conference. OR Why the Simla Conference was unsuccessful? imp Or Write a note on key points/summary of Simla conference 1945. i. The Viceroy Lord Wavell arranged to hold a conference at Shimla in June 1945 in order to place his proposals for the solution of the constitution problem and General elections of subcontinent before the Indian leaders. ii. He invited the all political parties for the negotiation. iii. For the formation of interim government Congress and Muslim league nominated members for executive council. 6 member from congress and 5 from Muslim league. iv. Gandhi appointed 5 Hindus members and 1 Muslim members for the formation of interim government. v. Jinnah took the stand that the Congress could appoint only Hindu members to the Executive Council. Lord Wavell acknowledge that four members should be taken from the Muslim League but Jinnah defended that it was the right of the Muslim League to appoint all the five members on the seats reserved for Muslims in the Executive Council. vi. Therefore, the Shimla Conference failed to achieve anything because of the disagreement of Quaid-e-Azam on representation of Muslims from Congress. Q 7: Analyze the formula of Cabinet Mission Plan 1946. i. A union for subcontinent was proposed. ii. A clear concept of partition was presented in the form of grouping scheme i.e. Group A, Group B and Group C. iii. An interim government would be setup immediately. This government will run the system till the constitution is framed. iv. If one or two provinces from these three groups of provinces decided to separate from the union, they could do but after 10 years. ________________________________ Section 2: Geography of Pakistan Chapter 03: Land of Pakistan Chapter 04: Natural Topography and Vegetation of Pakistan Chapter 05: Climate of Pakistan and Environmental Hazards Chapter 03: Land of Pakistan Short Questions/Answers 1. What is meant by land locked countries? Ans. A land locked country is surrounded by land with no direct Access to sea or coastline Pakistan provides transit trade route to Afghanistan and Central Asian States which are land locked countries. 2. What is CPEC? Ans. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a 62 billion dollar infrastructure project that connects China to the Arabian Sea. CPEC is a crucial part China's Belt and Road initiative Which is an investment project that aims to connect China to countries around the world through roads, railways largely. CPEC is expected to boost Pakistan's economy and improve t trade links with China and other countries of world. 3. What are the natural resources of the Arabian Sea? Ans. The Arabian Sea serves as important source of sea food. It provides habitats for many marine creatures including fish, sharks, whales, and dolphins. There are three important seaports of Pakistan including Karachi Keamari port, Qasim port and Gwadar port. 4.Why is Jinnah Terminal Karachi an important international airport? Ans. Pakistan is located at the intersection of the world's two busiest air traffic corridors, the North Atlantic and Asia-Pacific routes. This makes it a natural transit hub for air traffic between East and West. The Jinnah Terminal Karachi is important as an international airport because handles large passenger and cargo traffic. 5. What is the significance of Rawalpindi for Pakistan's economy? Ans. Rawalpindi is a major transportation hub, with a network of roads, railways, and airports connecting it to other parts of Pakistan. This makes it easy for the businesses to import and export the goods and services. There are several important commercial and wholesale market in Rawalpindi that sell goods in bulk to retailers, wholesale manufacturing and construction industries. 6.Why is Quetta known as the 'Fruit Garden of Pakistan'? Ans. Quetta is the capital of Balochistan province, situated in the south-west of Pakistan, it is known as the "Fruit Garden Of Pakistan" for its orchards producing plums, peaches, pomegranates, apricots, apples, melons, cherries, pistachios, and almonds. Quetta has mineral wealth such as coal, copper, and Gold. 7. What is the 'Tropic of Cancer'? /Location of Pakistan on world map. Ans. The Tropic of Cancer, also known as the Northern Tropic, is the Earth's northernmost circle of latitude where the Sun can be seen directly overhead. Pakistan lies in the temperate zone just north of the Tropic of Cancer, between the latitude of 24" N and 37" N and extend from longitude 61" E to 77 E. To the East, Pakistan shares its border with India, China lies to the northeast, Afghanistan lies in the west and Iran lies in the south west of Pakistan, Arabian sea lies in the south of Pakistan. Answer the questions in detail. 1. How does Pakistan's location, affect its economic and industrial development? Ans. Significance of Pakistan's Location: Strategically, Pakistan's location makes it a potential gateway to Central Asia and the Middle East. It also serves as a doorway to Islamic block. Transit Trade: Pakistan is situated to the north west of China and to the northeast of Iran and Afghanistan, It is also close to Central Asia. Pakistan in provides transit trade route to Afghanistan and Central Asian States which are land locked countries with no access to sea. This gives Pakistan access to Central Asia, which is a region with rich natural resources and growing economies. Access to Global Markets: The Arabian Sea is a valuable resource for many countries from the viewpoint of trade by sea. It is a warm water sea and provides major shipping lane and a source of oil and gas. As the Arabian Sea is located in a strategic position, connecting the Indian Ocean to the Persian Gulf. This makes it a major shipping route for sea trade between South Asia, the Far East, and the Middle East. This gives Pakistan access to global markets and energy resources. Air Routes: Pakistan is located at the intersection of the world's two busiest air traffic corridors, the North Atlantic and Asia-Pacific routes. This makes it a natural transit hub for air traffic between East and West. The Jinnah Terminal karachi is important as an international airport because it handles large passenger and cargo traffic. Abundant Natural Resources: The Arabian Sea serves as important source of sea food. It provides habitats for many marine creatures including fish, sharks, whales, and dolphins. There are three important seaports of Pakistan including Karachi Keamari port, Qasim port and Gwadar port. 2. What makes Gilgit-Baltistan important to Pakistan? Ans. Gilgit-Baltistan: Gilgit-Baltistan is a region which is located in the northern Mountains. It is a popular tourist destination, and is home to a number of glaciers, including the Baltoro Glacier, the Siachen and Batura glacier. A Major Source of HEP: Gilgit-Baltistan is also a major source of hydroelectric power for Pakistan. CPEC, a massive economic project under Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), aims to enhance the socioeconomic and political dividends in Gilgit Baltistan. Special Economic Zones: It is projected to generate more than half a million jobs by establishing Special Economic Zones in Gilgit, Invigorating the tourisrm industry, and expanding the reach of e-commerce. The CPEC: The CPEC-driven hydropower development, technical expertise, and human resource development has transformed the region's socioeconomic dynamics. Agricultural Products: Fruits, vegetables and nuts are exported to other parts of Pakistan and the world. 3. How do the following cities of Pakistan contribute to the country’s development in different ways? a. Falalabad: Faisalabad is situated in the north-east of the country , lying between the plains of the Ravi and Chenab Rivers, Faisalabad is one of the most industrialized cities in Pakistan and known as the”cotton polis of Pakistan”owing to its textile industry. Faisalabad produces some main crops including cotton, wheat, rice and sugarcane. b. Lahore: Lahore is the second most populous metropolis in Pakistan situated in the Punjab province. It is a salient cultural and historicals metropolis and is home to the Badshahi Mosque one of the world's largest mosques. Lahore is also a major commercial and industrial centre for manufacturing, particularly in the textile, food processing, and engineering industries. Now a days Lahore has a big problem with bad air quality, which affects the health of the Now a population. The government in Punjab seems to have a plan, and it is good to see that it is focusing on the right issues. c. Karachi: Karachi, Pakistan's financial hub and the capital of Sindh Province, is considered an important due to its strategic location and economic potential. As a pioneer in cable networking a information technology, Karachi has become a center of software outsourcing. Moreover, in home to a number of salient industries, such as textile, manufacturing, shipping and tourism. Karachi is also a major transportation hub, with the country's largest airport and seaport who facilitate exports and imports of Pakistan. 