Nutrition in Adulthood
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Questions and Answers

At what age does an individual typically start a family, according to the given developments in life?

  • 30
  • 35 (correct)
  • 40
  • 25

    • Stress is a physiological reaction to a positive life event.

    False

    What are some physical symptoms of stress?

    nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, irregular sleep patterns, increased muscle tension, cardiovascular responses

    According to the life developments, at the age of 50, an individual may experience an increased risk of ______________________ disease.

    <p>chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stressors with their type:

    <p>Smoking = Physical stressor Exams = Psychological stressor Illness = Physical stressor Work = Psychological stressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular physical activity can help reduce stress and improve overall health.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of drug consumed?

    <p>Opiates group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular physical activity can help control weight.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is physical activity defined as?

    <p>Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs such as heroin, morphine, codein, and opium are classified as _______.

    <p>Opiates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following benefits of regular physical activity with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Exercise controls weight = Helps to manage body weight Reduces risk of chronic diseases = Decreases the risk of heart disease and diabetes Improves mental health and mood = Boosts self-esteem and reduces stress Increases energy levels = Enhances physical performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of infectious disease associated with amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS)?

    <p>HIV infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short-term effects of drug misuse include changes in appetite, wakefulness, heart rate, and blood pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four components of physical activity?

    <p>Occupational / work, Household chores, Leisure time activities, and Transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a long-term effect of unrelieved stress on the body?

    <p>Stomach problems and peptic ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular exercise is a stress reduction technique.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases associated with smoking?

    <p>lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malnutrition due to alcohol abuse can lead to a depletion of __________ in liver stores.

    <p>vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following addictive behaviors with their effects on health:

    <p>Smoking = increased risk of lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke Alcohol abuse = malnutrition and depletion of vitamin A in liver stores Drug abuse = increased risk of addiction and health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended way to manage stress?

    <p>Good time management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress can lead to anorexia or bulimia nervosa.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range when people are most vulnerable to drug abuse?

    <p>during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol consumption peaks in __________ adulthood.

    <p>young</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of stress-induced high blood pressure?

    <p>Increased risk of heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress can cause anorexia or bulimia nervosa.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some physiological symptoms of stress?

    <p>nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, irregular sleep patterns, increased muscle tension, cardiovascular responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular physical activity can help reduce _______________________ and improve overall health.

    <p>stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases associated with smoking?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stressors with their type:

    <p>Exams = Psychological stressor Job loss = Psychological stressor Illness = Physical stressor Work = Psychological stressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular exercise is a stress reduction technique.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of drug misuse?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular physical activity can help reduce stress and improve overall health.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of physical activity?

    <p>any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs such as heroin, morphine, codein, and opium are classified as __________.

    <p>opiates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of regular physical activity?

    <p>Exercise controls weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) increase the risk of HIV infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following addictive behaviors with their effects on health:

    <p>Drug abuse = Heart or lung disease, cancer, mental illness, HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis Smoking = Increased risk of chronic diseases Alcohol abuse = Depletion of vitamins in liver stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a short-term effect of drug misuse?

    <p>Changes in appetite, wakefulness, heart rate, and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a long-term effect of unrelieved stress on the body?

    <p>Peptic ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress-induced high blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some eating patterns that can be affected by stress?

    <p>Overeating or binge eating, anorexia or bulimia nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smoking accelerates the development of ______________________ lesions.

    <p>atherosclerotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases associated with smoking?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol abuse can lead to malnutrition and a depletion of vitamin A in liver stores.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended way to manage stress?

    <p>Sufficient rest, relaxation/meditation, regular exercise, eat healthy, strong social support system, good time management, and good organizational skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One serving of alcohol is equivalent to ______________________ kcal/g.

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following addictive behaviors with their effects on health:

    <p>Smoking = Increases risk of heart disease and lung cancer Alcohol abuse = Malnutrition and depletion of vitamin A in liver stores Drug abuse = Increased risk of infectious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a physiological change that occurs in women during the menopause stage?

    <p>Weight gain and decrease in muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diet and physical activity can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects the risk of diseases in adulthood?

