Nutrition During Pregnancy (Part 2) PDF

Impact of nutrition on pregnancy Think....Pair......Share  Impact of Nutrition on Pregnancy  Good nutrition during the 38 to 40 weeks of a normal pregnancy is essential for both mother and child.  Some specific nutrient requirements are increased dramatically during...

Impact of nutrition on pregnancy Think....Pair......Share  Impact of Nutrition on Pregnancy  Good nutrition during the 38 to 40 weeks of a normal pregnancy is essential for both mother and child.  Some specific nutrient requirements are increased dramatically during pregnancy. ( Explain Why? )  In addition to her normal nutritional requirements, the pregnant woman must provide nutrients and calories for :-  1- the fetus,  2- the amniotic fluid,  3- the placenta, A pregnant woman’s food choices support both her health and her  4- the increased blood volume , infant’s growth and development.  5- breast, uterus, and fat tissue. Life style choices can affect fetal development  1- Alcohol & Tobacco  Alcohol consumption is associated with subnormal physical and mental development of the fetus.  This is called fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).  Many infants with FAS are premature and have a low birth weight. Even from passive smoking. 7 2- Caffeine is known to cross the placenta, and it enters the fetal bloodstream.(why it could be harmful to the fetus?)  Birth defects in newborn rats whose mothers were fed very high doses of caffeine during pregnancy have been observed, but there are no data on humans showing that moderate amounts of caffeine are harmful.  As a safety measure, however, it is suggested that pregnant women limit their caffeine intake to 1-2 cup of caffeine- containing beverages each day, or less than 300 mg/day.  Why it’s advised that during the stage of planning pregnancy to gradually reduce their caffeine intake? 8  3- Illegal Drugs  Illegal drugs will be harmful to the development and growth of their baby ( why ….?)  Also ,illegal drugs can cause the infant to be born addicted to whatever substance the mother used and, possibly, to be born with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 9  4- Adolescent Pregnancy  Adolescent who become pregnant face greater nutritional challenges than adult women. (Why ???)  An adolescent's body is still changing and growing.  Their nutrient needs during pregnancy become so high that adequate nourishment for the mother and baby becomes difficult.  Increased risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight has been correlated to alterations of placental function in pregnant adolescents. Note: requirements of adolescent pregnancy still limited and no enough research. 10  5- Food Safety  A few Specific foods may be unsafe for pregnant women. Give a reason with examples? These include unpasteurized milk and juices ; raw or partially cooked eggs; sushi or sashmi, and raw or undercooked meat & poultry. Certain fish should be avoided , including shark , swordfish , king mackerel , and tilefish,( Why??) Why pregnant women should take extra care avoiding exposure to food-borne pathogens? 11  6- Exercise During Pregnancy  Benefits:  Keeps mother physically fit.  Enhances mood.  Helps mother feel more in control of changing body.  Reduces risk of gestational diabetes.  Lowers blood pressure (preeclampsia).  Lessens lower back pain.  Reduce GI related problems such as: constipation and bloating.  Better sleep.  Promotes the strength, muscle tone, and endurance that may be helpful during labor and recovery. 12  ACOG The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends that pregnant women without medical or obstetric complications engage in 30 minutes or more of moderate exercise a day on most, if not all, days of the week. What’s the recommended level of activity? What about calorie needs of moderate to high level of active pregnant women? Contraindications of physical activity by ACOG? Types of physical activity to be avoided? 13 14 Nutrients Requirement’s Increased During Pregnancy 16 Minerals.  Selenium Low maternal selenium status has been associated with poor pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth. 18  Iodine Essential component for thyroid hormones. In addition to the metabolism of glucose, proteins, lipids, calcium and phosphorus, and thermogenesis. Inadequate intake of iodine In pregnancy, iodine deficiency can increase the risk of spontaneous abortion, birth defects and neurological disorders, and is considered by the WHO as the most important preventable Thyroid Stimulating cause of brain damage. Hormone TSH Iodine is necessary for the production of fetal thyroid hormones(as the fetal thyroid begins to function only around the 12th week of gestation), women need to increase iodine intake by about 50%. goiter 19  Zinc Adequate Zn is extremely important during the 1st trimester, when organs are formed and may play a role in assisting in immune system development. 