4. How can Pakistan leverage its geo strategic location and the economic potential of Balochistan and Gwadar to promote regional cooperation and economic integration? Ans. Geopolitical Significance of Balochistan and Gwader: Balochistan's strategic location has the shortest route to the Arabian Sea which has made it a valuable region in the world. China, Iran, the Central Asian Republics, and Afghanistan are all interested in using Balochistan to further their geopolitical and geostrategic goals. The development of Gwadar port and Balochistan under the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a major opportunity for Pakistan's socio-economic development. A fully operational Gwadar port will improve Pakistan's trade links with the oil-rich Gulf States, the Central Asian Republics, Afghanistan, China, and the rest of the world. Therefore, CPEC has enhanced the Importance of Balochistan. 5. How can Quetta leverage its strategic location and natural resources to promote sustainable development for its residents and the region? Ans. A Major Transportation Hub: Quetta is a major transportation hub, connecting Balochistan to other parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan. The city is home to an international airport and a railway station. Historical and Scenic Sites: There are a number of historical and scenic sites to visit such as the Hanna Lake, the Ziarat Valley. Fruit Garden of Pakistan: The Quetta is known as the "Fruit Gar den of Pakistan" due to the abundance and variety of fruits produced there including pomegranates, apricots, apples. The crops like wheat, barley, and maize are also produced. Mineral Wealth: Quetta has mineral wealth such as coal, copper, and Gold. _________________________________ Chapter 04: Natural Topography and Vegetation of Pakistan Short Questions/Answers 1. What is Hamun? Ans. The rainwater of the basin drains into the rivers and streams which either absorbed into the ground or forms temporary lakes called Hamuns which contains high salt concentration. The largest Hamun Mashkel is found in Kharan desert, Baluchistan. 2. With name examples, explain the importance of passes for the economy of Pakistan. Ans. IMPORTANT PASSES OF PAKISTAN: Babusar pass: It connects Abbotabad and Gilgit and also command the whole valley of Kaghan Bolan Pass: It connects Sindh plain with Quetta and onward through Chaman with Afghanistan Gomal Pass: It connects Dera Ismail khan with Ghazni (Afghanistan) Korakoram Pass: An anscient trading route between China and Kashmir. Khunjrab Pass: It connects Pakistan with china through Korakoram highway Khyber Pass: It connects Peshawar in Pakistan with Kabul in Afghanistan, and is 56 km long. Lawari Pass: It connects Dir with Chitral Malakand Pass: It connects Peshawar with chitral. 3. Explain the significance of salt range. Ans. The Salt range is located 160 km from Islamabad. Salt range are parallel ranges with average altitude between 750-to 900 meters and located in Khewra. The area is rich in the mineral deposits such as gypsum, rock salt and limestone. 4.Explain the economic and environmental importance of northern mountains for Pakistan? Ans. Economical Importance: The Northern Mountains offer a variety of economic opportunities for local communities, Northern Mountains provide raw materials to several important industries e.g., chemical Industry, pharmaceutical industry, pulp and paper and furniture making industries. Environmental Importance: The Northern Mountains play a role in regulating the climate of the region and the world. For example, the glaciers of the Northern Mountains help to cool the planet. 5.Explain the important features of the western mountains of Pakistan. Also explain the significance of the western mountains to the economy of Pakistan? Ans. The Important Features i.Snow-capped peaks ii. Abundant minerals such as limestone and sandstones and clay. iii. Little vegetation due to scarity rainfall. Significance Of The Western Mountains: i. Safed koh forms a natural bo der between Afghanistan and KPK through Kurram Pass. ii. Tochi Pass situated in Waziri tan Hills connect Bannu and Ghazni iii. Bolan Pass situated in Suleman Range connects kachhi Sibbi Plain to Quetta. iv. Kirthar Range forms a border between Sind Plain and Balochistan Pleteau. 6. What is meant by Inland drainage? Give examples Ans. Inland drainage: It is the drainage of rivers within the land. The rivers either dried on their way into an arid region or enters the lake before the and the ocean. Western Balochistan including Chaghi, Rskoh and Saihan hills has inland drainage. This area is dry and rivers are not very big in size and do not fall in the sea. 7. Write short notes on the following a. livestock in Balochistan. b. Natural disasters in norther mountains. Ans. a. livestock in Balochistan: Balochistan is rich in livestock resources, almost 70 percent population is directly or indirectly involved in livestock rearing activities. Animals such as cattles, camels and poultry are traditionally kept for household milk and meat needs. The main consumers of Balochistan's livestock products include the leather, carpet, and pharmaceutical industries. b. Natural disasters in northern mountains: i. Avalanche caused the death of 14 people in Pakistan's Northern Mountains (2012) ii. Avalanche resulted death of 20 people in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (2015) iii. 7.6-Magnitude Earthquake Kills Over 73,000 in Kashmir (2005) iv. Floods caused deaths of over 1,700 people in Pakistan's khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province v. (2010) vi. Due to landslide, about 30 people lost their lives in Pakis an's Gilgit-Baltistan region (2011) sources: BBC, CNN, Express Tribune. 8. Describe natural topographical regions of Pakistan. Ans. Regions of Pakistan: The natural topography of Pakistan can be classified Into six main regions. i. The Northern Mountains and North Western Mountains ii. The Western Mountains iii. The Balochistan Plateau iv. Potwar Plateau and Salt Range v. The Indus Plain vi. Desert Areas Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Describe the main features of the deserts of Pakistan and how the available resources exploited to improve the lives of the local people. Ans. Deserts of Pakistan has vast and hot deserts. They are located at three places: i. The Thal desert is located between the river Indus and River Jhelum. ii. To the south east of Pakistan, the Thar Desert is located in Sindh. It has further three main Desert areas: Cholistan, Nara and Tharparker iii. The Kharan desert is a sandy and mountainous desert situated in Balochistan province. Main Features Of The Deserts of Pakistan: i. Most important relief feature of desert areas are rolling sand dunes, undulating land, sand plains or strip of land, bare rock. dry soil due to lack of water. ii. Hot climate, lack of rainfall and strong winds make desert areas a hard place to live. iii. Natural vegetation in desert areas is a mixture of shrubs, succulents, herbs, and a few grasses. iv. Availability of water to a major part of Thar was made possible through canals from Sukkar Barrage which has changed the area into a farmland. Economic Potential of Desert Areas of Pakistan: Desert areas are rich in mineral deposits and fossil fuels such as coal, oil an deposits have the potential to play an important role in the development of For example, Cholistan desert is rich in lignite, gypsum, and silica sand deposits in the Thar desert could be used to generate electricity, and the iron be used to produce steel. Thar Desert changed over time: Thar, one of the least developed regions of Pakistan, is seeing unprecedented development activity in energy and Infrastructure projects. New roads, airports and buildings are being built along with coal mines and power plants. The Engro Thar Coal Power Project is developed as part of the China-Pakistan Economic Mining Company and China Machinery Engineering Corridor by Sindh Engro Coal Corporation in the Thar Block-II of the Thar Coalfield. 2. Explain the economic potential of Potohar plateau and Salt ranges to the economy of Pakistan. Also give examples. Ans. Potohar plateau and Salt ranges: The Potohar Plateau and Salt Range are situated to the south of Islamabad and lying between the river Indus and river Jhelum. Natural Resources and Economic Potential: The Potohar Plateau and Salt Range possess a wealth of natural resources that hold significant economic potential. Minerals: The region is rich in mineral deposits, including limestone, gypsum, and coal. These minerals are essential for various industries, including construction, cement manufacturing, and power generation. Pothwar Plateau and Salt range has rich deposits of minerals like gypsum, limestone, marble, dolomite coil and oil. A number of oil and gas field are set up in this area such as Attock Oil Refinery. Water Resources and Agricultural: The abundance of water resources supports agriculture through traditional methods of irrigation. Crops such as wheat and fruits are extensively cultivated in the region. Forestry: The Salt Range is home to significant forest cover, providing a valuable source of timber and non-timber forest products. Forestry also contributes to soil conservation and biodiversity preservation. Tourism: The Potohar Plateau and Salt Range offer scenic landscapes, historical sites, and unique cultural attractions, making them potential tourist destinations. Tourism has the potential to generate revenue and employment opportunities in the region. 