Nutrition & Lifestyle in Adulthood - I PDF

NUTRITION & LIFESTYLE IN ADULTHOOD - I Dr.Shanthi Dhandapani Division of Nutrition and dietetics IMU University Email: [email protected] 2 LESSON OUTCOMES a. Changes in body composition b. Changes in physiologic changes...

NUTRITION & LIFESTYLE IN ADULTHOOD - I Dr.Shanthi Dhandapani Division of Nutrition and dietetics IMU University Email: [email protected] 2 LESSON OUTCOMES a. Changes in body composition b. Changes in physiologic changes with maturity during early adulthood and physiologic differences by gender c. Determinants of health status d. Impact of careers, lifestyle and wellness on eating habits during early adulthood e. Nutrients and dietary recommendations for adults f. Exercise and physical fitness recommendations g. Impact of stress and addictive behaviour (cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, drug abuse) on health and nutrition h. Relationship of dietary habits on disease risks: i. Cardiovascular disease ii. Obesity iii. Diabetes type II iv. Menopause and osteoporosis 23/5/2024 ADULTHOOD 3 When are the adult years ? Early adulthood / young adults 18 – 19s? 20s 30s Middle adulthood / middle-aged adults 40s 50s Older adults 60s and beyond 23/5/2024  LIFE EXPECTANCY WORLD 2024 4 Life expectancy is the key metric for assessing population health Country Both sexes Females Males Ranking 1 Hong Kong 85.29 88.17 82.38 2 Japan 85.03 88.09 81.91 3 Macao 84.68 87.62 81.73 4 Switzerland 84.25 86.02 82.42 5 Singapore 84.07 86.15 82.06 74 Malaysia 76.79 78.76 74.71 https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/life-expectancy/ 23/5/2024 5 CHRONIC DISEASES  Chronic diseases are defined broadly as conditions that last 1 year or more and require ongoing medical attention or limit activities of daily living or both.  https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/index.ht m 23/5/2024 6 Top 10 killer diseases in Malaysia, 2019 DR SAFIAH FOR LIFESPAN NUTRITION 23/5/2024 7 BODY COMPOSITION & HEALTH  proportion of fat and non-fat mass in the body  Body composition, which is the total amount of bone, fat, muscle, and water in the body, is considered by many in the scientific community to be one of the most effective measures of body fat and overall health..  Healthy – lower percentage of body fat and a higher percentage of non-fat mass Benefits:  Increase lifespan  Reduce risk of chronic diseases  Increased functional ability, 23/5/2024 8 BODY COMPOSITION FAT MASS Higher in women  fat around hips and thighs (lower body)  common during reproductive years  essential fat deposited in mammary glands & pelvic region in preparation for childbearing  Visceral fat higher in men Lower if physically active & on healthy diet 23/5/2024 BODY COMPOSITION PERCENT BODY FAT  Higher in women than men  Fat mass & percent body fat increased with increasing age among men and women Healthy range for Asians:  *Men: 13-24%  *Women: 25-35% * Gallagher et al, 2000. 23/5/2024 9 Cont… 10 BODY COMPOSITION Lean muscle mass Higher in men Higher in adults who are physically active and consume low-fat diet Effect of aging Loss of muscle mass in men & women Greater muscle loss in lower body DR SAFIAH FOR LIFESPAN NUTRITION 23/5/2024 BODY COMPOSITION Sarcopenic obesity  Functional decline & disability  Higher levels of cardiovascular risk factors  Increased risk of mortality 23/5/2024 11 12 BODY COMPOSITION Bone density Relatively stable between ages 20 – 50 years Bone formation & resorption is balanced Weightlifting and strength training.... Eat more vegetables.... Consume calcium throughout the day.... Eat foods rich in vitamins D and K.... Maintain a moderate weight.... Avoid a low calorie diet. 23/5/2024 13 PHYSIOLOGIC MATURITY Growth and maturation complete by early adulthood Adult body attained full genetic size and strength Bone mass continues to increase up to age 30 Full development of body functions, including sexual  Maturation and reproductive capacity 23/5/2024 14 PHYSIOLOGIC MATURITY Peak capacity for physical performance for most activities is reached at age 20 or older Nutritional emphasis begins focusing on maintenance of physical status (homeostasis) for:  tissue maintenance and function  avoiding excess fat deposition  Lower metabolic rate  Lower caloric requirement 23/5/2024  15 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH STATUS https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/determinants-o DR SAFIAH FOR LIFESPAN NUTRITION 23/5/2024 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH STATUS 16 Source : Healthy People 2010: Understanding and improving health. US Department of Health and Human Services 23/5/2024 DETERMINANTS 17 OF HEALTH STATUS 1. Biological and genetics Non-modifiable Heredity/ family history (may suggest risk for disease) Genetics Age Sex Inherited conditions 23/5/2024 18 