    <p>Foetal development, maternal environment, and childhood development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During menopause, there is a decrease in the production of _______________ hormones.

    <p>oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diet-related chronic diseases with their risk factors:

    <p>Diabetes = Obesity CVD = Unhealthy diet Cancer = Lack of physical activity Osteoporosis = Low calcium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the physiological changes that occur in men during adulthood?

    <p>Gradual decline in testosterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Weight gain is a physiological change that occurs in adulthood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the chronic diseases linked to diet?

    <p>Cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormonal shifts are related to ______________________ capacity in adulthood.

    <p>reproductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following physiological changes with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Gradual cell loss and reduced cell metabolism = Organs systems Hormonal shifts = Reproductive capacity Gradual reduction in performance capacity = Most organ systems Weight gain = Physiological changes in adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the chronic diseases linked to diet?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malnutrition can lead to a depletion of vitamin A in liver stores.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the factors that can affect reproductive health in men?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of high intake of sodium among adults in Malaysia?

    <p>1 in 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiovascular diseases include cerebrovascular disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of cardiovascular diseases?

    <p>A group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Malaysia, ______________% of school children consumed fast foods at least once a week in the past 7 days.

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiovascular diseases with their definitions:

    <p>Coronary heart disease = A disease of the heart's blood vessels Cerebrovascular disease = A disease of the blood vessels in the brain Rheumatic heart disease = A disease of the heart caused by rheumatic fever Congenital heart disease = A disease of the heart present at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malnutrition is a problem in Malaysia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the triple burden of malnutrition in Malaysia?

    <p>Poor dietary habits and practices, undernutrition, and overnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of school children who consumed fast foods at least once a week in the past 7 days?

    <p>46%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiovascular diseases include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of cardiovascular diseases?

    <p>A group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One in two adults have a high intake of _______________ among Malaysian adults.

    <p>sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiovascular diseases with their definitions:

    <p>Coronary heart disease = Disease of the heart Cerebrovascular disease = Disease of the blood vessels in the brain Peripheral arterial disease = Disease of the blood vessels outside the heart and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for many chronic diseases associated with malnutrition?

    <p>High intake of sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular physical activity can help reduce stress and improve overall health.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the triple burden of malnutrition?

    <p>Poor dietary practices, malnutrition, and non-communicable diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to oestrogen production during perimenopause?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obesity is a risk factor for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bone mass during menopause?

    <p>Decreased bone mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diet, nutrition, and physical activity can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as ______________________ and cardiovascular disease.

    <p>diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following physiological changes in women during menopause with their descriptions:

    <p>Increased subcutaneous fat = Weight gain &amp; decrease in muscle mass Irregularity of menstrual cycles = Menopause Decreased bone mass = Increased risk for osteoporosis Atrophy of tissues in the urinary tract and vagina = Approaching end of reproductive capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a physiological change that occurs in men during adulthood?

    <p>Gradual decline in testosterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physiologic gender differences in adults are minimal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some chronic diseases linked to diet?

    <p>Cardiovascular disease, Obesity, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Cancer, Menopause and Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During adulthood, there is a gradual _______________ in cell metabolism.

    <p>reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following physiological changes with their descriptions:

    <p>Gradual decline in testosterone levels = Men Hormonal shifts related to reproductive capacity = Women Gradual cell loss and reduced cell metabolism = Both men and women Weight gain = Both men and women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular physical activity can help reduce stress and improve overall health.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects the risk of diseases in adulthood?

    <p>Diet and lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In men, reproductive health is affected by _______________________.

    <p>underweight and malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Addictive Behaviours Harming Health

    • Drug abuse is a common addictive behaviour, with the most common types of drugs consumed including opiates (e.g. heroin, morphine, codeine, opium) and amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) (e.g. ecstasy, metamphetamines, amphetamines).

    • Drug misuse can lead to short-term effects such as changes in appetite, wakefulness, heart rate, blood pressure, mood, and even heart attack, stroke, psychosis, overdose, and death.

    • Longer-term effects of drug misuse include heart or lung disease, cancer, mental illness, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and addiction (a brain disorder).

    Physical Activity

    • Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.

    • There are four components of physical activity: occupational/work, household chores, leisure time activities, and transportation.