3. Compare and contrast the relief features of Baluchistan and pothwar Plateau? Ans. Balochistan Plateau a) The Balochistan Plateau lies to the west of the Sulaiman and Kirthar mountain ranges. its borders extend to fran in the west, Afghanistan in the north, and the Arabian Sea in the south. b) The Balochisan plateau's elevation ranges from 600 to 300 meters, covering a total area of 347,190 square kilometers. c) The landscape comprises small hills, valleys, plains, water bodies, and the Kharan Desert. d) This region is rich in mineral resources, including natural gas, oil, gold, silver, copper, and coal. Pothwar Plateau a) The Pothwar Plateau and Salt Range are situated to the south of Islamabad and lying between the river Indus and river Jhelum a) The Pothwar Plateau is a highland with an average elevation of 500 to 1,000 meters above sea level b) The Pothwar plateau is dissected by numerous streams and river. c) The region is rich in mineral deposits, including limes one, gypsum, and coal. 4. Describe the differences between the Northern Mountains and Western Mountains. Northern Mountains: a) The Northern Mountains are a major source of water for the region, providing drinking water, irrigation water, and hydropower. For example, the Indus River, which provides millions of people in Pakistan, originates in the Northern Mountains. b) The Northern Mountains play a role in regulating the climate of the region and the world. For example, the glaciers of the Northern Mountains help to cool the planet c) The Northern Mountains offer a variety of economic opportunities for local communities, such as tourism, agriculture, and forestry. For example, the Northern Mountains of Pakistan are a popular tourist destination for mountaineers and trekkers. d) Northern Mountains provide raw materials to several important industries e.g., chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, pulp and paper and furniture making industries. Western Mountains: a) The Canal irrigation is not viable in the majority of the western mountains due to the challenging, terrain. b) There is a lack of infrastructure facilities, including computer trains, asphalted roadways, and air links. c) The landscape of western mountain ranges is rugged and ire largely devoid of natural vegetation. Population density is lower than 100 people per kilometer square. d) Although there are abundant of mineral resources but they have not been extracted due to tough terrain. 5. Explain the features of Indus plain and their importance for the agro-based economy of Pakistan. Ans. The Indus Plain: A significant portion of Pakistan's land is characterized by flat or gently sloping terrain, forming an extensive expanse known as the Indus Plain. The Indus plain obtains water from river Indus and its eastern and western tributaries Eastern Tributaries 1. Jhelum River 2. Chenab River 3. Sutlej River 4.Ravi River 5.Beas River Western Tributaries 1. Shyok River 2. Gilgit River 3. Kabul River 4. Kurram River 5. Gomal River Natural Tepographical features: Indus plain is formed by the river Indus. It is divided into two parts (1) Upper Indus Plain: The Upper Indus Plain consists of the area from Attock to Mithankot. Most of the area of Punjab is covered by this category. (2) Lower Indus Plain: The area in the south of Mithan cot down to the Arabian Sea is called the Lower Indus Plain. Most of the area of the Sind province forms a part of the Lower Indus Plain. Importance for the agro-based economy of Pakistan: The Indus plain is very productive region of Pakistan for a number of reasons. The fertile soil and plenty of water supply through a well- developed irrigation system maces it ideal for agricultural activities. Availability of flat land and drainage makes it ideal for settlement growth. 6.What do you know about Doabs? Explain Punjab Doabs. Ans.Doab Doab refers to a tract of land lying between two rivers. The Punjab Doabs: Indus Sagar Doab: The Indus Sagar Doab lies between the Indus and Jhelum river, covering Khushab, Mianwali, Leiah, and Muzaffargarh districts. Chaj Doabs: The Chai Doab lies between the Jhelum and the Chenab rivers, covering Gujrat, Sargodha, Mandi Bahauddin, and northwestern Jhang, districts. Rachna Doabs: The Rachna Doab lies between the Chenab and the Ravi rivers, covering Sialkot, Narowal, Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Jhang, Faisalabad, and Toba Tek Singh district. Bari Doabs: The Bari Doab lies between the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers, covering Lahore, Kasur, Okara, Shaiwal, Pakpattan, Vehari, and Multan. __________________________ Chapter 05: Climate Of Pakistan And Environmental Hazards Short Questions/Answers Answer the following questions briefly. 1. What are the main climatic characteristics of Highland zone of Pakistan? Ans. Highland Climate The region of highland climate includes northern, north western and western highlands. in these areas winters are long, cold and snowy with frigid temperatures. The summers are mild, short and wet in the north and north western mountains. Rainfall is high while the western mountains having relatively less altitude, experience less rainfall such as Kohat and Waziristan hills. Muzaffarabad, Said-u-Sharif, Skardu, Astor, Dir, Parachinar and Kakul receive the most rainfall in Pakistan. 2. Describe temperature inversion layer? Ans. Temperature inversion layer is a layer of air where the temperature increases with height This forced the rising air to sink which compresses and warms a: it descends back to the earth. An inversion traps air pollution, such as smog, close to the ground. 3. Explain some important measures to prevent floods in Pakistan. Ans. Preventive Measures: i. Afforestation and reafforestation: Forests regulate water and prevent the risks of floods. ii. Reducing urbanization: Urbanization increase the risk of flooding by increasing the number of cemented surfaces which prevent water from seeping into the ground. iii. Improving drainage systems: Improving drainage systems include building and maintaining storm drains and canals, and clearing debris from waterways. iv. Constructing flood defences: Flood defences, such as levees and floodwalls will protect communities from river floods. 4. Why do many rivers flood in Pakistan in summer? What car be done to reduce the risk of Flooding? Ans. Reasons of river flood: 1. Record breaking rainfall. 2. Fastest melting of snow due to climate change. 3. Reduced capacity of Dams to store extra or flood water. 4. Deforestation. Preventive Measures: Pre-flood warning may be advertised on television and social media and educating people about flood safety. Rehabilitating centres must be built to provide medical care, psychological and social support to flood affected. 5. How does the yearly distribution of rainfall and temperature vary between Karachi and Lahore? Ans. Karachi: The region is home to the port city of Karachi and the desert region of Balochistan. According to the Pakistan Meteorological Department, the hottest months are May and June, with average temperatures of 30.5°C and 34.0°C, respectively. The coldest months are December and January, with average temperature: of 12.5°C and 15.5°C, respectively. On average, the highest amount of rainfall occurs during July with a mean value of 52 mm / 2.0 inch. Lahore: Lahore's climate is a local steppe climate. During the year there is little rainfall. The mean yearly temperature observed in Lahore is recorded to be 24 degree C75.1 F Approximately 636 mm | 25.0 1 inch of rainfall occurs on a yearly basis. 6. Explain the development of monsoon winds in Arabian Sea. Ans. Arabian Sea Monsoon: The Arabian Sea monsoon rains are caused when an over active monsoon winds blow across south east of Pakistan and bring rain to the coastal areas. The Arabian Sea monsoons provide water for agriculture and replenish groundwater supplies. However, the monsoon rains also cause flooding, landslides, and damage to infrastructure sometimes. 7. Describe the effectiveness of winter rainfall for water management and crops cultivation. Ans. The effectiveness of rainfall for farming: The effectiveness of rainfall for farming in Pakistan varies depending on the amount, timing distribution of rainfall. Farmers plan and choose crops that are suited to the rainfall patterns their region and use irrigation to supplement rainfall where necessary. The effectiveness of rainfall for water management: Winter rainfall plays an important role in agriculture, water storage, groundwater recharge, ecosystems, and other sectors. It helps to replenish water reservoirs. 