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH STATUS 2. Environment Physical environment Can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, tasted Natural environment - plants, weather, or climate change Built environment, such as buildings or transportation Worksites, schools, and recreational settings Housing, homes, and neighbourhood 23/5/2024 19 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH STATUS 2. Environment Exposure to toxic substances and other physical hazards Physical barriers, especially for people with disabilities Aesthetic elements, such as good lighting, trees, or benches 23/5/2024 20 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH STATUS 2. Environment a. Food environment School canteens Fast food restaurants 24-hour food outlets 23/5/2024 Cont… DETERMINANTS 21 OF HEALTH STATUS 2. Environment b. Social environment Interactions & support from family, friends & community Available sources for daily needs e.g. education, employment Socioeconomic condition Public transportation, safety Outcome: friendly vs. hostile 23/5/2024 Cont… 22 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH STATUS 3. Health care Access & use of services that prevent & treat diseases Affected by socioeconomic status & education Common barriers: availability, cost, insurance, language Consequences:  -unmet health needs  - delay in receiving appropriate care  - inability to receive preventive services  - hospitalization 23/5/2024 Cont… DETERMINANTS 23 OF HEALTH STATUS.3. Policies & interventions Policies at local, state or federal level To promote practice of healthy lifestyle  e.g. tax increment for tobacco sales  tax on “unhealthy” foods  Iron supplement for pregnant women 23/5/2024 QUIZ 25 K is overweight and wishes to lose weight. Mr. Unfortunately, his family, his boss and colleagues are not supportive of his intentions and efforts. Based on the scenario above, which of the following best describes the determinants of Mr. K’s health status? QUIZ A. Individual’s behaviour B. Access to quality health care C. Social environment D. Family history E. Health policy on obesity 23/5/2024 26 LESSON OUTCOMES  Discuss lifestyle factors that impact health and nutrition during early adulthood  Discuss the impact of stress and addictive behaviour on health and nutrition  Explain the relationship between physical activity and health 23/5/2024  DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH STATUS 27 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/ determinants-of-health  4. Life style; Daily Routine& Behaviour 28 Developments in Life Impact on lifestyle Age 19 Personal development Eating out 20 Career development Lack of physical activity 25 Relationships Less leisure time 30 Marriage Stress 35 Start a family Smoking, Alcohol intake 40 Weight gain Ageing parents 45 50 Peak of career Increased risk of chronic disease 55 Children leave home 60 Retire 23/5/2024 29 STRESS, SUBSTANCE ABUSE & IMPACT ON HEALTH  A physiological or psychological reaction to a life event  Physical stressors – Body responses to stressors with an elaborate series of physiological steps smoking, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, illness  Psychological stressors – exams, work, debt, lower socio-economic status, relationships, getting married, divorce, death of a family member Physiologic symptoms of stress  nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea  Irregular sleep patterns  Increased muscle tension – headache, backache-  Cardiovascular responses - constriction of blood vessels, rapid pulse 23/5/2024  30 Dr. Safiah for Lifespan Nutrition 23/5/2024 https://adrenalfatigue.org/stress-and-your-health/got-stress/stress-affects-body/ 31 IMPACT OF STRESS ON HEALTH Long term effect of unrelieved stress detrimental to health Continued gastric upset and increased secretion of stomach acid  lead to peptic ulcer  stomach problems Stress-induced high blood pressure  increases risk of heart disease Eating patterns  overeating or binge eating, weight gain  anorexia or bulimia nervosa, undernutrition 23/5/2024 32 STRESS REDUCTION  Sufficient rest  Relaxation/ meditation  Regular exercise  Eat healthy, well-balanced meals  Strong social support system  Good time management  Good organisational skills 23/5/2024  ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOURS 33 HARMING HEALTH IMPACT OF SMOKING ON HEALTH:  Major risk factor for many chronic diseases - lung cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke  Accelerates development of atherosclerotic lesions  Compounds risks associated with alcohol use, high BP, diabetes  Mortality risk increases with number of cigarettes smoked; higher if began smoking at younger age 23/5/2024  ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOURS HARMING HEALTH – ALCOHOL ABUSE 34 Impact on nutritional status Impact on