    • Exercise is a type of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive, performed to improve physical fitness.

    • Sports are a form of physical activity that involves competition, exercise, or occupation.

    • Regular physical activity has 7 benefits, including controlling weight, improving sleep, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

    Impact of Stress on Health

    • Long-term effects of unrelieved stress can be detrimental to health, leading to gastric upset, increased secretion of stomach acid, peptic ulcer, and stomach problems.

    • Stress can also lead to high blood pressure, increasing the risk of heart disease, as well as eating patterns that result in overeating or binge eating, weight gain, anorexia, or bulimia nervosa.

    Stress Reduction

    • Stress can be reduced through sufficient rest, relaxation/meditation, regular exercise, eating healthy and well-balanced meals, strong social support systems, good time management, and good organizational skills.

    Addictive Behaviours Harming Health - Smoking

    • Smoking is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases, including lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke.

    • Smoking accelerates the development of atherosclerotic lesions and compounds risks associated with alcohol use, high blood pressure, and diabetes.

    • The mortality risk of smoking increases with the number of cigarettes smoked, and is higher if smoking began at a younger age.

    Addictive Behaviours Harming Health - Alcohol Abuse

    • Alcohol abuse can impact nutritional status, reducing the absorption of vitamins B6 and B12, folate, and zinc in the GI tract.

    • Malnutrition can occur as a result of adding calories without protein or essential vitamins and minerals.

    • Alcohol abuse can also lead to development of liver abnormalities, depletion of vitamin A in liver stores, and an increased risk of cancer of the liver, breast, and pancreas.

    • One serving/drink of alcohol is defined as 12 oz of beer, 5 oz of wine, or 1.5 oz of 80-proof liquor.

    • Alcohol consumption peaks in young adulthood and continues at a relatively high level among middle-aged adults in Malaysia.

    Life Stages and Health

    • Young people are most vulnerable to drugs, particularly during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood.

    • Different life stages can have an impact on lifestyle, including personal development, career development, relationships, marriage, starting a family, ageing parents, and retirement.

    • These life stages can lead to various health risks, including smoking, alcohol intake, weight gain, and increased risk of chronic diseases.

    Addictive Behaviours Harming Health

    • Drug abuse is a common addictive behaviour, with the most common types of drugs consumed including opiates (e.g. heroin, morphine, codeine, opium) and amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) (e.g. ecstasy, metamphetamines, amphetamines).

    • Drug misuse can lead to short-term effects such as changes in appetite, wakefulness, heart rate, blood pressure, mood, and even heart attack, stroke, psychosis, overdose, and death.

    • Longer-term effects of drug misuse include heart or lung disease, cancer, mental illness, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and addiction (a brain disorder).

    Physical Activity

    • Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.

    • There are four components of physical activity: occupational/work, household chores, leisure time activities, and transportation.

    • Exercise is a type of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive, performed to improve physical fitness.

    • Sports are a form of physical activity that involves competition, exercise, or occupation.

    • Regular physical activity has 7 benefits, including controlling weight, improving sleep, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

    Impact of Stress on Health

    • Long-term effects of unrelieved stress can be detrimental to health, leading to gastric upset, increased secretion of stomach acid, peptic ulcer, and stomach problems.

    • Stress can also lead to high blood pressure, increasing the risk of heart disease, as well as eating patterns that result in overeating or binge eating, weight gain, anorexia, or bulimia nervosa.

    Stress Reduction

    • Stress can be reduced through sufficient rest, relaxation/meditation, regular exercise, eating healthy and well-balanced meals, strong social support systems, good time management, and good organizational skills.

    Addictive Behaviours Harming Health - Smoking

    • Smoking is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases, including lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke.

    • Smoking accelerates the development of atherosclerotic lesions and compounds risks associated with alcohol use, high blood pressure, and diabetes.

    • The mortality risk of smoking increases with the number of cigarettes smoked, and is higher if smoking began at a younger age.

    Addictive Behaviours Harming Health - Alcohol Abuse

    • Alcohol abuse can impact nutritional status, reducing the absorption of vitamins B6 and B12, folate, and zinc in the GI tract.