8. What are key issues that plague the country's farming belt? Ans. A low crop yield, non-availability of seeds, inadequate storage facilities, lack of infrastructure, climate change and the minimal to virtually nonexistent use of technology are key issues that plague the country's farming belt. 9. What are the potential consequences of these challenges for Pakistan's economy and food security? Ans. Climate change is threatening the crop production system of our major crops (wheat, maize, cotton, rice, and sugarcane). This loss will be greater for Pakistan due to its geographical position. Floods, heat and cold waves, storms, and droughts that will harm both economic livelihoods and food security. 10. What are some possible solutions to address these challenges and strengthen Pakistan's agricultural sector? Ans. Scientists from all around the globe have been searching for a range of solutions to food insecurity. The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept is one of such solutions. CSA can boost the Pakistani economy through groundbreaking, technological practices such as laser land leveling and solar power-driver Irrigation systems, management amendments like crop divergence, appropriate cropping models ________________________ Answer the questions in detail 1. Why is Monsoon rainfall les effective in Pakistan? Discuss the key challenges and opportunities particularly in Indus plain. Ans. Efficacy of Rainfall: In Pakistan, rainfall is mainly from monsoon and western depression in summer and winter seasons. Though rainfall varies in timings, amount and distribution that is why its effectiveness is limited for agriculture, Farming system in Pakistan is largely dependent upon irrigation system which is fairly developed in Punjab and Sindh. Key Challenges: Flooding and waterlogging: Excessive winter rainfall can lead to flooding and waterlogging in low-lying areas, damaging crops, infrastructure, and property. Delayed sowing of spring crops. Late winter rainfall can delay the sowing of spring crops, such as cotton and sugarcane, affecting crop yields and agricultural income. Soil erosion: Heavy rainfall can cause soil erosion, particularly on sloping lands, reducing soil fertility and productivity. Opportunities: Mitigation of drought effects: Winter rainfall helps mitigate the effects of droughts, and improve soil moisture content and support crop growth during dry periods. Replenishment of water resources: Winter rainfall helps replenish water resources, including groundwater aquifers, dams, and reservoirs useable during the critical dry summer months, Support for Rabi crops: Winter rainfall is crucial for the cultivation of Rabi crops, such as wheat, barley, and lentils, which are sown in the autumn and harvested in the spring. 2. Discuss the factors responsible for temperature variations in Pakistan. Ans. The factors responsible for temperature variations in Pakistan: Latitudinal Effect: The latitudinal effect describes the impact on temperature from the latitude or the region distance from the equator. Areas closer to the equator generally tend to of the higher temperatures. This is due to the earth's spherical shape that is angled in such a way that it receives direct sunlight. Most southern regions of Pakistan. Continental Effect: This effect occurs because the overall climate of such areas is not moderated by oceans. Instead, these areas are influenced by pre ailing winds blowing overland. Interior regions of Pakistan, such as Lahore and Islamabad, are examples of such extreme temperatures variations. Western Disturbances: Mostly occur during the winter months and cause light to moderate showers in southern parts of the country while moderate to heavy showers with heavy snowfall in the northern parts of the country. These westerly waves are rc abed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan. Southwest Monsoon: Occurs in summer from the month of June till September. Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat. These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding, even severe flooding if they interact with westerly waves in the upper parts of the country. Tropical Storms: Usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November. They affect the coastal localities of the country. Dust storms: These dust storms are quite violent. Dust storms during the early summer indicate the arrival of the monsoons while dust storms in the autumn and cate the arrival of winter. Heat waves: Occur during May and June, especially in southern punjab, central Balochistan and upper Sindh. 3. Explain the sources of rainfall in Pakistan and how they vary seasonally. Give examples to substantiate your answer. Ans. Rainfall: The rainfall in Pakistan decreases from the Himalayas to the south of Pakistan. There are four sources of rain which provide rain to the different regions located in Pakistan. 1. Monsoon Winds: The word "monsoon" comes from the Arabic word "mausim", which means "season". This is because monsoons are seasonal winds that reverse their direction twice a year. Pakistan experiences monsoon rains from two sources: the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. The monsoon season in Pakistan typically lasts from June to September: a) Bay of Bengal Monsoon: The Bay of Bengal monsoon is caused by the differential heating of the land and the sea. These winds blow from Bay of Bengal and cross over India and straight hit the Himalayas and give rain to the areas of northern Punjab as well. b) Arabian Sea Monsoon: The Arabian Sea monsoon rains are caused when an over active monsoon winds blow across south east of Pakistan and bring rain to the coastal areas. 2. Western Depression: Western Depressions are a low-pressure system that develops over the Mediterranean Sea and travels eastward, bringing rain and snow to the Middle East and South Asia, especially to the northern and western regions of Pakistan including Chitral, Dir, Peshawar, Loralal, Quetta, Kharan, and Makran coastal range. Western Depressions are most common during the winter months, from November to April. 3. Convectional Currents: Convectional currents cause rain fall in Pakistan by heating up the land surface, which in turn heats up the air above it. The areas which receive convectional rainfall are northern Punjab and KPK such as Rawalpindi and Peshawar in early summer. 4. Relief Rainfall: Relief rainfall, also known as or graphic rainfall, is a type of precipitation that occurs when moist air is forced to ascend over a mountain range. Relief rainfall is common in the northern and western regions of Pakistan Some important places include Murree, Abbottabad, Swat Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu and Quetta. 4. Analyze the Characteristics of Climatic zones and Differentiate between the lifestyle of people living in Highland, coastal, Lowland and Arid zone of Pakistan. Ans. Climatic zones of Pakistan The divisions are: A. Highland Climate B. Lowland Climate C. Desert or Arid Climate D. Coastal or Maritime climate A. Highland Climate: The region of highland climate includes northern, north western and western highlands. In these areas winters are long, cold and snowy with frigid temperatures. The summers are mild, short and wet in the north and north western mountains. In western mountains, summers are warm and dry. Due to high altitude of the North and north western mountains, rainfall is high while the western mountains having relatively less altitude, experience less rainfall. The Climatic Effects on Lifestyles and Economic Activities: Farmers in the climatic highland zone are facing a multitude of challenges due to climate change. For example, farmers a, e struggling to grow crops in the face of declining water availability, droughts, floods, and landslides. These events not only damage crops and irrigation systems but also disrupt transportation and communication networks, hindering access to markets and essential services. B. Lowland Climate: The low land climate refers to plain areas of Pakistan located in Punjab and Sindh except the coastal areas. In these areas, summers are arid and at times extreames. Winters are mild to cool Monsoons typically lasts from June to September. The Climatic Effects on Lifestyles and Economic Activities: The indus plains of Punjab and Sindh, experiences rising temperatures leading to more frequent and intense extrerme weather events. These events pose significant threats to agriculture, infrastructure, and overall economic stability. Heat waves stress crops and livestock, droughts reduce crop yields and water availability, and floods and storms disrupt transportation, communication, and economic activities. C. Desert or Arid Climate: Aridity refers to low precipitation and low moister content in the