Reproductive System and Life Processes (PDF)

Movement respiration sensitivity growth reproduction exertion nutrition those are the seven characteristics of life what is mitosis mitosis is cell division where one cell divides into two cells mitosis can occur during reproduction growth and in healing what is meiosis meiosis happens during repr...

Movement respiration sensitivity growth reproduction exertion nutrition those are the seven characteristics of life what is mitosis mitosis is cell division where one cell divides into two cells mitosis can occur during reproduction growth and in healing what is meiosis meiosis happens during reproduction it\'s the step before mitosis when the Sperm and egg have not joined to make 46 chromosomes female reproductive system ovary produces egg cells and estrogen febri pushes the egg cell into the fallopian tube fallopian tube where the sperm fertilizes the egg then gets implanted in the uterus uterus grows the egg cell into a fetus cervix darling adds to then have an opening to the vagina vagina where the baby exits and sperm enters female sex hormones is estrogen and progesterone to reduce wider hips and breasts male reproductive system test these produce sperm and secrete testosterone and also matures the sperm epididymis stores the mature sperm vast difference takes the sperm from the epididymis then it mixes it with fluid to make semen urethra tube that passes through the pennis pennis delivers semen male sex hormone is testosterone that produces facial hair and a deeper voice the egg carries X chromosomes the sperm carries X&Y chromosomes when the sperm comes in contact with the egg the egg gives X but the sperm can also give X or Y sperm small moves 23 chromosomes X or Y egg bigger does not move 23 chromosomes X Menstrual cycle menstruation day one uterus lining starts to shed its last three to five days follicular phase same time as menstrual phase 5 to 14 days each ovary contains tiny sacs called follicles and each follicle there\'s an immature egg then the pituitary gland secrets FSH after FSH is secreted the eggs in the follicles will mature 5 to 20 of them estrogen reaches its peak in this phase ovulation takes place meant cycle the egg is released in this phase only one travels to the fallopian tube to be fertilized luteal phase there are two scenarios here if the egg is fertilized or if it is not if fertilization occurs pregnancy begins if not the cycle repeats hormones during the cycle all hormones are low at the beginning of the cycle but then in the follicular stage FSH rises and it is the first to rise to mature the eggs then FSH stimulates estrogen to rise then when it is at its peak then FSH starts to decrease LH rises mid cycle where it is where it reaches its peak then goes down again stimulated by OS dogen then oestrogen peaks I\'ll authorizes at the end of the cycle or after day 14 progesterone starts to rise if estrogen rises FSH decreases FSH in the red liquor phase and LH in the follicular phase stimulate the development of estrogen LH induces ovulation progestogen increases in the luteal phase absence of fertilization equals progesterone decrease fertilization what happens if an egg is fertilized the egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube then miosis occurs then mitosis and after mitosis the egg turns into a zygote we are soul division occurs until it\'s the plasticised then finally into an embryo where it gets implanted into the uterus lining and begins to grow what happens when fertilization does not occur then you just lining will shed and the cycle repeats stages of pregnancy 1st trimester 1 to 13 weeks the placenta grows the placenta is a network of blood vessels that provides the embryo with nutrients oxygen and removes waste in this stage the baby\'s heart liver and brain form fingers and toes will form arms and legs will form sex organs differentiate 2nd trimester 13 to 28 weeks bones and joints start to form muscles grow stronger so the baby can make fists and move size triples brain grows rapidly can breathe and swallow hearing develops 3rd trimester 28 to 40 weeks baby can respond to sound and light brain develops organs are fully functionable bones grow and harden lungs completely develop eyes can open and close and the baby can dream stages of Labor stage 1 dilation 3 parts to this one dilation is the longest of all of the stages and it splits up into three parts dilation starts from contractions till the cervix is fully dilated one early phase it is the longest lasting of the 20 hours it starts with a contractions every 20 to 5 minutes the contractions are milder Shorter and irregular two active phase starts when the cervix is 3 centimeters dilated contractions are more painful 2 to 3 minutes the cervix will continue to open till 8 centimeters babies held will descend into the pelvis 3 transitional phase in this phase the cervix is fully dilated second stage this stage begins when the cervix is fully dilated and ends after the birth this stage can last 20 minutes to two hours third stage after the babies born to pushing the placenta out contraction starts again to help separate the placenta from the uterus wall fragments are removed to prevent bleeding and infection twins paternal twins fraternal twins are known as dizygotic twins is when the fertilization of two different sperms by two different eggs during the same pregnancy and Eugene they only share 50% of their genetic material so they are similar to normal siblings and normally in their pregnancies each baby has their own placenta to add they may not even they share the same due date but it is possible they were conceived at different times in the same menstrual cycle fraternal twins don\'t need to be the same sex they can also look different identical twins identical twins are monozygotic twins as a result of one fertilized egg or zygote splitting into two eggs this usually happens after fertilization they also share 100% of their genetic material they also share the same placenta but different amniotic sacs they also share the same due date and they must be the same sex and look alike with small differences due to the environmental factors sperm cell head the head of the sperm is Oval shaped usually around 8 to 10 centimeters it can consists of two parts acrosome it is a complex structure usually 40 to 70% of the head it contains enzymes that help break the outer layer of the egg the nucleus it is the part that contains all 23 chromosomes and is the only part that enters the egg cell neck is usually between 6:00 to 12:00 microns the neck has millions of mitochondria inside that provides the tail with energy tail is a part of the sperm that provides mobility and allows the sperm to swim once the sperm reaches the egg the nucleus enters and the tail is discarded STI\'s an STI sexually transmitted infection is an infection spread through sexual contact caused by bacteria viruses or parasites asteroids are caused by bacteria viruses or parasites example bacteria chlamydia gonorrhea syphilis virus HIV HPV herpes parasites trichomoniasis treatment of STI\'s bacterial treated with antibodies viral managed with medication not droids parasitic treated with anti parasitic medicine aids is caused by HIV it destroys the immune system by lowering white blood cells it is not curable HPV is a level or virus that is dangerous because there are no symptoms only in blood tests