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Questions and Answers
What is the primary component of an atom's nucleus according to the atomic theory?
What is the primary component of an atom's nucleus according to the atomic theory?
Which group of elements is characterized by having one valence electron?
Which group of elements is characterized by having one valence electron?
What type of bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
What type of bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
What is the result of an ionic bond formation?
What is the result of an ionic bond formation?
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What is the definition of a cation?
What is the definition of a cation?
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Which scientist is associated with the discovery of neutrons in an atom?
Which scientist is associated with the discovery of neutrons in an atom?
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What does a chemical formula represent?
What does a chemical formula represent?
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In which type of bond do metals overlap their outermost energy shells?
In which type of bond do metals overlap their outermost energy shells?
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Which of the following statements about acids is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about acids is incorrect?
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What property is not typical of metals?
What property is not typical of metals?
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What is the primary role of the placenta during the first trimester of pregnancy?
What is the primary role of the placenta during the first trimester of pregnancy?
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During which stage of labor is the cervix fully dilated?
During which stage of labor is the cervix fully dilated?
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What distinguishes fraternal twins from identical twins?
What distinguishes fraternal twins from identical twins?
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What is a common symptom of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
What is a common symptom of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
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Which of the following is a function of the acrosome in sperm cells?
Which of the following is a function of the acrosome in sperm cells?
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What happens during the active phase of labor?
What happens during the active phase of labor?
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In the case of sexually transmitted infections, how are viral infections typically managed?
In the case of sexually transmitted infections, how are viral infections typically managed?
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What is the main characteristic of identical twins during development?
What is the main characteristic of identical twins during development?
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What accompanies the shedding of the uterine lining when fertilization does not occur?
What accompanies the shedding of the uterine lining when fertilization does not occur?
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Which part of the sperm cell is primarily responsible for its mobility?
Which part of the sperm cell is primarily responsible for its mobility?
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How long does the first stage of labor generally last?
How long does the first stage of labor generally last?
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What function does the neck of the sperm serve?
What function does the neck of the sperm serve?
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In what phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
In what phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
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What is a defining characteristic of the immune system's memory cells?
What is a defining characteristic of the immune system's memory cells?
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Study Notes
Mitosis and Meiosis
- Mitosis: Cell division where one cell divides into two cells, crucial for growth and healing.
- Meiosis: A reproductive process preceding mitosis where the sperm and egg form with 46 chromosomes each.
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries produce eggs and estrogen.
- Fallopian tubes transport eggs for fertilization.
- Uterus prepares for pregnancy.
- Vagina is the birth canal.
- Estrogen and progesterone regulate female characteristics.
Male Reproductive System
- Testes produce sperm and testosterone.
- Epididymis stores sperm.
- Vas deferens transports sperm.
- Semen is a mixture of sperm and fluid.
- Penis delivers semen.
- Testosterone influences male characteristics.
Sperm and Egg
- Sperm (small): Contains 23 chromosomes (X or Y).
- Egg (larger): Contains 23 chromosomes (X only).
- Sperm fertilizes the egg to form a zygote.
Menstrual Cycle
- Day 1: Uterus lining sheds (menstrual phase).
- Follicular phase (days 5-14): Follicles mature, egg develops, estrogen increases, ovulation occurs.
- Ovulation: Egg released.
- Luteal phase (days 14-28): Corpus luteum forms, progesterone increases, prepares uterus for pregnancy, cycle repeats If no fertilization occurs.
Pregnancy Stages
- First trimester (1-13 weeks): Placenta develops, major organs form.
- Second trimester (13-28 weeks): Bones and joints develop, size increases rapidly and brain development.
- Third trimester (28-40 weeks): Fetus matures, organs function fully.
Labor Stages
- First stage (dilation): Cervix dilates (3 cm to 10 cm) and contractions begin.
- Second stage: Baby passes through the cervix and vagina (birth).
- Third stage: Placenta expelled.
Twins
- Fraternal twins (dizygotic): Two eggs, two sperm, share 50% of DNA like siblings.
- Identical twins (monozygotic): One egg, one sperm, identical DNA.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
- STIs are spread through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
- Bacteria causes chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
- Viruses cause HIV/HPV and herpes.
Immune System
- Active immunity: Body produces antibodies after exposure to a pathogen (vaccines).
- Passive immunity: Body receives pre-formed antibodies (placenta, breast milk).
- Memory cells: Remember pathogens for faster response on future exposures.
- White blood cells: Destroy pathogens in coordinated ways.
Atomic Structure
- Nucleus: Dense center with protons and neutrons.
- Electrons: Orbit nucleus in electron cloud with varying levels.
- Atomic number: Number of protons.
- Atomic mass: Number of protons and neutrons.
Chemical Bonding
- Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons between metal and nonmetal forming ions.
- Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons between nonmetals to form molecules.
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Description
Test your knowledge on mitosis, meiosis, and the intricacies of the male and female reproductive systems. This quiz covers essential processes and structures involved in human reproduction and cell division. Perfect for students studying biology.