environment. The deserts areas Le., Kharan, Cholistan, Thal and Thar experience dry and hot summers and receive scanty rainfall throughout the year. During the day, hot and dusty wind: blow across the plains from May to September. The Climatic Effects on Lifestyles and Economic Activities: One of the most important adaptations is the Karez system, an underground irrigation system that has been used in Baluchistan, allowing farmers to cultivate crops such as wheat, rice, millet, and sorghum. Livestock rearing is another crucial economic activity in the arid zone. Tourism has emerged as a growing industry in some parts of the arid zone. The arid zone is also home to a rich tradition of handicrafts. D. Coastal or Maritime climate: The coastal strip includes the Indus Delta, Thatta, Karachi, and v hole of Makran coast. This region has a maritime climate with sea breezes round the year. The proximity to the sea results in high humidity particularly between April to September. Very little rain fall is experienced in the monsoon season. Some rainfall is received from the western depression. The Climatic Effects on Lifestyles and Economic Activities: The abundant marine life in Pakistani waters supports a thriving fishing industry, with Karachi Fish Harbor serving as a major hub for processing and exporting seafood. Climate change poses significant challenges to Pakistan's coastal Zone, Rising sea levels and more frequent and severe storms are leading to coastal erosion and infrastructure damage, causing economic losses and disrupting the lives of coastal communities. 5.Write short notes on the following topics i. Government efforts to reduce the effects of drought ii. Advantages and disadvantages of floods in Pakistan Ans. i. Government efforts to reduce the effects of drought: Drought Management in Pakistan: The government and communities in Pakistan are working together to mitigate the risks of droughts and to ensure that communities are able to cope with the effects of droughts. c) Water Conservation Schemes: implement measures like canal lining, water tanks, small dams, and reservoirs to conserve water resources before time. d) Early Warning Se to far med financial Aid: Develop early warning systems and provide Financial assistance to farmers affected by droughts. a) Drought-Resistant Crops and Drip Irrigation: Promote the cultivation of drought- resistant crops like sorghum and millet and encourage the adoption of water genetically modified crops must be examined for health benefits. b) Community Based Drought Management: Implement rainwater harvesting initiatives to Collect and store rainwater for use during dry seasons. ii. Advantages and disadvantages of floods in Pakistan: Advantages of flood are: 1. Flooding Makes the Land Fertile: The fact that flooding makes the soil fruitful may be one of the most widely acknowledged advantages of floods. Additionall, many crops, Including rice, may be grown in the flooded soil. 2. Dislodges Accumulated Debris: The power of the floodwater's rushing can move items that obstruct rivers and estuaries. Debris- like branches, logs, and boulders frequently impeded river water flow. 3. Supplies Sediment to Deltas: Deltas are strengthened by sediments that is dumped on them as floodwaters hit river mouth. 4. Floods Recharge Groundwater: More floodwater recharges groundwater resources. Aquifers allow water to seep into the Earth. Disadvantages of floods: Floods Damage-Built Infrastructure: They cause property damage by homes, buildings, anty blamat by floodin fires that end in explosions. They frequently harm sewage networks as well as drainage systems Flooding Leads to Significant losses Economic Costerons that depend on seaside industries. Loss of Lives and Social Disruption: Floods can kill thousands to millions of people all at once. They frequently lead to water pollution, which in turn causes illness outbreaks. Disturb the Livelihoods: They also disturb the livelihoods of numerous populations by destroying farms and crops. ________________________________-- Section 3: Resources and Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 06: Water Resources Chapter 07: Population Structure and Growth Chapter 08: Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Chapter 09: Transport And Trade Chapter 06: Water Resources Short Questions/Answers 1. Which sectors are benefited from surface water resources Ans. Surface water resources benefit many sectors, including: 1. Agriculture (irrigation) 2. Industry (cooling, processing) 3. Energy (hydroelectric power) 4. Transportation (navigation) 5. Recreation (swimming, boating) 6. Drinking water treatment 7. Ecosystems (wildlife habitats) These sectors rely on surface water resources for various purposes. 2. Name important tributaries of the Indus River System. Ans. The Indus River is Pakistan's longest river, flowing from Tibet through India and into Pakistan, It provides the majority of the country's surface water. The Indus River is joined by numerous important tributaries, including the Jhelum, Chenab, l'avi, Sutlej, Swat,, Tochi, Kurrum rivers, to form the vast indus River System. 3. What are some important canals of Pakistan? Ans. Pakistan has one of the largest man-made canal systems in the world, providing irrigation facilities to 48 million acres. Here are some of the notable canal in Pakistan. Punjab Canals:- Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal, Lower Bari Doab Cinal, Upper Chenab Canal, Upper Jhelum Canal, Rasul-Qadirabad Link Canal Sindh Canals: Nara Canal, Rohri Canal Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Canals: Upper Swat Canal 4. Why do you think water quality suffers during the Mons on season? Ans. Water quality suffers during the monsoon season because 1. Heavy rainfall washes pollutants and waste into water source. ii. Floods stir up sediment and contaminants in rivers and lakes. iil. Runoff from agricultural and urban areas carries chemicals and pollutants into waterways. This leads to increased levels of pollutants, bacteria, and sediment in the water, making it unsafe for human consumption and other uses. 5 Analyse the important advantages of extensive irrigation in Pakistan. Ans. Extensive irrigation in Pakistan has several important advantages, including: 1. Increased crop yields and food production. ii. Supports Pakistan's economy, which relies heavily on agriculture. iii. Helps control floods and prevents soil erosion. iv. Supports the growth of cash crops like cotton and sugarcane. v. Helps meet the food demands of a growing population. Overall, extensive irrigation is crucial for Pakistan's food security, economy, and agricultural development. 6 What is meant by irrigation? Ans. Irrigation is the process of artificially applying water to soil to support plant growth and crop production. It involves supplying water to crops through various methods, such as: Canals Rain, Sprinklers, Drip systems Flood irrigation, Karez. 7 What is meant by Water logging and Salinity? Ans. Water logging: When the subsoil water table rises to high that it comes very close to the surface level the condition is called water logging, this is a very dangerous disease of this as it makes it almost impossible. Salinity: Another disease directly related to the water logging is salinity salt present in the lower layer of the earth that dissolve in the water and water bring the soul to the surface of the earth the water evaporates due to Sun leaving behind his salt deposits on the surface of the soil. The salt layer keeps thickening and take away all the fertility of the land and this make the land infertile. Answer the following question. in detail. 1 Suggest some sustainable solutions to water resources management. Ans. Here are some sustainable solutions to water resources management: 1. Water Conservation: Encourage efficient use of water through practices like drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting, and fixing leaks. 2. Watershed Management: Protect and restore natural water cycles by preserving forests, wetlands, and aquatic ecosystems. 3. Water Storage: Build sustainable water storage infrastructure like reservoirs, dams, and aqueducts. 4. Water Reuse and Recycling: treat and reuse water for non-potable purposes like irrigation and industrial processes. 5. Efficient Irrigation Systems: implement precision irrigation systems that minimize waste and optimize water use. 6. Water-Sensitive Agriculture: Promote practices like agroforestry, permaculture, and regenerative agriculture that enhance water retention and soil health. 7. Community Engagement: Educate and involve local communities in water management decisions to ensure inclusive and sustainable solutions. 8. Water Policy Reform: Develop and implement policies that prioritize water conservation, efficiency, and sustainable management practices. 9. Water Monitoring and Management: Utilize technology like sensonal data analytics, and IT devices to monitor and manage water resources effectively. 