    • Malnutrition can occur as a result of adding calories without protein or essential vitamins and minerals.

    • Alcohol abuse can also lead to development of liver abnormalities, depletion of vitamin A in liver stores, and an increased risk of cancer of the liver, breast, and pancreas.

    • One serving/drink of alcohol is defined as 12 oz of beer, 5 oz of wine, or 1.5 oz of 80-proof liquor.

    • Alcohol consumption peaks in young adulthood and continues at a relatively high level among middle-aged adults in Malaysia.

    Life Stages and Health

    • Young people are most vulnerable to drugs, particularly during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood.

    • Different life stages can have an impact on lifestyle, including personal development, career development, relationships, marriage, starting a family, ageing parents, and retirement.

    • These life stages can lead to various health risks, including smoking, alcohol intake, weight gain, and increased risk of chronic diseases.

    Physiological Changes in Adulthood

    • Physiological needs level off, with gradual cell loss and reduced cell metabolism
    • Gradual reduction in performance capacity of most organ systems
    • Hormonal shifts related to reproductive capacity, leading to weight gain

    Physiological Changes in Men

    • Completed muscle mass and long bone growth
    • Gradual decline in testosterone levels, starting at around 40-50 years old
    • Reproductive health issues, including decreased sperm production in the underweight and declined libido in the malnourished
    • Alcohol use can result in defective sperm

    Physiological Changes in Women

    • Increased amounts of subcutaneous fat, particularly in the abdomen, during prior pregnancies
    • Irregularity of menstrual cycles and ovulation failure, leading to menopause around 50 years old
    • Weight gain and decrease in muscle mass
    • Decreased bone mass and increased risk for osteoporosis
    • Atrophy of tissues in the urinary tract and vagina
    • Progressive decline in estrogen production during perimenopause
    • Diet, nutrition, and physical activity play a crucial role in preventing chronic diseases, including diabetes, CVD, cancer, dental disease, and osteoporosis
    • Obesity is a risk factor for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
    • Foetal development, maternal environment, and childhood development affect risks to diseases in adulthood

    Nutrition Scene in Malaysia

    • Poor dietary practices, including lack of supportive environment for healthy eating
    • Triple burden of malnutrition among Malaysians, requiring tackling
    • Poor dietary habits and practices, including high intake of sodium and fat, and low intake of fruits, vegetables, milk, and dairy products
    • High prevalence of fast food consumption among school children

    Cardiovascular Disease

    • Defined as a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels, including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
    • Risk factors for CVD include those identified in the NHMS 2023 data

    Physiological Changes in Adulthood

    • Physiological needs level off, with gradual cell loss and reduced cell metabolism
    • Gradual reduction in performance capacity of most organ systems
    • Hormonal shifts related to reproductive capacity, leading to weight gain

    Physiological Changes in Men

    • Completed muscle mass and long bone growth
    • Gradual decline in testosterone levels, starting at around 40-50 years old
    • Reproductive health issues, including decreased sperm production in the underweight and declined libido in the malnourished
    • Alcohol use can result in defective sperm

    Physiological Changes in Women

    • Increased amounts of subcutaneous fat, particularly in the abdomen, during prior pregnancies
    • Irregularity of menstrual cycles and ovulation failure, leading to menopause around 50 years old
    • Weight gain and decrease in muscle mass
    • Decreased bone mass and increased risk for osteoporosis
    • Atrophy of tissues in the urinary tract and vagina
    • Progressive decline in estrogen production during perimenopause
    • Diet, nutrition, and physical activity play a crucial role in preventing chronic diseases, including diabetes, CVD, cancer, dental disease, and osteoporosis
    • Obesity is a risk factor for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
    • Foetal development, maternal environment, and childhood development affect risks to diseases in adulthood

    Nutrition Scene in Malaysia

    • Poor dietary practices, including lack of supportive environment for healthy eating
    • Triple burden of malnutrition among Malaysians, requiring tackling
    • Poor dietary habits and practices, including high intake of sodium and fat, and low intake of fruits, vegetables, milk, and dairy products
    • High prevalence of fast food consumption among school children

    Cardiovascular Disease

    • Defined as a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels, including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
    • Risk factors for CVD include those identified in the NHMS 2023 data

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