Older Adults Nutrition Part 1 PDF
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Uploaded by ExaltedElation
Umm Al-Qura University
Dr. Abeer M. Aljaadi
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Summary
This document, prepared by Dr. Abeer M. Aljaadi and provided by Dr. Awaatif Almehmadi at UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY, discusses nutrition and older adults, specifically covering physiological and psychological changes associated with aging, environmental factors affecting food selection, drug use, and nutritional screening tools. The document highlights aging as a natural process associated with various changes and stresses the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle for older adults.
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OLDER ADULTS – PART I PREPARED BY DR.ABEER M.ALJAADI PROVIDED BY DR AWATIF ALMEHMADI Nutrition and Older Adults Chapter 18th : Nutrition Through the Life Cycle, 6e. Judith E. Brown LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of today’s lecture, students will be able to: Distinguish between functional stat...
OLDER ADULTS – PART I PREPARED BY DR.ABEER M.ALJAADI PROVIDED BY DR AWATIF ALMEHMADI Nutrition and Older Adults Chapter 18th : Nutrition Through the Life Cycle, 6e. Judith E. Brown LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of today’s lecture, students will be able to: Distinguish between functional status and chronological age. Explain physiological & psychological changes occurring at ages 70+ and describe nutritional implications for each. Describe 5 factors affecting food selection. Explain how drug use has an impact on nutrition. OLDER ADULTS 65+ years, , based on traditional retirement age. Age groups for DRIs: 19-30 y 31-50 y 51- 70 y; 65 to 74 are the young old >70 y; 75 to 84, old; and 85 or older, oldest old. Age 50 y - mean age at menopause Specialized in geriatric nutrition Geriatrics is the study of the chronic diseases frequently associated with aging, including diagnosis and treatment. AGEING Aging is a natural, heterogeneous process Increasing age group (%) worldwide What triggers aging? Several theories Studies on longevity Chronological age vs. Functional status/physiological age Causes of deaths changed: influenza/pneumonia vs. CVD AGEING Some behaviors seem to have the greatest influence on people’s health and therefore on their physiological age: Following a healthy plant-based eating pattern, such as the Mediterranean diet (rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, poultry, fish, and low fat milk products) Engaging in physical activity daily Not smoking Not using alcohol, or using it in moderation Maintaining a healthy body weight Sleeping regularly and adequately Having a sense of purpose Relieving stress (through meditation, prayer, naps, or other calming activity) Belonging to a community of loving family and friends (home, church, or other social networks) LIFE EXPECTANCY AND LIFE SPAN Life expectancy Average number of years of life remaining for persons in a population cohort or group; most commonly reported as life expectancy from birth. varies by race, and gender Life span Maximum number of years someone might live; human life span is projected to range from 110 to 120 years. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES Normal aging is associated with changes in most physiological systems, which may eventually lead to functional and structural deterioration Body composition: decline in fat-free or lean body mass of 2–3 percent per decade from age 30–70, even when weight is stable.This leads to the loss of up to 15 percent of muscle mass (sarcopenia) Increase in fat (gradual)– visceral fat (provides some advantages?) PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES Muscles: Use It or Lose It Regular physical activity, including strengthening and flexibility exercise, contributes to maintenance of functional status Weight Gain BMI peaks (50-59 y); starts decreasing (70y) Decreased resting metabolic rate Sensory changes Taste Smell Sight Hearing PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES The G.I. System changes Mouth and teeth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES Appetite and thirst: hydration issues Keep using the brain SUPPLEMENTS USE When Why Who What How Much Older age is associated with herbal supplement in Saudi Arabia (all under 60 y) (Alzaben et al, 2022) https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0274412#:~:text=Almost%2047%25%20of%20Saudis%20used,respectively%20%5B15%2C%20 16%5D. NUTRITIONAL SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT Screening tools are available: Example: MNA = Mini Nutritional Assessment malnourished or at risk of malnutrition Example: MUST= The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool https://www.mna-elderly.com/sites/default/files/2021- 10/mna-mini-english.pdf https://www.mna-elderly.com PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES Havighurst described developmental tasks for elderly as: adjusting to decreased physical strength and health adjusting to retirement and decreased income adjusting to death of spouse establishing an explicit affiliation with one's age group establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN OLDER ADULTS FOOD SELECTION Many factors affect food selection in everyone PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS loneliness, bereavement, social, isolation, food aversion, food symbolism, mental awareness (how to eat; remembering to eat, feelings of self-worth, food faddism, nutrition knowledge PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS age, gender, appetite, sense of taste, dental health, prescribed diet, chronic disease, food allergy or intolerance, state of health, physical disability, degree of physical activity SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS Ethnicity, income, cooking facilities, daily schedule, retirement/leisure time, education, distance to store, transportation, food availability, and social interaction DRUG USE common among the elderly one study 77% of those 65+ used one drug; use increased with age another study 65% used 1-3 prescription drugs; 20% used 4-9 polypharmacy (use of multiple medications) most common prescription drugs cardiovascular (lipid lowering drugs, digitalis, antihypertensives) tranquilizers and sedatives diuretics analgesics vit/min supplements DRUG USE use of over-the-counter drugs is substantial (mainly analgesics, laxatives and supplements) Reasons for concern: drugs are used for chronic conditions (long-term use) potential for toxicity- dosage schedules based on tests with younger adults - faster metabolism and elimination potential for interactions is high (drug-drug due to multiple meds and over-the- counter (OTC) meds and drug-nutrient) DRUG USE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON NUTRITION 1. ingestion - decrease or increase appetite nausea and vomiting as side effects 2. digestion/absorption interfere with digestive enzymes alter G.l. transit time alter pH damage to mucosa blocking nutrient uptake 3. utilization and excretion may displace nutrient from carrier proteins may bind with nutrients and increase excretion What to do? find out if client is using prescription or OTC drugs and check for interactions ESPEN GUIDELINES - GERIATRIC RESOURCE https://www.espen.org/files/ESPEN- Guidelines/ESPEN_practical_guideline_Clinical_nutrition_and_hydration_in_geriatrics.pdf SUMMARY Functional ability (the demonstrated ability to carry out activities of daily living) is more important than chronological age in assessing the health status of older adults. “Use it or lose it” applies to both the body and the mind: keep learning to maintain acute brain function, stay active to build muscle and bone, eat well to maintain and repair tissue, and cultivate a positive approach to life to improve longevity. Physiological changes could impact several nutrients; the thirst mechanism of older adults is not as sensitive as that of younger adults, placing them at higher risk of dehydration. Factors affecting food selection differ slightly than other age groups Use of medication is common in the older adults and could affect nutrition status in different ways