10. Ecosystem Restoration: Restore natural ecosystems like rivers, lakes and wetlands to maintain water cycles and biodiversity. These solutions require a collaborative approach from governments, farmers, industries, and communities to ensure sustainable water management for future generations. Q2. Describe seasonal fluctuations in the flow and Quality of Water of in Pakistan. Ans. Seasonal Fluctuations in Flow and Quality of water: Pakistan's dry to semi-arid environment, monsoon rains, and glacier melt water from the Himalayan and Karakoram mountains all have a significant impact on seasonal variations in water flow and quality. These elements cause different seasonal fluctuations in the quantity and quality of water. An outline of these variations is provided below: Seasonal fluctuations in Water flow: The monsoon season (July to September): It is the most crucial time for Pakistan's water flow. The southwest monsoon at this time causes a lot of rain to fall across the nation, but especially in the north and west. This downpour Contributes to a rise in river flow and aids reservoir restocking. Curing this time, there is an noticeable rise in the amount of water flowing through the Indus River and its tributaries, Including the Jhelum, Chenab, and Sutlej. Winter and spring (October to April): Most of Pakistan experiences comparatively little rainfall during the winter and spring months. However, water from the melting snow in the Himalayan and Karakoram peaks continuously decreases during this time. This melt water contributes to the Indus River and its tributaries, helping to keep the flow somewhat steady. It is significant to note that the snowpack from the preceding winter affects the water supply throughout these months. Summer (May to June): When winter snowmelt fade, the summer months are often characterized by increasing temperatures and decreased water flow in rivers and streams. During this season, water shortage becomes an issue in many locations, particularly in Pakistan's south, and irrigation needs rise. Seasonal Fluctuations in Water Quality: 1. The monsoon season (July to September): This season can significantly affect the quality of the water. In rivers and other bodies of water, heavy rains can cause overflow water that carries the water its from urban and agricultural regions. Flooding can contaminate water sources and can be one of the reasons of lowering the quality of the water. 2. Dry Season (October to June): Because there is less pollution brought on by rainfall during the dry season, water quality tends to improve. However, due to decreased water flow and dilution in some regions, the concentration of contaminants might increase significantly. During this time, agricultural water quality problems may worsen. 3. Glacier Water: Water from glacier melt sources is often of high quality and is also cost-free. Challenges and Concerns: Pakistan's water resources are subject to a number of problems, such as water scarcity, excessive groundwater extraction, contaminated water sources, and a lack of effective water management techniques. Qno3 1. Water Storage Storing water for irrigation, drinking water supply and hydro electric power generation. 2. Flood Centre Dams and barrages are constructed to control water flow and lessen the likelihood of flooding in communities downstream. This promote public safety and property preservation by reducing the damaging effects of flooding on infrastructure, crops, and communities. 3. irrigation: Canals and reservoirs are essential for irrigating agricultural crops, particularly areas with erratic rainfall patterns. By enabling farmers to grow crops all year round, this improves food security by raising agricultural output and income for rural areas. 4. Hydroelectric Power: Dams and reservoirs are necessary for the production of hydroelectric power. They offer a dependable and sustainable energy source and help in assisting in the reduction of greenhouse gas discharges and dependence on fossil fuels. Hydroelectricity can provide a large amount of the region's electricity requirements while also promoting the production of sustainable energy. 5. Water Supply: Providing clean water for urban and rural area, Industries, and ecosystems. 6. Recreation: Offering opportunities for boating, fishing, and tourism, promoting economic growth and community development. 7. Environmental Benefits: Supporting aquatic ecosystems, maintaining water quality, and preserving biodiversity. In brief, these water infrastructure projects contribute significantly to sustainable development, economic growth, and environmental stewardship. Q.5 What is the impact of dams, barrages, canals, and water reservoirs on agriculture, environment, industry, and human activities? Ans. The impact of dams, barrages, canals, and water reservoirs on agriculture, environment, industry, and human activities are: 1. Agriculture: Positive impact. Access to water through Irrigation systems and canals increases agricultural output and assures a steady supply of food. This promotes economic growth food security, and livelihoods in rural communities. Negative Impact: Poor water resource management can result in over-extraction, aquifer reduction, and soil degradation. Irrigation can degrade water quality and harm aquatic habitats also by allowing fertilizers and pesticides to discharge. 2.Environment: A) Positive Impact: Well-planned dams and reservoirs can perform as useful water supply and storage systems during dry spells. They can helpful in maintaining a steady supply of water for both ecosystems and human use. B) Negative Impact: Modifying natural river flows can damage ecosystems. It can disturb fish migration, and harm aquatic habitats. Additionally reservoirs can contribute to the buildup of deposit, which over time reduces their capacity for storage. 2. Industry and Human Activities: A) Positive impact: water is essential for industry growth and human needs. It improves the quality of life overall by guaranteeing a steady supply of water for drinking, sanitation, and enjoyment. B) Negative Impact: Building and maintaining dams and reservoirs can be expensive. Large-scale water infrastructure projects can come at a social and environmental cost. In conclusion, dams, barrages, canals, and water reservoirs provide valuable sustainable solutions including irrigation, flood control, and hydroelectric power generation that support economic growth and human well-being. To reduce these water resources' negative effects on the environment, agriculture and communities, appropriate management is essential. To balance the advantages and disadvantages, sustainable and responsible water management methods are crucial. Qno6: Water Waste: 1. Governmental Measures: Create and implement comprehensive water management plans that take both urban and rural demands into account. Implement price policies that promote wise water use. Research and development of waste saving technology, such as water efficient appliances and leak detection systems, should be funded. 2. Monitoring and Data Gathering: Set up a thorough water monitoring system to keep checks on water supply, quality, and usage. Government and civic society must make a nonstop commitment to addressing Pakistan's water related issues, and various parties must work together. To achieve a safe and impartial water future, sustainable solutions must strike a balance between economic growth and environmental preservation. 3. Water-saving technologies: Implement grey water reuse systems and water-efficient cooling systems. Additional Solution: Education and Information: Organize public awareness campaigns to raise awareness of the need for sustainable water usage, pollution avoidance, and water preservation. Education has the power to influence behaviour. Policy and regulation: Enforce effective policies and regulations to protect water resources and ensure sustainable management. These solutions require a collaborative effort from government’s, industries, and individuals to ensure sustainable water management and mitigate water pollution, shortages, and waste. _____________________________ Chapter 07: Short Questions/Answers Answer the following questions briefly. Q1. Examine the factors that contribute to variation in population density regions of Pakistan across different Many factors affect the distribution and density of population. Some are natural factors and some are human factors. Their names are given below: 1. Geographical factors 2. Climate 3. Mineral resources 4. Water reserves 5. Trade and industrial areas 6. Political and social conditions Q2) Analyze the influence of push and pull factors on rural-urban migration? Ans. PULL FACTORS: People usually move from villages to cities, they have better facilities of infrastructure education health sanitation housing and better paid jobs. These facilities are known as pull factors which work like magnet: to force the people to move to the cities. PUSH FACTORS: The limited resources