health  GI tract- reduces absorption of - increased serum LDL & vitamins B6 & B12, folate & zinc triglyceride levels  Malnutrition: adding calories (7 - development of liver kcal/g) without protein or essential abnormalities; depletion of vitamins & minerals vitamin A in liver store, link to cancer of liver, breast &  Further decreases intakes of iron & pancreas calcium in women 5/23/2024  ADDICTIVE BAHAVIOURS HARMING 35 HEALTH – ALCOHOL ABUSE 1 serving/ drink of alcohol: Source: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/standard-drink 23/5/2024  ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN MALAYSIA 36 Alcohol consumption peaks in young adulthood Continues at a relatively high level among middle-aged adults National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2023 23/5/2024 37 ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOURS HARMING HEALTH Drug abuse “Young people are most vulnerable to drugs, particularly during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood when they begin experimenting with illicit drugs” Mr Youssouf Oomar, UNICEF Representative to Malaysia and Special Representative to Brunei.  38 ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOURS HARMING HEALTH Drug abuse Most common type of drugs consumed 1. Opiates group e.g. heroin, morphine, codein, opium 2. Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) –Injectable drugs e.g. ecstasy, metamphetamines (crystal, syabu, ice) & amphetamines (speed) ,Risk of HIV infection (Malaysia National Anti-Drug Agency, 2008) Dr. Safiah for Lifespan Nutrition  Health Consequences of Drug Misuse Short-term effects: Longer-term effects:  changes in appetite, wakefulness, heart rate,  heart or lung disease, blood pressure, mood cancer, mental illness,  heart attack, stroke, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis psychosis, overdose, and even death.  harmful to the physical &  Addiction (a brain mental development - disorder) social development  - increases vulnerability to sexual exploitation & risk behaviour https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/health-consequences-drug-misuse 39 23/5/2024  PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 40 any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expenditure 4 components: Occupational / work Household chores Leisure time activities Transportation - Exercise any planned, structured and repetitive bodily movements that are performed to improve physical fitness - Sports a form of physical activity that involves competition, also for general exercise or as an occupation 23/5/2024 41 7 benefits of regular physical activity – Mayo Clinics 2019 1. Exercise controls weight 2. Exercise combats health conditions and diseases 3. Exercise improves mood 4. Exercise boosts energy 5. Exercise promotes better sleep 6. Exercise puts the spark back into your sex life 7. Exercise can be fun … and social! https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/ Dr. Safiah for Lifespan Nutrition 23/5/2024 exercise/art-20048389 42 IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON HEALTH Regular exercise helps prevent or manage many health problems and concerns:  High blood pressure, Stroke,  Metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes  Depression, Anxiety  Many types of cancer  Arthritis, Falls 23/5/2024  IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 43 ON HEALTH Increases fitness level/ cardiovascular efficiency - increases uptake of oxygen - improves condition of heart - reduces fat deposition in the arterial walls Dr. Safiah for Lifespan Nutrition 23/5/2024  IMPACT OF PHYSICAL 44 ACTIVITY ON HEALTH Improves serum lipid levels - increases HDL levels (removes cholesterol from blood) - lowers LDLs (which carries cholesterol to cells) Obesity & weight management - buffer the risk of being overweight & obese 23/5/2024  IMPACT OF PHYSICAL 45 ACTIVITY ON HEALTH Promotes energy balance - increases energy expenditure - allows higher energy intake; increases likelihood of obtaining adequate amount of important nutrients Improves & maintains body composition - prevents age-related lean mass loss & body fat increment - positive effects on bone mineral content & density Dr. Safiah for Lifespan Nutrition 23/5/2024 46 IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Bone, joint & muscle health - stimulates bone formation & prevents bone loss - prevention of fractures - enhance muscle mass & strength - pain & disability management for joints e.g. osteoarthritis Mental & neurological health - improves mood - reduces symptoms of depression & anxiety 23/5/2024  PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG 47 MALAYSIANS Male Female Both sexes Physically 71.1% 61.7% 66.5% active PA level Prevalence High 26.8% Moderate 42.2% Low 31.0% Most active 40-44 years old group Sitting down