20  Iron Involved in numerous enzymatic processes, iron plays essential roles in the transfer of oxygen to tissues. The human body is able to absorb 2%–13% of non-heme versus about 25% of heme iron. Phytates and polyphenols are able to inhibit the absorption of non-heme iron. Food sources? Inadequate intake during pregnancy may affect growth and development of the fetus and increase the risk of preterm delivery, and low birth weight. 21  Magnesium Mg is a cofactor in over 300 enzymes in the body. Inadequacy is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage, fetal growth retardation, maternal hospitalizations, and preterm delivery. Inadequacy of Mg has also been identified as a risk factor for the development of GDM. 22 Vitamins.  Vitamin C Vitamin C is naturally found in some foods such as fruits and vegetables, healthy balanced diet can provide the needed amount. Vitamin C role in pregnancy: 1. improves vascular function and elasticity, which are crucial for preventing preeclampsia. 2. crucial for the proper development of a baby's bones. 3. immune booster, Vitamin C helps ward off infectious diseases, coughs, and colds during pregnancy. 4. enhances iron and folic acid absorption from plant-based sources and effectively prevents anemia, a common complaint in pregnant women. 5. Vitamin C is linked to the successful attainment of full-term pregnancy. 24  Vitamin A Deficiency is strongly associated with depressed immune system and mortality duo to infectious disease such as respiratory infections. On the other hand hypervitaminosis can cause fetal damage, so adequate intake AI is recommended. 25  Thiamine(B1) Thiamine deficiency during pregnancy can cause diffrent cardiac, neurologic, and psychological effects on the mother. It can also dispose the fetus to gastrointestinal, pulmonological, cardiac, and neurologic conditions. 26  Riboflavin (B2) Higher intake of thiamine and riboflavin during pregnancy is associated with a lower incidence of GDM. 27  Niacin(B3) Inadequate maternal niacin intake is associated with an increased risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring. 28  Choline (B4) Choline plays a role in your fetus’s brain development. It may also help prevent some common birth defects. Choline can be found in chicken, beef, eggs, milk, soy products, and peanuts. 29  Pantothenic Acid (B5) VB5 can help to ease leg cramps. Natural Food Sources of Vitamin B5: Sunflower Seeds Sweet Potato Avocado Whole Grains or Fortified Cereals Oats Cauliflower Wild Salmon Chicken Breast Milk Oranges Bananas 30  Vitamin B6 Associations of vitamin B6 inadequacy with gestational diabetes and with ''pregnancy depression'' 31  Folate(B9) Play a crucial role in many metabolic reactions such as the biosynthesis of DNA and RNA. Folates are mostly found in green leafy vegetables, fruits (such as oranges), cereals and offal. Maternal supplementation with folic acid is widely recommended to all women of childbearing age, to reduce the risk of neural tube. According to recent studies, folic acid supplementation during pregnancy should also reduce the risk of congenital heart disease and support proper development of the placenta. 32  Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 is essential for the production of red blood cells, manufacturing of genetic material, and healthy functioning of the nervous system. Deficiencies in pregnant women may cause neurologic damage in their children. Deficiency of B12 at the start of pregnancy may increase risk of birth defects such as neural tube defects and may contribute to preterm delivery. 33  Vegetarianism & Types of Vegetarian Diets  Types of Vegetarian Diets  There are several types of vegetarians, each with certain restrictions in terms of diet:  Vegans: Vegans eat food only from plant sources, no animal products at all.  Ovo-vegetarians: eat eggs, but do not eat any other animal products.  Lacto-vegetarians: eat dairy products, but do not eat any other animal products.  Lacto-ovo-vegetarians: eat eggs and dairy products, but do not eat any meat. Dr.Reham Shawky Metwally 35  Vegetarianism Vegetarian women In contrast, women who consume dairy who are vegan have products and eggs deficiency in (Lacto-Ovo- Vitamins (D,B6,B12,) vegetarians) have no also Ca , Fe, Se and nutritional concerns. Zn. Dr.Reham Shawky Metwally 36