of rural areas force or push the people to leave their homes, they do not have access to latest technology and are dependent on primitive tools and methods. These act as push factors that promotes rural-urban migrations. Q3) Explore the reasons behind the population growth in Pakistan Ans. CAUSES OF POPULATION GROWTH: a) People like to have large families to work in the fields rather than to focus of hired labour. b) They are not aware of the large family problems c) They believe in early marriages due to primitive life style d) People wish to have more sons as they perceive them to be economic support e) Family planning programs have not been convincing enough to encourage people to have small families f) Due to better medical facilities and better hygiene the death rate is decreasing leading to increase in growth of population in the country. Q4) Assess the detrimental effects of rural-urban migration on economy of Pakistan. Ans. As there is less availability of social activities and means of earning livelihood in villages, people are moving towards cities. Due to this trend of migration, the load of overpopulation is Increasing continuously to an alarming level in cities. This is leading to problems arising in housing, employment, education, entertainment, transport and many other necessities of life. Q5) Propose strategies to mitigate rural-urban migration in Pakistan. Ans. Rural depopulation can be controlled by providing quality education, electricity, safe drinking water and increasing the development of small scale industries in rural areas these things will lead people to stop migration for better facilities. Q6) What is census? Also explain its importance for the development of Pakistan. Ans. CENSUS: To develop a meaningful and successful plan for any country, the essential facts about different aspects of population should be available, such as total population and its regional distribution, ratio of rural and urban population, growth rate, educational ability and significant professions of the people end are on top. The process of obtaining these facts and figures is called a census. IMPORTANCE OF POPULATION CENSUS: 1. It provides economic frame to determine the size of economic clusters across the country 2. The census data helps governments to decide how to distribute funds and assistance to provinces, districts and localities. 3. It is also used for appropriation of national assembly seats by drawing the lines of legislative districts 4. Census data is commonly used for research marketing and planning. Q7) Describe the population pyramid of Pakistan. POPULATION PYRAMID: Population structure is the percentage of male and female and different age groups shown by a population pyramid. It represents birth rate, death rate, different age groups of male and female, population and migration, it also represents dependent copulation from early years to ten years. The figure indicates that the structure of Pakistan's population is in pyramid shape it shows percentage of females and males representing different age groups. The structure represents wide base ranging from 0-14 years age group which meant that the population pyramid is youthful. It is also Highlights the high fertility trends and large dependent group as a result. There is proportional decrease in the ratio of population for the 15 to 65 years age and so on. ____________________________ Answer the following question in detail: Q1. Assess the relevance of the demographic transition mode in understanding the varying phases of population growth. 1. Demographic Transition Model: The Demographic Transition Model outlines a five-stage framework for understanding population growth patterns across different regions of the country. Stage 1. Pre Industrial society: Pakistan's vast agricultural landscape especially in the Punjab a id Sindh Provinces reflects its pre-industrial stage of development. In this initial stage both birth and death rates are high, resulting in slow population growth. Stages 2. Transition to modern society: Pakistan's growing urbanizations and industrialization signals it transition to a modern society The introduction of modern advancements, such as improved medical facilities, sanitation, an food production has led to a decline in death rates while birth rates remain high. Stage 3. Modern Society: The improving economic conditions, education levels, and awareness of family planning indicates its transition to modern society. Women are more career oriented and prefer to marry late. Educational initiatives, government family planning programs and the empowerment of women play a significant role in reducing fertility rates. Stage 4. Post-industrial Society, Pakistan is yet to reach stage 4 characterized by low and stable birth and death rates. While Pakistan has made progress in educing both birth and death rates, it still has a high population growth rate of around 1.9%. Continued efforts to improve education, healthcare and family planning programs are crucial for achieving stage 4 in Pakistan. Stage 5. Late Post-Industrial Society: Pakistan is currently distant from stage 5, where death rates exceed birth rates, leading to a gradual decline in population size. Population is projected to continue growing in the coming decades, reaching 280 million by 2030. Furthermore, sustained economic growth, Improved healthcare, and changes in social norms will influence Pakistan's demographic trajectory in the future. The Demographic transition me dal provides a valuable tool for understanding population dynamics across different geographic regions. By considering the interplay between geographic factors and demographic trend, policymakers and researchers can develop effective strategies to address population-related challenges and promote sustainable development in Pakistan. Q2. Evaluate the prospects for achieving sustainable population growth in Pakistan. Sustainable Population Growth: Ans. Sustainable population growth means the size of population of a country, that can be easily supported by its economic resources at all times. It is achieved when development in resources is proportional to population growth. Pakistan can achieve sustainable population growth by implementing a comprehensive strategy that encompasses agricultural development in rural sector. Moreover, promoting higher education in technical and vocational fields, supporting adult education programs, expanding market access for Pakistani goods, supporting SMEs in export activities, and promoting brand awareness and marketing strategies are key steps towards achieving this goal. By taking these measures, Pakistan can ensure food security, promote economic development, and enhance. Living standards for its citizens. By implementing these strategies, Pakistan can effectively address the challenges of sustainable population growth, ensuring food security, promoting economic development, and enhancing living standards for its citizens. Q3. Explain the Importance of urbanization in development journey of Pakistan. Ans. Urbanization plays a crucial role in the development journey of Pakistan for several reasons: 1. Economic Growth: Urban areas as often act as centres of economic activity, hosting industries, businesses, and services. This concentration of economic activity can drive overall economic growth for the country. In Pakis can, cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad contribute significantly to the national GDI through various economic sectors such as manufacturing, finance, and services. 2. Employment Opportunities: Urbanization tends to create more job opportunities, both directly through urban industries and services, and indirectly through related sectors such as construction and infrastructure development. This is vital for a country like Pakistan, where the youth population is growing rapidly and needs employment opportunities to reduce unemployment rates. 3. infrastructure Development: Urbanization necessitates the development of infrastructure such as transportation networks, communication systems, water supply, and sanitation facilities. Improving infrastructure not only supports urban residents but also enhances connectivity between urban and rural areas, thereby facilitating economic integration and development across the country. 4. Human Capital Development: Cities often attract a concentration of skilled workers and professionals. This influx of human Capital can lead to knowledge sharing, innovation, and improvements in productivity, which are essential for sustained economic development. Urban areas in Pakistan serve as hubs for education, healthcare, and cultural activities, contributing to the overall development of human capital. 