this is curable if you catch it Infancy birth till age 2 gaining control of skeletal muscles learn to speak baby teeth appear nervous system develops coordinated and starts to walk childhood 2 until puberty permanent teeth speaking fluently more muscle coordination adolescences puberty to adulthood reproductive system matures 9 to 16 years old in the male muscle growth deeper voice facial hair in the female 9 to 15 years old fattened the hips and thighs breasts and large body hair and menstruation begins adulthood physical and emotional puberty start young adult is from 20 to 40 aging begins at 30 Middle Ages from 40 to 65 hair may turn Gray and wrinkle at this point and the athletic abilities will decline External immune defence defense that prevents pathogens from entering the body skin mucus cilia tears saliva stomach acid normal flora earwax sweat coughing sneezing ear hair internal immune defense are more specific responses that the body mounts once a pathogen enters white blood cells antibodies inflammation fever memory cells The immune system that means system is made up of tissues and specialized white blood cells that recognize foreign substances and attack them these white blood cells work in a coordinated way to destroy pathogens What are the different types of white blood cells macrophage destroys pathogens by engulfing and digesting them cells split into two parts killer T cells and helper T cells killer T cells attacks infected body cells by attaching to certain antigens helper T cell a activates other T cells such as the killer T cell and B cells also coordinate the body\'s immune response B cell they produce specific antibodies that attach to specific antigens what is a pathogen a pathogen is a harmful microorganism like bacteria viruses and parasites define antigen substance recognized as foreign by the immune system define antibody proteins that specifically target antigens to target them for destruction immune system is split into two parts active and passive immunity active immunity when exposed to pathogens it triggers the production slash release of antibodies longer duration our body produces the antibodies some examples are vaccine before diseases occur sometimes lifelong and memory cells are produced passive immunity when a person is giving given antibodies rather than produce them short duration our bodies take ready made antibodies some examples are placenta breast milk vaccine given on the spot and does not produce memory cells some examples of active immunity are memory cells after infection and vaccine beforehand passive immunity is breast milk placenta and vaccine on the spot memory cells once your body has fought a pathogen the body produces memory cells they are T&B cells that remember specific pathogen memory cells are only activated after the pathogen enters the body but after it enters large numbers of B&T cells are released memory cells make you immune to the pathogen chemistry atoms atoms are they being building blocks of matter but they are made-up of smaller subatomic particles protons protons are positive subatomic particles located in the nucleus they are one unit neutrons neutrons are subatomic particles without the charges they are located in the nucleus and they are also slightly larger than one unit electrons electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles located in the electron cloud are slightly less than one U what is the nucleus the nucleus is a dense center of the atom holding both neutrons and protons what is the electron cloud it is where the electrons are located it is it surrounds the nucleus and it\'s also known as the shell there can be more than one shell what is u we use u to measure atomic particles such as protons neutrons yet u stands for unified A proton is 1 u a nucleus is more than one U an electron is less than one U the periodic table atomic number chemical symbol element name atomic mass this is the arrangement on how they look on an element from the periodic table. Is the number of shells an atom has group is the number of valence electrons and atom has note group 10 has two valence electrons group 11 has one group 12 has two group 13 has three and so on hydrogen has 1 shell so it is at period one and one valence electron so it\'s at Group 1 atomic number is the number of protons and atom has in its nucleus atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons and atom has in its nucleus metals elements that are shiny conduct actors mostly solid at room temperature may be malleable and some are ductile non metals poor conductors dull brittle metalloids have properties from both metals and non metals what is an ion an ion is a charged particle that forms when an atom loses or gains an electron what is an ionic bond an ionic bond is a force that brings oppositely charged ions together how\'s the ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from metal atoms to a non metal atom note group 1213 all lose electrons but group 151617 all gain electrons what is a chemical bond a chemical bond is an interaction that holds atoms or ions together a group of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds is called the molecule what is a covalent bond covalent bond is when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons this occurs when 2 non metal atoms share electrons rather than transferring them molecule a molecule is a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds molecules that have more than one type of atom is called a covalent compound what is a metallic bond a metallic bond forms between metals when their outermost energy shell overlaps Atomic theory John Dalton stated that all matter is made-up of atoms he also thought that atoms can\'t be created destroyed or divided JJ Thompson thought that an atom is a positive sphere with electrons mixed throughout i Rutherford believed that autumns have a dense nucleus with smaller protons in it and surrounded by moving electrons Neil bore state of that electrons move around the nucleus in a circular path current atomic theory Chadwick discovered that in the nucleus there are neutrons and the current atomic theory says that electrons move within an area of the atom called the electric cloud chemical formula using chemical symbols and numbers to represent a given substance positive formula we start with the element then an arrow then the same element with its new charge then add it to the number of electrons it will lose negative formula we start with the element then add it to the number of electrons it will gain then add an error and show the new element slash ion with its new charge ions split into two parts cations and anions both of those split into monoatomic and polyatomic mono atomic ions are one element polyatomic ions are more than one element cations are positive anions are negative Acids and bases the first theory states that when you put acids and bases in water the acid donates H plus and the base accepts it but in the second theory we find out that they do not need to be in water and it is known for acids to donate at surplus and for bases to accept it naming acids monoatomic anions when it comes in contact with H plus add the hydrogen first but then add ro to the end add the mono atomic ions name and ic at the end add acid to the end polyatomic anion that end with ate root ends in ic add acid polyatomic anions that end in ite root ends in ous add acid