5. Quality of Life Improvements: While challenges such as congestion and pollution accompany urbanization, cities also offer better access to amenities like healthcare, education, entertainment, and cultural activities. Improving the quality of life in urban areas can attract more investment and talent, further driving economic growth and development. In conclusion, it is essential that urbanization is managed sustainably to address challenges such as urban poverty, environmental degradation, and social inequality, ensuring that the benefits are equitably distributed across the population. Q4. Describe the types of migration in rural areas of Pakistan Ans. Following are the different seasonal migration in the rural areas of Pakistan, Transhumance Pakistan has lofty mountains in the north, living conditions during winter become too difficult for the people to remain there. They move from these cold area’s to surrounding low lying areas with their cattle. This type of seasonal migration is known as Transhumance. Nomadism: Nomadic people with their cattle, move from one area to the an other in search of food and water. This type of movement is known as Nomadism or subsistence Livestock farming, which is common in Dry areas of Punjab, Baluchistan and Sindh such as thal, Karan and Cholistan desserts. They mostly keep sheep, goats, camel, and Donkeys. These are their source of food and Income. They sell meat and milk and Donkeys and camels are used for transport. Migration of people for harvesting season People who have moved from rural areas to urban areas for small and low paid jobs move back to their villages to help out with harvesting, transporting, storing of crops. This way they can also take a share of the crops of their need and make supplementary income. For example, people help in cotton picking and transporting sugarcane to the factories. Q5 Explain the problems caused by urbanization. Discuss with reference to Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar. Ans. in cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar in Pakistan has brought about a range of challenges that need to be addressed for sustainable development: 1. Infrastructure Strain: Karachi: As Pakistan's largest city, Karachi faces severe infrastructure strain. Issues include inadequate road networks leading to traffic congestion, insufficient public transportation, and challenges in waste management and sanitation. Lahore: Lahore, being a major cultural and economic hub, also experiences infrastructure strain, particularly in terms of traffic congestion, inadequate public transport, and occasional issues with water and sanitation services. Peshawar: Peshawar, while less densely populated compared to Karachi and Lahore, faces similar challenges related to urban infrastructure, including traffic congestion and inadequate public services. 2. Housing Shortages and Informal Settlements: Karachi: Rapid urbanization in Karachi has led to an acute shortage of affordable housing, resulting in the proliferation of informal settlements or slums, where residents often lack access to basic services. Lahore: Similarly, Lahore has seen rapid urban sprawl and a shortage of affordable housing. leading to the growth of informal settlements on the city's periphery. Peshawar: Urban growth in Peshawar has also led to an increase in informal settlements, exacerbating issues related to access to services and infrastructure. 3. Environmental Degradation: Karachi: Environmental degradation is a significant issue in Karachi, with problems such as air and water pollution due to industrial activities, inadequate waste management, and encroachments on natural habitats. Lahore: Lahore faces challenges related to air pollution, particularly during smog seasons, as well as issues with water pollution and waste management. Peshawar: Peshawar also experiences environmental challenges, including air pollution from vehicular emissions and industrial activities, as well as inadequate waste management practices. ___________________________________ Chapter 08: AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES Short Questions/Answers Answer the following questions briefly; Q1. Contrast the inputs, processes, and outputs of cash crop farms and small scale subsistence farms. Ans: INPUTS: Natural/Physical: land, water, air, sunlight, soil, minerals Human: Labour, capital, machinery, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides. PROCESS: Planting Weeding Irrigating Threshing harvesting feeding Breeding caring for animals Milking OUTPUTS: Crops and non-food products: Cotton, Wheat, Rice, Wool, Vegetables, Fruits, Flowers, biofuels Livestock, dairy products: Milk, Meat, Eggs Q2. List the fishing ports located along the Sindh and Makran coasts. Ans: Pakistan's 1,050-kilometer coastline along the Arabian Sea is home to two major fishing centres: Sindh and Makran: These coasts have rich marine fishing grounds that contribute about 64% of the country's total fish production, Karachi and Karangi are the main fishing ports of Sindh, while Makran has smaller ports such as Sonmiani, Jiwani, and O’mara. Gawader port is also being developed as a modern fishing centre with a state-of-the-art fish curing yard, ice factory, and refrigeration plants. Q3. Describe the physical characteristics of rice and wheat crops. Ans: Rice: Rice plants are typically 2 to 4 feet tall with slender, erect stems and long, narrow leaves. They produce panicles at the top of the plant, consisting of spikelet’s with small, elongated grains ranging from white to brown or black in color. Rice thrives in flooded conditions, with a shallow, fibrous root system well-adapted to waterlogged soils. Wheat: Wheat plants vary in height from 2 to 4 feet with hollove, upright stems and long, narrow leaves arranged alternately. They produce spikes at the top of the stem, each containing spikelets with small, oval-shaped grains ranging from white to red or brown. Wheat prefers well-drained soils and grows best in cooler temperatures, tolerating frost during certain growth stages. Q4. Explain the differences in temperature, rainfall, and soil requirements for sugarcane and cotton cultivation. Ans: Geographical Requirement: Rainfall: Cotton requires moderate rainfall. However, cotton cay be grown in areas with less rainfall if irrigation is available. Temperature: Cotton is a warm-season crop and requires temperature between 25°C and 35°C for optimal growth. Temperatures below 20°C can stunt plant growth, and temperature above 40°C can be reduce yields. Soil type: Soil type for cotton is a well-drained, loamy soil with 1 pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Geographical Requirement: Temperature Sugarcane requires a temperature range of 20°C to 30°C for optimal growth, Temperature below 20°C can stunt plant growth, and temperatures above 40°C can reduce yields Rainfall: Sugarcane requires moderate rainfall, ranging from 100 to 1520 mm. However, sugarcane can be grown in areas with less rainfall if irrigation is available. Soil type: Sugarcane prefers well-drained, loamy soil with PH 6.5 to 7.5. Clay soils can be too heavy and poorly draining for sugarcane, while sandy soils may not retain enough moisture. Q5. Identify three common challenges that hinder the growth of cash crops in Pakistan. Ans. Several challenges hinder the growth of cash crops in Pakistan. Water scarcity and inefficient irrigation practices, which limit agricultural productivity, Fluctuating global market prices and lack of access to modern farming techniques and technology pose significant barriers. Political instability and inadequate infrastructure further complicate efforts to maximize yields and profitability from cash crops like cotton and sugarcane. Q6: Suggest sustainable agriculture practices for Pakistan. Ans: For sustainable agriculture in Pakistan,Implementing practices such as drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting can optimize water use. Introducing crop rotation and intercropping methods can enhance soil fertility and reduce pests and diseases naturally. Adopting organic farming techniques reduces reliance on synthetic inputs, promoting environmental health. Furthermore, promoting agroforestry can help mitigate climate change impacts and provide additional income streams for farmers. Q7. Compare the contribution of cotton, rice, fisheries, and livestock to Pakistan's employment sector. Ans. In Pakistan, Cotton cultivation historically has been a significant contributor to the employment sector, providing jobs to millions in farming, ginning, and textile industries. Rice cultivation also plays a crucial role, particularly in Punjab and Sindh, supporting employment in farming and processing sectors. Fisheries, mainly along the coastal areas, provide livelihoods to coastal communities through fishing and sea food processing. Livestock farming, including dairy and meat production, employs a large rural population, contributing substantially to Pakistan's agricultural workforce and economy. Each sector plays a vital role in providing employment opportunities across different regions of the country. ___________________________________ Answer the following questions in deta

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